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221 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidermis
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is epithelial tissue only (skin)
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dermis
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is layer of connective tissue , nerve, and muscle
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subcutaneous tissue
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is a layer of adipose and areolar tissue
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epidermal ridges
dermal papilla |
_____________extend into dermis (hold two layers together better)
____________extends into epidermis |
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epidermis
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this is stratified squamous epithelium
contains no blood vessels four types of cells five distinct strata or layers of cells |
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keratinocytes
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produce keratin (proteins)
build up an outer layer to protect your skin makes up most of your epidermis |
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melanocytes
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produces melanin pigment
melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes it also protect against UV radiation deliver color sac pigments to keratinocytes |
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lagerhan cells
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from bone marrow
provide immunity (white blood cells) |
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merkel cells
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in deepest layer
form touch receptor with sensory neuron is not a neuron it only signals to the receptor nerve |
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stratum basale
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deepest single layer of cells
called stratum germinativum stem cells that divide repeatedly cells attached to each other and to basement membrane by desmosomes and hemidesmosomes contains melanocyetes actively dividing to produce new cells. (always) |
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stratum spinosum
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layers held together bu desmosomes
during slide preparation cells shrink and look spiny melanin taken in by phagocytosis from nearby melanocytes it is called this because when water leaves the cell they stay attached causing a spiny look |
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stratum granulosum
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layers of flat dying cells
show nuclear degeneration contain keratin and dark staining keratohyalin granules (sacs) |
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stratum lucidum
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seen in thick skin on palms and soles of feet
three to five layers of clear flat dead cells contains precursor of keratin |
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stratum corneum
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layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and bound tightly to other cells
continuously shed barrier to light heat water chemical and bacteria |
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how keratinization and epidermal growth occurs
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stem cells divide to produce keratinocytes
as keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface they fill with keratin and keratohyalin hormone EGF (epidermal growth factor) can speed up process |
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skin graft
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is a covering of wound with piece of healthy skin
new skin can not regenerate if stratum basal and its stem cells are destroyed |
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auto graft
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skin from your own body
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isograft
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skin graft using skin from a twin
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autologous skin
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transplant of patients skin grown in culture
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dermis
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connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastic fibers fibroblasts microphages and fat cells
contains hair follicles glands nerves and blood vessels |
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papillary region
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comosed of areolar tissue
finger like projections called dermal papillae it functions anchors epidermis to dermis contains capillaries that feed epidermis contains touch and pressure receptors and fine motor skills |
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reticular region
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dense irregular connective tissue
contains interlacing collagen and elastic fibers packed with oil glands sweat gland ducts fat and hair follicles provides strength extensibility and elasticity to skin -stretch marks are dermal tears from extreme stretching |
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melanin
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________ is produced my melanocytes
same number of melanocytes in every one but differing amounts of pigment produced melanocytes covert tyrosine to melanin albinism -lack of enzyme that convert tyrosine to melanin UV in sunlight increases melanin production |
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jaundice
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yellowish color to skin and whites of eyes
buildup of yellow bilirubin in blood from liver disease |
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bilirubin
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comes from red blood cells liver takes out and puts it in the bile and gets rid of it
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cyanotic
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bluish color to nail beds and skin
hemoglobin depleted of oxygen looks purple-blue |
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erythem
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redness of skin due to enlargement of capillaries in dermis
during inflammation infection allergy or burns |
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accessory structures of skin
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epidemal derivatives
cells sink inward during development to form : hair oilglands sweat glands nails |
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shaft
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visible
medulla or middle cortex and cuticle cs round in straight hair cs oval in wavy hair |
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root
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below the surface
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follicle
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surrounds root
-base of follicle is bulb *blood vessels *germinal cell layer |
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arrector pili
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smooth muscle in dermis contracts with cold or fear
forms goosebumps as hair is pulledvertically |
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root hair plexus
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detect hair movement
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functions of hair
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prevents heat loss
decreases sunburn eyelashes help protect eyes touch receptors sense(hair root plexus) light touch |
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sebaceous
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oil glands (hair shafts )
oil glands -lipids |
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sudiferous
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sweat glands
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sebaceous oil glands
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secretory portion in the dermis
most open onto hair shafts sebum |
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sebum
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combination of cholesterol proteins fats and salts
keeps hair and skin from soft and pliable inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi |
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sudoriferous sweat glands
eccrine sweat glands |
most areas of skin
secretory portion in dermis with duct to surface regulate body temperature with perspiration |
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sudoriferous sweat glands
apocrine sweat glands |
armpit and pubic region
secretory portion in dermis with duct that p[ens onto hair follicle secretions more viscous |
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nail body
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tightly packed keratinized cells
visible portion pink due to underlying capillaries free edge appears white |
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nail root
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buried under skin layers
lunula is white due to thickened stratum basal |
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cuticle
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epidermis over nail root
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lunula
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thicker part of stem cell in your nail body
the half moon shape on your nail |
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nail matrix
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below nail root produces growth
cells transformed into tightly packed keratinized cells |
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functions of skin
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regulation of body temperature
protection as physical barrier sensory receptors excretion and absorption synthesis of vitamin D |
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releasing of sweat onto the skin
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how does this occur perspiration and its evaporation lowers body temperature
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adjusting flow of blood to the body surface
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this does what
in moderate exercise more blood brought to surface helps lower temperature with extreme exercise blood is shunted to muscles and body temperature rises |
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shivering and constriction of surface vessels
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how does the body raise internal body temperature as needed
to keep the blood away from the skin. |
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protection
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physical chemical and biological barrier to the skin
tight cell junctions prevent bacterial invasion lipids released retard evaporation pigment protects somewhat against UV light langerhans cells alert immune system dead cells with oil keeps or protects the skin and seals out water etc. |
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cutaneous sensations (skin)
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touch temperature pressure vibration tickling and some pain sensations arise from the skin.
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excretion and absorption
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only a minor role is played by the skin
small amounts of co2 ammonia and urea are excreted lipid soluble substances can be absorbed through the skin acetone and dry cleaning fluid lead mercury arsenic poisons in poison ivy and oak |
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trans-dermal drug administration
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a method by which drugs in a patch enter the body
drug absorption most rapid in areas where skin is thin ex: nitroglycerin- prevention of chest pain from coronary artery disease scopolamine- motion sickness estradiol - estrogen replacement therapy nicotine-stop smoking alternative |
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synthesis of vitamin D
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sunlight activates a percursor to vitamin D
enzymes in the liver and kidneys transform that molecule into calcitriol most active form of vitamin D necessary vitamin for absorption of calcium from food in the gastronintestinal tract you need milk to absorb vitamin D |
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wound healing
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1. blood clots
2. basal cells migrate across the wound horizontal epidermal growth factor stimulates cell division 3. contact inhibition with other cells stops migration 4. full thickness of epidermis results from further cell division vertical |
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Keloids
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raised thickened scar tissue occurs when cell division does not stop when wound is healed.
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skin cancer
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1 million cases diagnosed per year
3 common forms of skin cancer basal cell carcinoma- rarely metastasize, squamous cell carcinoma- may metastasize, lung cancer malignant melanomas- metastasize rapidly |
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metastasize
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to brake off and go some where else
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burn
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the destruction of proteins of the skin
chemicals electricity heat problems that result shock due to water plasma and plasma protein loss circulatory and kidney problems from loss of plasma only in large area burns and bacterial infection |
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first degree burn
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burn only to the epidermis
-sunburn |
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second degree burn
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burn that destroys entire epidermis and part of dermis
fluid filled blisters separate epidermis and dermis epidermal derivatives are not damaged |
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third degree burn
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burn that destroy epidermis dermis and epidermal derivatives
damaged area is numb due to loss of sensory nerves you build tissue but not sensation, sweat gland and hair, in this type of burn |
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Tissue
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dynamic and ever changing throughout life
skeleton composed of many different _______ -cartilage, bone , tissue, epithelium, nerve, blood forming _______. adipose and dense connective tissue |
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functions of bones
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provides structural support
storage of the minerals , calcium and phosphate blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow |
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functions of bones
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protection- bones surrounded bu delicate tissues and organs (brain)
leverage- attachments for muscles in order to provide movement |
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Flat
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thin parallel surfaces
(skull, sternum) |
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sutural
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small bones between cranial bones
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long bones
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relatively long and slender
-femur, radius, ulna |
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irregular
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complex shaped with short flat ridged surfaces
- vertebrae |
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sesamoid
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shaped like a sesame seed
-patella (knee caps) |
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short bones
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small and boxy
-carpals and tarsals |
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meatus
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tube
-ear |
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*foramen
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small round holes
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fissure-
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elongated gap
-back of the eye |
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process
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projection or bump
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sulcus
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groove
-any where not just bones |
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* condyle
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articular surface
-makes a joint |
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epicondyle
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rough process above a condyle
-attaches ligaments and mussels |
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facet
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small articular surface
-vert flat area where 2 bones -rub each other |
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crest
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prominent ridge
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* fossa
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shallow depression
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spine
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pointed process
-styloid |
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diaphysis
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shaft
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epiphysis
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one end of long bone
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articular cartilage
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this is over joint surfaces ad acts as friction and shock absorber
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medullary cavity
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marrow cavity
-yellow bone marrow |
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endosteum
endo- inside |
lining of marrow cavity
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periosteum
peri-outside |
tough membrane covering bone but not the cartilage
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histology of bone
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a type of connective tissue because of the widely spaced cells separated bu matrix
matrix of 25% water, 25% collagen fibers and 50% crystallized mineral salts -bone is a living tissue -collagen fiber- protein |
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osteoprogenitor cells
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undifferentiated cells
-can divide to replace themselves and can become osteoblats -found in inner layer of periosteum and endosteum |
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osteoblasts
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form matrix and fiber blasts but cant divide
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osteocytes
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mature cells that no longer make matrix
(just maintain it) |
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osteoclasts
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huge cells from fused monocytes (WBC )
-function in bone resorption at surfaces such as endosteum this is combined with osteoprogenitor and white blood cells |
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organic collagen fibers
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provide bones flexibility
-their tensile strength resists being stretched or torn -remove minerals with acid and rubbery structure results |
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inorganic mineral salts
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provide bones hardness
-hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) and calcium carbonate |
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mineralization (calcification)
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is hardening of tissue when mineral crystals deposit around collagen fibers
bone is not completely solid since it has small spaces for vessels and red bone marrow -spongy bone has many such spaces -compact bone has very few |
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compact or dense bone
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looks like solid hard layer of bone
makes up the shaft of long bones and the external layer of all bones resists stresses produces by weight and movement |
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central canal
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tube that blood vessel goes through
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lamella
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concentric rings of calcified bone matrix
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lacunae
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osteocytes found in spaces
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canaliculi
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canals that transports materials to and from osteocytes
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intersitial lamellae
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represent older osteons that have been partially removed during tissue remodeling
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trabeculae of spongy bone
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-latticework of thin plates of bone called trabeculae oriented along lines of stress
-spaces in between these struts are filled with red marrow where blood cells develop - found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones such as the hipbones, sternum, sides of skull and ribs. |
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connective tissue
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all ___________ ____________ begins as mesechyme tissue
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intramembranous formation
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bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells
-patella |
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endochondral bone formation
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bone form within hyaline cartilage mold
-arm bones, legs etc. |
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intramembranous bone formation
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1. mesenchymal cells become osteoprogenitor cells then osteoblats
2. osteoblasts surround themselves with matrix to become osteocytes 3. matrix calcifies into trabeculae with spaces holding red bone marrow. 4. mesenchyme condenses as periosteum at the bone surface 5. superficial layers of spongy bone are replaced with compact bone. |
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endochondral bone formation (1)
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development of cartilage model
(form for bone) -mesenchymal cells form a cartilage model of the bone during development |
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Endochondral bone formation
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1. cartillage model of bone develops in embryo
2. chondrocytes in center of model enlarge as model grows 3. enlarged chondrocytes die and leave cavities 4. around center of model, blood vessels grow and osteoblasts develop to form bone matrix 5. blood vessels and osteoblasts penetrate model to cavities and build spongy bone (primary ossification center) 6. bone formation spreads throughout model 7. osteoclats remove inner bone material as bone formation spreads in order to form hollow inner area (medullar cavity) 8. capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to ends of models to form secondary ossification centers 9. cartialge between primary and secondary centers is epiphyseal plate |
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how bone grows in width
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only by appositional growth at the bones surface
periosteal cells differentiate into osetoblasts and form bony ridges and then a tunnel around periosteal blood vessel concentric lamellae fill in the tunnel to form an osteon |
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**** bone remodeling
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-osteoclats crave out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild osteons
-continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress -distal femur is fully remodeled every 4 months |
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fracture and repair of bone
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-fracture is break in a bone
-healing is faster in bone than in cartilage due to lack of blood vessels in cartilage -healing of bone is still slow process due to vessel damage |
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closed fracture
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no break in skin
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open fracture
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skin is broken
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transverse fracture
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across long axis
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spiral fracture
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twisitng
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compression fracture
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braising yourself when you fall most commonly found in wrists fracture
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green stick fracture
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partial fracture
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comminuted
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shattered
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potts factures
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ankle
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colles's fracture
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wrist
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repair of fracture
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1. formation of fracture hematoma
2. formation of fibrocartilagenous callus 3. formation of bony callus 4. bone remodeling -osteoclysts break down -osteoblasts- build up new bone |
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formation of fracture hematoma
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-damaged blood vessels produce clot in 6-8 hours, bone cells die
-inflammation brings in phagocytic cells for clean up duty -new capillaries grow into damaged area |
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formation of fibrocartilagenous callus
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-fibroblasts invade the procallus and lay down collagen fibers
-chondroblasts produce fibrocartialge to span the broken ends of the bone |
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formation of bony callus
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-osteoblasts secrete spongy bone that joins 2 broken ends of bone
-lasts 3-4 months -not as strong as regular bone but stronger that spongy bone. |
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bone remodeling
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-compact bone replaces the spongy in the bony callus
-surface is remodeled back to normal shape |
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calcium homeostasis and bone tissue
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-skeleton is reservoir of calcium and phosphate
-calcium ions involved with many body systems -nerve and muscle cell function -blood clotting -enzyme function in may biochemical reactions |
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**** hormonal influences
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-parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted if ca +@ levels falls
-osteoclast activity increased , kidney retains ca+ 2 and produces calcitriol VD clacitonin hormone is secreted in thyroid if ca+2 blood levels get too high - inhibits or slow downs osteoclast activity -increases bone formation by asteoblasts |
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exercise and bone tissue
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-pull bone by skeletal muscle and gravity is mechanical stress.
- stess increases depostion of mineral salts and production of collagen (calcitonin prevents bone loss) -lack of mechanical stress results in bone loss - reduced activity while in a cast - astronauts in weightlessness - bedridden person -weight-bearing exercises build bone mass (walking or weight-lifting) |
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axial skeleton
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this consists of the skull vertebra and ribs
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*** cranial bones
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-protect brain and house ear ossicles
-muscle attachment for jaw neck and facial muscles |
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frontal
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forms forehead and anterior part of cranial floor
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supraorbital foramen
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passage for nerve and artery
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ethmoid
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forms inferior, ventral portion of anterior cranial floor
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cribriform plate
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flat portion that forms cranial floor and contains holes (olfactory foramina) for olfactory cells
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crista galli
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superior projection from center of cribriform plate
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perpendicular plate
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vertical portion that forms superior portion of nasal septum
-separates nasal into left and right |
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parietal
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forms greater portion of sides and roof of cranial cavity
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occipital
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forms posterior part and most of base of cranium
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* occipital condyles
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articulation with first vertebrae
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*foramen magnum
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passage for spinal cord
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hypoglossal foramen
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passage for hypoglossal nerve
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sphenoid
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middle part of base of skull
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lesser wing
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anterior portion (top)
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greater wings
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posterior portion (bottom)
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sella turcica
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projection between greater ans lesser wings
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optical foramen
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passage for optic nerve
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*foramina oyale
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passage for mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
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foramina rotundum
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passage for maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
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superior and inferior orbital fissure
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passage for blood vessels and nerve
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teporal
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forms inferior lateral aspects of cranium
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mastoid process
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muscle attachemnt
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sytloid process
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muscle attachment
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mandibular fossa
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articulation with mandible TMJ
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external auditory meatus
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external ausitory tube
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zygomatic process
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connection to zygomatic bone
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carotid foramen
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passage for carotid artery
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jugular foramen
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passage for jugular vein
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stylomastoid foramen
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passage for facial nerve
- taste and facial movement f |
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coronal suture
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unites frontal and both parietal bones
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squamous suture
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unites parietal and temporal bones
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lambdoid suture
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unites parietal and occipital
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sagittal suture
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unites 2 parietal bones
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facial bones
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-protect delicate sense organs -- smell. taste, vision
- support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems |
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nasal
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supports nasa cartilage
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maxillae
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upper jaw
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palatine process
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anterior portion of hard palate which forms floor of nasal cavity and roof of mouth
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alveolar process
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supports teeth
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zygomatic
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cheeck bone
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teporal process
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connection to temporal bone
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cleft palate
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is the lack of union of maxillary bones
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mandible
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lower jaw
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condylar process
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articulates with temporal bone
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coronoid process
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attachment for muscle
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alveolus
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supports teeth
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mandibular notch
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depression between condylar and coronoid processes
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lacrimal fossa
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groove for lacrimal sac
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palatine
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posterior portion of hard palate
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vomer
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inferior posterior portion of nasal septum
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nasal septum
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divides nasal cavity into left and right sides
formed by vomer perpendicular plate of ethmoid and spetal cartilage deviated septum does not line in the mid-line -developmental abnormality or trauma |
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paranasal sinuses
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paired cavities in ethmoid sphenoid frontal and maxillary
lined with mucous membranes and open into nasal cavity resonating chambers for voice lighten the skull |
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sinusitis
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is inflammation of the membrane (allergy)
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frontals of the skull at birth
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-dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces (soft spots)
-unossified at birth but close early in a childs life -fetal sull passes through the birth canal -rapid growth of the brain during infancey |
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anterior
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front part of saggital suture
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anterolateral
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front part of squamous suture
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posterior
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back part of saggital suture
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posterolateral
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back part of squamous suture
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hyoid bone
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-u shaped single bone
bone of the bodu -suspended bu ligament and muscle from skull -supports -articulates with no other bone of the body -suspended bu ligament and muscle from skull -supports the tongue and provides attachment for tongue neck and pharyngeal muscles |
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body of the vertebra
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the part of the vertebra that supports weight
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vertebral arch
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pediclaes bottom _______
laminae top _______________ |
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vertebral foramen
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hole where spinal cord is located
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typical vertebrae
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seven processes
structures that serve as muscle attachments or joints -2 transverse -1 spinous -4 articular |
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vertebral column
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backbone or spine built of 26 vertebrae
five vertebral regions |
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cervical vertebrae
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7 vertebrae in the neck are called
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thoracic vertebrae
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12 in the thorax are called
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lumbar verebrae
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5 vertebrae in the low back region are called
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sacrum
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5, fused
pelvis |
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coccyx
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4 fused
tail bone |
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intervertebral discs
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-between adjacent vertebrae absorbs vertical shock
-permit various movements of the vertebral column - fibrocartilagenous ring with pulpy center |
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herniated (slipped) disc
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- protrusion of the nucleus pulposus
-most commonly in lumbar region -pressure on spinal nerves causes pain -surgical removal of disc after laminectomy |
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primary curves
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anterior curvature
-thoracic and sacral are formed during fetal development - - |
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secondary curves
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posterior curvature
-cervical and lumbar form after birth |
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scoliosis
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lateral curver
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kyphosis
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exaggerated thoracic curve
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lordosis
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exaggerated lumbar curve
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spina bifida
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is a congenital defect
-failure of the vertebral laminae to unite -nervous tissue is unprotected -often leads to paralysis |
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typical cervical vertebrae (c3 -c7)
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smaller bodies
larger spinal canal transverse processes -shorter -transverse formen for vertebral artery |
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typical cervical vertebrae c3 and c7
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-spinous processes of c2 to c6 often split
-first and second cervical vertebrae are unique -atlas and axis |
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atlas
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ring of bone superior facests for occipital condyles
-nodding movement of atlanto-occipital joint signifies "yes" |
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axis
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dens or odontoid process is body of atlas
-pivotal movement at atlanto-axial joint signifies "no" |
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thoracis vertebrae (t1-t12)
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larger and stronger bodies
longer transverse and spinous processes facests or demifacets on body for head of rib |
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lumbar vertebrae
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strongest and largest
short thick spinous and transverse processes -back musculature |
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sacrum
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union of 5 vertebrae s1-s5 by age 30
- median sacral crest was spinous processes - sacral ala is fused transverse processes sacral canal ends at sacral hiatus auricular surface and sacral tuberosity of s1 joint |
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coccyx
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union 4 vertebrae co1- co 4
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thorax
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bony cage flattened from front to back
sternum (breastbone) 1-7 true ribs 8-12 are false ribs 11-12 are floating ribs |
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true ribs
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attach to single cartilage to sterunm
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false ribs
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all attach to only one cartilage
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floating ribs
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don't attach to cartilage
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manubrium
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attachment for 1st and 2nd ribs
-clavicular notch |
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body
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attachment for costal cartilage of 2-10 ribs
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xiphoid
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-ossifies bu 40
-attachment for abdominal mm. |
