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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biochemistry
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study of the molecules that compose living organisms
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element
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the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
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minerals
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inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms
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protons
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single positive charge
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neutrons
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no charge
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valence electrons
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electrons of the outermost shell
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radioisotopes
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unstable isotopes
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radioactivity
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process of decay
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ionizing radiation
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high energy radiation ejects electrons from atoms, converting the atoms into ions
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physical half life
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the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state
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biological half life
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time required for half of the radioisotope to disappear from the body
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ions
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charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons
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anion
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particle that gains an electron and acquires a negative charge
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cation
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the particle that loses an electron and acquires a positive charge
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electrolysis
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are salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conduction electricity
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free radicals
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chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
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antioxidant
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chemical that neutralizes free radicals
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molecules
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chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond
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isomers
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the different arrangements of atoms in a molecule
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molecular weight
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the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms
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ionic bond
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is the attraction of a cation to an anion
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covalent bond
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form by the sharing of electrons
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hydrogen bond
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weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
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Van der Waals forces
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weak brief attractions between neutral atoms
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mixture
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substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined
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hydrophilic
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substances that dissolve in water
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hydrophobic
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substances that do not dissolve in water
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adhesion
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the tendency of on substance to cling to another
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cohesion
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the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other
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calorie
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the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius
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polymer
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molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits
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monomers
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subunits of polymers
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carbohydrate
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hydrophilic organic molecule with the general formula (CH2O)n
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anabolism
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consists of energy storing synthesis reactions
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catabolism
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consists of energy releasing decomposition reactions
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disaccharides
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sugars composed of two monosaccharides
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monosaccharide
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simplest carbohydrate, made of one sugar
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polysachharide
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long chains of glucose
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lipid
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hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
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triglyceride
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molecule consisting of three fatty acids covalently bonded to a three carbon alcohol called glyceral
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protein
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polymer of amino acid
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peptide
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any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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nucleotides
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organic compounds with three principle components (nitrogen base, monosaccharide, and a phosphate group)
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cytology
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the study of cells
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squamous cell
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thin, flat, and often have a bulge where the nucleus is (line esophagus and cover skin)
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polygonal cell
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irregularly angular shapes with four, five, or more sides
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stellate
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star shaped cell
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cuboidal cell
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squarish and approximately as tall as they are wide (liver cells)
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columnar cell
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taller than wide (lining the intestines)
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transmembrane proteins
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pass through the membrane
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