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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do animal cells oxidize amino acids in order to generate ATP energy if amino acids are the building blocks of protein
- the premise is false; animal cells do not oxidize amino acids - the premise is false; animal cells do not obtain ATP energy from the oxidation of amino acids - the premise is false; amino acids are not the building blocks of protein - because amino acid absorption by the GI tract often exceeds the protein requirements of animal cells - because amino acids are the most energy (calorie) dense of all substances oxidized by the cell |
because amino acid absorption by the GI tract often exceeds the protein requirements of animal cells
(fat is the most energy dense) |
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Laboratory analysis of a plasma sample reveals the presence of urea. Which is true?
- this is a normal finding - the liver is defective - red blood cells are performing transamination - transamination in extrahepatic tissue is defective - the kidneys are not working as well as they should |
this is a normal finding
(BUN= blood urea nitrogen) |
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Why does the liver release urea into the bloodstream?
- the premise is false; the liver does not release urea into the blood stream - because urea is a source of nitrogen for extra hepatic cells - because urea contains surplus nitrogen that will be removed by the urinary route - because urea is a source of ammonia - because urea can be oxidized to obtain ATP energy in the kidney |
because urea contains surplus nitrogen that will be removed by the urinary route
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Which is LEAST LIKELY to diffuse through a typical cell membrane?
- protein - O2 - water - steroid drug - CO2 |
protein
water also does not diffuse (it goes through osmosis) so this is also a correct answer |
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Which of the following BEST CHARACTERIZES the Na+-Cl- symport?
- the premise is false; there is no such thing as the Na+-Cl- symport - it utilizes ATP energy to move Na+ and Cl- in the same direction across a membrane - it utilizes ATP energy to move Na+ and Cl- in opposite directions across a membrane - it utilizes the Cl- concentration gradient to actively transport Na+ across a membrane - it utilizes the Na+ concentration gradient to actively transport Cl- across a membrane |
it utilizes the Na+ concentration gradient to actively transport Cl- across a membrane
(in the same direction) |
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Which of the following BEST CHARACTERIZES the Na+-Ca+ antiport?
- the premise is false; there is no such thing as the Na+-Ca+ antiport - it utilizes ATP energy to move Na+ and Ca+ in the same direction across a membrane - it utilizes ATP energy to move Na+ and Ca+ in opposite directions across a membrane - it utilizes the Ca+ concentration gradient to actively transport Na+ across a membrane - it utilizes the Na+ concentration gradient to actively transport Ca+ across a membrane |
it utilizes the Na+ concentration gradient to actively transport Ca+ across a membrane
(opposite directions) |
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Which of the following statements concerning voltage-gated ligand channels is TRUE?
- they open when a ligand binds to them - when activated they actively transport K+ across a cell membrane - when activated they promote repolarization at the cell membrane - once activated they remain open for the lifetime of the cell - they are activated and inactivated once, and then removed from the cell membrane |
when activated they promote repolarization at the cell membrane
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In which of the following is Ca++ the LOWEST?
- interstitium - plasma - cytoplasm - endoplasmic reticulum |
cytoplasm
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Subsequent to activation of a second messenger system dependent on catecholamine binding to a cell membrane receptor, an ion channel in the membrane is phosphorylated. As a result of this phosphorylation, the ion channel opens. Why doesn't the ion channel remain open forever?
- it gets tired - the catecholamine is degraded - the catecholamine and its receptor are degraded - the second messenger is degraded - the channel is dephosphorylated |
the channel is dephosphorylated
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In what cells are Na+-glucose symports found?
- red blood cells and neurons - neurons and tubular cells of the kidney - tubular cells of the kidney and absorptive cells of the intestine - absorptive cells of the intestine and liver cells - liver cells and red blood cells |
tubular cells of the kidney and absorptive cells of the intestine
-make sure that glucose is not excreted in urine or feces -this is secondary active transport |
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What is the BEST ESTIMATE of plasma volume in an animal with a body weight of 40kg?
- 0.4L - 1.6L - 6.4L - 8.0L - 24.0L |
40kg X .04 = 1.6
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The molecular weight of albumin is 66,000. A normal plasma albumin is 40g/L. What is normal plasma albumin expressed in millimoles per liter?
- 40/6.02X10^23mM - 6.02X10^23 X 40 X 10^-3mM - 6.02X10^23 X 40 X 10^3mM - 0.6mM - 1.65mM |
0.6mM
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A normal red blood cell is placed into a beaker containing an unkown solution. Shortly thereafter the cell begins to swell. Which of the following statements is true?
- the solution is not a solution, it is pure H2O - the cell swells because of the hydrostatic pressure asserted on it by the solution - the cell swells because it gains osmolyte and water from the solution - the cell is hyposmotic relative to the solution - the solution is hypotonic |
the solution is hypotonic
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How does water move across normal cell membranes?
- the premise is false; water does not move across normal cell membranes - it is actively transported - it diffuses - by way of a Na+H2O antiproton - via osmosis through aquaporins |
via osmosis through aquaporins
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Which of the following accounts for the generalized edema that often develops as a result of right-sided heart failure?
- the premise is false: generalized edema does not often develop as a result of right-sided heart failure - plasma protein collects and is concentrated in the right side of the heart - hydrostatic pressure builds up in the right side of the heart, which causes pressure to build up in veins, which causes pressure to build up in capillaries - ANP secretion increases |
hydrostatic pressure builds up in the right side of the heart, which causes pressure to build up in veins, which causes pressure to build up in capillaries
if it was left sided heart failure it would be pulmonary edema- the animal would cough |
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True or False: The liver and the kidney are the only organs that synthesize urea
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false
the liver is the only organ that synthesizes urea |
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True or False: An animal can be in negative nitrogen balance even if it is consuming protein and absorbing amino acids
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true
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True or False: The liver is a rich source of ALT
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true
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True or False: NH3 is a common constituent of urine
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true
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True or False: ATP is a substrate of Protein Kinase A
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true
it's a kinase |
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True or False: cAMP is a product of Protein Kinase A
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false
it's a product of adenalyl cyclase |
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True or False: IP3 is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum
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false
it is a ligand AT the endoplasmic reticulum which causes Ca+ channels to open |
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True or False: Concentration times flow equals amount per time
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true
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True or False: Plasma is approximately 20% of total extracellular fluid
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true
extracellular fluid = 20% of body weight plasma = 4% of body weight so 1/5th of all extracellular water is plasma =20% |
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True or False: Osmosis is the diffusion of water
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false
osmosis is the NET MOVEMENT of water across a membrane |
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True or False: Na+ and K+ are the two most abundant extracellular osmolytes
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false
Na+ and Cl- are the two most abundant osmolytes |
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True or False: The liver is the major source of plasma protein
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true
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True or False: PCOP of plasma at the end of a normal capillary is greater than PCOP of plasma at the beginning of a normal capillary
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true amount of protein that enters is the same as the amount that leavesthe amount of water is less at the end than it is at the beginning, so it is more concentrated PCOP of plasma at the end of a normal capillary is greater than the PCOP of plasma at the beginning |
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True or False: CHP of plasma at the beginning of a normal capillary is greater than CHP at the end of a normal capillary
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true
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True or False: Fluid tends to accumulate in the lungs if flow of blood out of the left ventricle is less than flow of blood out of the right ventricle
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true
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