Anatomy And Phys Exam Iii

Front 1

Term for the master controlling and communicating system of the body

Back 1

Nervous system

Front 2

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Back 2

*Sensory input (monitoring stimuli)
*Integration (interpretation of sensory input)
*Motor output (response to stimuli)

Front 3

The central nervous system is made up of what?

Back 3

Brain and spinal cord

Front 4

The peripheral nervous system is made up of what?

Back 4

Paired spinal and cranial nerves
*Everything outside the brain and spinal cord

Front 5

What is the purpose of paired spinal and cranial nerves?

Back 5

To control different sides of the body

Front 6

Bundles of nerve fibers are...

Back 6

Nerves

Front 7

The swellings of nerve cell bodies are...

Back 7

Ganglions

Front 8

Sensory division is afferent or efferent?
Motor division?

Back 8

Sensory- Afferent
Motor- Efferent

Front 9

Sensory (afferent) division are ______ to the CNS.

Back 9

Receptors
*Going IN or AWAY from effector organ

Front 10

Sensory afferent fibers do what?

Back 10

Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain.

Front 11

Visceral afferent fibers do what?

Back 11

Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain

Front 12

Motor (efferent) division has to do with anything going OUT or IN?

Back 12

OUT

Front 13

Motor (efferent) division transmits impulses from the CNS to _____________.

Back 13

Effector organs

Front 14

Which nervous system is responsible for integration and control?

Back 14

Central Nervous System

Front 15

Conscious control of skeletal muscles (effectors) is controlled by what?

Back 15

Somatic nervous system

Front 16

Regulatory control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands is controlled by what?

Back 16

Autonomic nervous system

Front 17

The autonomic system is further divided into what two groups?

Back 17

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 18

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals are...

Back 18

Neurons

Front 19

Supporting cells that surround and wrap neurons are...

Back 19

Neuroglia

Front 20

T/F: Neural tissue is regenerated very quickly.

Back 20

FALSE;
Neural tissue is NOT regenerated very quickly.

Front 21

Neurons (nerve cells) are composed of what three parts?

Back 21

Body, axon, and dendrites

Front 22

Which part of the neuron receives the neuron impulses?

Back 22

The dendrite

Front 23

The plasma membrane of a neuron is important for waht?

Back 23

*Electrical signaling
*Cell-to-cell signaling during development
*Maintaining the electrophysiology

Front 24

The cone-shaped area from which axons rise is the...

Back 24

Axon hillock

Front 25

The nucleus, nucleolus, and axon hillock are contained in the ______.

Back 25

Nerve cell body

Front 26

The armlike extensions from the cell body are

Back 26

Nerve cell processes

Front 27

Nerve cell processes are called ________ in the CNS and _______ in the PNS

Back 27

CNS- Tracts
PNS- Nerves

Front 28

What are the two types of nerve cell processes?

Back 28

Axons
Dendrites

Front 29

Neurons (nerve cells) receive signal through the __________.

Back 29

Dendrites

Front 30

T/F: There is signal input and output through the dendrites.

Back 30

FALSE;
There is NEVER signal output through the dendrites

Front 31

"Function follows form" with the form of dendrites and the axons in regards to the input and output in what way?

Back 31

There is a larger amount of input receptors with the dendrites, whereas the smaller axon tail requires a more FOCUSED output.

Front 32

Long axons are called ________.

Back 32

Nerve fibers

Front 33

The branched terminus of an axon is the....

Back 33

Axon terminal

Front 34

What are the functions of the axons?

Back 34

*To generate and transmit ACTION POTENTIALS (electrical signal)
*Secrete neurotransmitters from the axon terminals

Front 35

The whitish, fatty, segmented sheath around most long axons is the

Back 35

Myelin sheath

Front 36

What are the functions of the myelin sheath?

Back 36

*Protect the axon
*Electrically insulate the fibers from one another
*Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

Front 37

Gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells are the

Back 37

Nodes of Ranvier (Neurofibral Nodes)

Front 38

What is the importance of myelin for saltatory conduction?

Back 38

The signals travel much faster down myelinated axons compared to unmyelinated
*The signal jumps from node to node down the axon

Front 39

Sensory (afferent) neurons carry impulses TOWARD or AWAY FROM the CNS?

Back 39

Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit impulses TOWARDS the CNS

Front 40

Motor (efferent) neurons carry impulses TOWARD or AWAY FROM the CNS?

Back 40

AWAY FROM

Front 41

T/F: Neurons are highly irritable

Back 41

True

Front 42

Nerve impulses are also known as _______.

Back 42

Action potentials

Front 43

Electrical impulses carried along the length of axons are

Back 43

Action potentials

Front 44

What is the underlying functional feature of the nervous system?

Back 44

Action potentials

Front 45

The measure of potential energy generated by separated charge

Back 45

Voltage (V)

Front 46

Voltage measured between two points

Back 46

Potential difference

Front 47

The flow of electrical charge between two points

Back 47

Current (I)

Front 48

Hindrance to charge flow

Back 48

Resistance (R)

Front 49

Electrical currents in the body reflect the flow of _____ across cell membranes.

Back 49

Ions

Front 50

The charge on cell where there is a positive charge on the outside and negative charge on the inside is the

Back 50

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

Front 51

There is more Na+ on the OUTSIDE or INSIDE of the cell.

Back 51

OUTSIDE

Front 52

There is more K+ on the OUTSIDE or INSIDE of the cell.

Back 52

INSIDE

Front 53

The potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron is ____ mV.

Back 53

-70 mV

Front 54

Changes in membrane potential are caused by what three events?

Back 54

*Depolarization
*Repolarization
*Hyperpolarization

Front 55

Term for when the inside of the membrane becomes LESS negative.

Back 55

Depolarization

Front 56

Term for when the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential

Back 56

Repolarization

Front 57

Term for when the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential

Back 57

Hyperpolarization

Front 58

Ions flow along their _______ gradient when they move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Back 58

Chemical

Front 59

Ions flow along their ________ gradient when they move toward an area of opposite charge.

Back 59

Electrical

Front 60

When the electrical and chemical gradients come together, it is known as the

Back 60

Electrochemical gradient

Front 61

When gated channels are OPEN, what happens?

Back 61

*Ions move quickly across the membrane
*Movement is along the electrochemical gradient
*Electrical current is created
*Voltage changes

Front 62

Graded potentials are used for ______ distances.
Action potentials are used for ________ distances.

Back 62

Graded- Short distances
Action- Long distances

Front 63

The plasma membrane ion channel type that is always open are termed _______ channel.

Back 63

Passive, or leakage

Front 64

The plasma membrane ion channel type that is open with the binding of a specific neurotransmitter is termed _______ channel.

Back 64

Chemical, or ligand gated

Front 65

The plasma membrane ion channel type that opens and closes in response to membrane potential is termed _________ channel.

Back 65

Voltage-gated

Front 66

The plasma membrane ion channel type that opens and closes in response to physical deformation of receptors is termed _______ channel.

Back 66

Mechanically gated

Front 67

Action potentials are only generated by:

Back 67

Muscle cells and neurons

Front 68

T/F: Action potentials do NOT decrease in strength over distance.

Back 68

TRUE

Front 69

T/F: Action potentials are the principal means of neural communication.

Back 69

TRUE

Front 70

During what phase of the action potential does K+ rush out of the cell?

Back 70

Phase 3- Repolarization

Front 71

During what phase of the action potential does the Na+/K+ pump reestablish RMP?

Back 71

Phase 4- Hyperpolarization

Front 72

During what point do the sodium channels close, which subsequently opens the K+ channels?

Back 72

Between phase 2 and 3- The peak!

Front 73

Why is the ATPase pump needed?

Back 73

To pump Na+ back UP the concentration gradient

Front 74

What does the "all-or-none phenomenon" tell us?

Back 74

That action potentials either happen completely or not at all!

Front 75

The rate of impulse propagation is determined by:

Back 75

*Axon diameter
*Presence of a myelin sheath

Front 76

The current passes through a myelinated axon only where?

Back 76

At the nodes of Ranvier

Front 77

What is concentrated at the nodes?

Back 77

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

Front 78

_________ are triggered only at the nodes and jump from one node to the next.

Back 78

Action potentials

Front 79

A junction that mediates information transfer from either one neuron to another or one neuron to an effector cell is termed a _______.

Back 79

Synapse.

Front 80

____________ neuron conducts impulses toward the synapse.

Back 80

Presynaptic

Front 81

___________ neuron transmits impulses away from the synapse.

Back 81

Postsynaptic

Front 82

Chemical synapses are specialized for the release and reception of ____________.

Back 82

Neurotransmitters

Front 83

The fluid-filled space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons is termed the

Back 83

Synaptic cleft

Front 84

What does the synaptic cleft prevent?

Back 84

Nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to the next.

Front 85

Transmission across the synaptic cleft is a (CHEMICAL or ELECTRICAL) event?

Back 85

Chemical

Front 86

The neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft via (EXOCYTOSIS or ENDOCYTOSIS)?

Back 86

Exocytosis

Front 87

Then the neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the _________ neuron.

Back 87

Postsynaptic neuron

Front 88

Postsynaptic membrane permeability changes, causing an __________ effect.

Back 88

Excitatory or inhibitory

Front 89

Removal of neurotransmitters occurs when they:

Back 89

*Are degraded by enzymes
*Are reabsorbed by astrocytes or the presynaptic terminals
*Diffuse from the synaptic cleft

Front 90

What is the rate-limiting step of neural transmission?

Back 90

Synaptic delay

Front 91

Neurotransmitter receptors mediate changes in membrane potential according to:

Back 91

*The amount of neurotransmitter released
*The amount of time the neurotransmitter is bound to receptors

Front 92

The two types of postsynaptic potentials are:

Back 92

*EPSP- Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
*IPSP- Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Front 93

Graded potentials that can initiate an action potential in an axon

Back 93

EPSP's

Front 94

________ reduces the postsynaptic neuron's ability to produce an action potential.

Back 94

Inhibitory synapses and IPSPs

Front 95

When presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order: ________ summation.

Back 95

Temporal

Front 96

When postsynaptic neurons are stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time: _________ summation.

Back 96

Spatial

Front 97

The threshold is at ______mV

Back 97

-55 mV

Front 98

Chemicals used for neuronal communication with the body and the brain

Back 98

Neurotransmitter

Front 99

The first neurotransmitter identified and the best understood is what?

Back 99

Acetylcholine

Front 100

T/F: Some neurotransmitters have both excitatory and inhibitory effects

Back 100

TRUE

Front 101

In order to contract, a skeletal muscle must:

Back 101

*Be stimulated by a nerve ending
*Propagate an electrical current
*Have a rise in Ca2+ levels

Front 102

Linking the electrical signal to the contraction is called what?

Back 102

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Front 103

Skeletal muscles are stimulated by motor neurons of the __________ nervous system.

Back 103

Somatic

Front 104

Each axonal branch forms a _____________ with a single muscle fiber.

Back 104

Neuromuscular junction

Front 105

Though exceedingly close, axonal ends and muscle fibers are always separated by a space called the _________.

Back 105

Synaptic cleft

Front 106

ACh bound to ACh receptors can be quickly destroyed by what enzyme?

Back 106

Acetylcholinesterase

Front 107

What does the destruction of acetylcholine prevent?

Back 107

Continued muscle fiber contraction (in the absence of additional stimuli)

Front 108

The _________ is 83% of brain volume.

Back 108

Cerebrum

Front 109

The __________ contains 50% of the neurons

Back 109

Cerebellum

Front 110

Groove =

Back 110

Sulcus

Front 111

Ridge =

Back 111

Gyrus

Front 112

Nerve bodies and unmyelinated part of brain is in the _______ matter.

Back 112

Gray

Front 113

The dense collection of myelinated neurons is in the _______ matter.

Back 113

White

Front 114

Deep sulci divide the 2 hemispheres into what 5 lobes?

Back 114

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula

Front 115

What are the three basic regions of the cerebrum?

Back 115

Cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei

Front 116

Which part of the cerebrum is involved in motor division?

Back 116

Precentral gyrus

Front 117

Which part of the cerebrum is involved in sensory division?

Back 117

Postcentral gyrus

Front 118

What is the division between the anterior and posterior parts of the cerebrum?

Back 118

Central sulcus

Front 119

Which hemisphere controls language, math, and logic?

Back 119

Left

Front 120

Which hemisphere controls visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills?

Back 120

Right

Front 121

The superficial gray matter that accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain is the

Back 121

Cerebral cortex

Front 122

The cerebral cortex enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements, in other words it is the ____________ mind.

Back 122

Conscious

Front 123

Each hemisphere acts contralaterally meaning what?

Back 123

It controls the opposite side of the body

Front 124

Structural mapping of the functions of each area is known as

Back 124

Somatotopy

Front 125

The 7 major functional areas of the cerebral cortex are:

Back 125

1. Primary motor area
2. Primary somatosensory area
3. Association areas
4. Olfactory (smell) cortex
5. Gustatory (taste) cortex
6. Visceral sensory area
7. Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

Front 126

The ___________ receives inputs from many senses and sends outputs to many areas.

Back 126

Primary cortex

Front 127

The ___________ give meaning, stores, ties it to previous experiences, decides what to do with it.

Back 127

Association area

Front 128

kl

Back 128

jj