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126 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the organization of the blood vessels?
1) Arteries
1.1) Mwdium arteries(muscular arteries)
1.2) Arterioles
2) Capillaries or sinusoid
3) Small veins (venules)
3.1) Medium veins
3.2) Large veins enter the heart
What is the Function of large arteries?
(Elastic arteries) leave heart and divide to become smaller and smaller vessels
What is the function of capillaries or sinusoid?
exchange oxygen and nutrients at the tissues
What is the function of small veins?
start to bring blood back to the heart. The blood collects into bigger and bigger vessels
What is the layers of the blood vesel wall?
1) Tunica Externa (Most external layer)
Consists of Collagen Fibers
2) Tunica Media (Medial layer)
Consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
3) Tunica Interna (Most internal layer)
Consists of endothelium (simple squamous)
What is the catagories of blood vessels?
1) Arteries
2) Veins
3) Capilaries
4) Sinusoid
Classify, catogorize arteries.
1) Elastic: Many elastic fibers in the tunica media
2) Muscular: More smooth muscle in the tunica media
3) Arteriole (Misses the layer it doesn’t use as much: The tunica externa)
Classify, catogorize veins.
1) Large
2) Medium
3) Venules (Misses the layer it doesn’t use as much: The tunica media)
Classify, catogorize capillaries
1) Continuous
2) Fenestrated (In comparison to continuous capillaries there is more openings (Being more porous and more gas exchange & fluid exchange to occur)
What is significant to sinusoid?
Even more openings than the continuous and fenestrated capillaries , allowing for larger volumes of molecules to pass through the capillaries
What is the role of pre capilary sphincters?
*Example of a capillary bed, So that the amount of blood can be regulated when sent to a specific area.* Pre capillary sphincters regulate the flow through the capillary bed.
How do the precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow?
By regulating the flow of the blood to the different areas of the capillary bed help conserve the flow of blood to areas that ones body don’t need the blood. Eg: Stomach (When exercising) , Skin surface when it is cold out.
Lable the indecated arteries
Vertabral, internal carotid, external corotid, common corotid
Lable the indicated arteries
Left: Middle cerebral artery
Right: Circle of willis
1) Anterior communicating artery
2) Anterior cerebral artery
3) Posterior communicating artery
4) Posterior cerebral artery
Basilar artery
Label the #
1) Brachiocephalic Artery or Trunk 2) Ascending Aorta 3) Axillary 4) Brachial 5) Superior Mesenteric Artery 6) Gonadal Artery (ovarian or testicular)7) Inferior Mesenteric Artery 8) Common Iliac 9) External Iliac 10) Femoral 11) Popliteal 12) Anterior Tibial Artery 13) Posterior Tibial Artery 14) Subclavian 15) Aortic Arch 16) Renal Artery 17) Radial 18) Ulnar 19) Internal Iliac
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
1) Lymphatic System circulates Lymph
2) to clear out waste products from the interstitial fluids out of the body – The true lymph flow is one way and the blood help make new lymph
What is lymph?
Lymph is interstitial fluid (fluid that surrounds the cells of the body)
Whare is lymph collected?
Lymph is collected into lymphatic capillaries located in the tissues
Where is lymph trasported to after it is collected in the cappelaries?
transported in lymph vessels to the subclavian veins where the lymph enters into the blood circulation
What is lacteals?
specialized lymph capillaries 1) present in intestinal mucosa (small intestine)
2)Absorb digested fat and deliver chyle to the blood
What does the lymphatic system lack that the circulatory system have?
Organ that acts like a pump
How do the lymphatic system move lymph?
Move fluid the same as veins by the contraction of the nearby skeletal muscles
How does the movement of lymph work?
1) Pulsations of nearby arteries and skeletal muscles
2) Valves to prevent backflow
3) Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics
How is lymph deliverde to the blood circulation?
1) Right lymphatic duct
1.1) Drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax
1.2) Empties into the Right Subclavian vein
2) Thoracic duct (Bigger than lymphatic duct)
2.1) Arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body
2.2) Empties into the Left Subclavian vein
What are lymph nodes?
enlargements that occur along the Lymph Vessels
What is the use of lymph nodes?
1) Filter the Lymph using Macrophages (Phagocytes- goes through mitoses and thus the enlargement of the lymphnodes that help identify whether an individual is fighting an infection)
2) Activation of the Immune System
What is the layers of the lymph nodes?
1) Cortex
2) Deep cortex
3) Medullary cords
What is the function of the cortex of the lymph nodes?
Development of B-Lymphocytes (B-lymphocytes becomes plasma cells and then develop antibodies
What is the function of the Deep cortex?
Development of T-Lymphocytes (Invade cells)
What is the function of the medullary cords and where do they extend to?
1) extend from the cortex and contain B cells, T cells (Bind to infected cell and destroy it to prevent the spread if the infection), and plasma cells
Where is lymphocytes produced?
by all lymphatic organs.
What is the lymphatic organs?
1) Tonsils
2) Thymus
3) spleen
What are the different tonsils?
1) Palatine (Visible from mouth opening)
2) Pharyngeal (Deep in throat)
3) Tubal
4) Lingual
What are the different parts of the thymus?
1) Cortex: immature lymphocytes
2) Medulla: mature lymphocytes
What is the functions of the spleen?
1) Produce lymphocytes and the immune function (White pulp)
2) Destruction & baking down of old erythrocytes (Red pulp)
What is the function of antibodies?
are produced by the body in response to the presence of a foreign pathogen
What does antibodies do?
bind to specific parts of the foreign pathogen called antigens
What happens after an antibody has bound to a pathogen(virus/bacteria)?
it triggers additional reactions within the body to destroy any pathogen that has antibodies attached (Ex: Phagocytosis)
What is the entrance to the respiratory system?
1)Nasal Cavity: Primary Site of air entry
2) Oral Cavity: Secondary Site of air entry
what is the parts of the pharynx?
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
What is the nasopharynx made of, and its function?
1) Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar
2) Closed off during swallowing to prevent food from moving into the nasopharynx and nasal cavity
3) Contains pharyngeal tonsils and the entrance into the pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)
What is the oropharynx made of, and its function?
1) Lined by stratified squamous because it is shared by respiratory and digestive system
2) Contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
Label
=
label
=
What is the function of the trochlearis?
To help the trachea give way when food go down the esophagus.
Hwat is bronci?
It is the part where the trachea devides into two parts.
What does the bronchi devide into?
Into Secondary bronci(two on the left lung and three on the right)
What does the secondary bronchi devide into?
tertiary bronchi (approximately 10 on each side)
What is the orders of branching air passage go throuh?
23 orders.
What is bronchioles?
It is what the respiratory braches are called when they reach about 1mm in diameter
What does bronchioles consist of?
1) cuboidal epithelium
2) Have a complete layer of circular smooth muscle
3) Lack cartilage support (Don’t need the support of the cartilage anymore)
4) Lack mucus-producing cells
Identify
1) Bronchioles
2) Aveolar duct
3) Aveolar sac
4) Aveoli
What covers the aveolar sac?
Smooth muscle, Capilaries, elastic fibers
What is the layers of the respiratory membrane?
1) Capilary endothelium
2) Fused basal laminae of epithelium & capillary endothelium
3) Capillary endothelium
What does the aveoli consist of?
Type I (squamus Epithelial cels)
What is inside aveoli?
Macrophages & TypeII(surface secreting)cels
What is the parts of the lungs?
1)Right Superior Lobe
2)Right Middle Lobe
3)Right Inferior Lobe
4)Left Superior Lobe
5)Left Inferior Lobe
What seperates the right lobes of the lungs?
Horizontal and Oblique fissures
What seperates the left lobes of the lung?
Oblique Fissure
Whare is the cardiac notch(impression) located?
a cavity that accommodates the heart (left side of body)
What are the lung coverings(pleural membranes?)
1)Parietal pleura
2)Visceral pleura
What is the parietal pleura?
*Covers the thoracic wall (cavity wall) and superior diaphragm
*Part of the pleura continues around heart and between lungs
What is the visceral pleura?
*Located on the external surface of each lung
*Divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers
**The central mediastinum
**Two compartments for each of the lungs
What is the diaphragm?
1) Skeletal Muscle located inferior to heart and lungs
2) Primary muscle used for inspiration of air (inhalation)
What is the two divitions of the digestive system?
1) Digestive System Proper
2) Accessory Structures and Organs
What is the digestive system proper?
Components of the Digestive System that Ingested Food Move through Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal
What is the Accessory structures & organs of the digestive system?
1)Participate in the Digestive Process by providing enzymes or other chemicals needed by the Digestive System Proper
2) Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
What is the majure components of the oral cavity?
1) Hard Palate
2) Soft Palate
3) Uvula
4) Tongue (Skelatal muscle run in all directions)
5) Teeth
What are the differen teeth?
Incisors
Canines (Cuspids)
Premolars (Bicuspids)
Molars
Parts of the oral cavity one need to know
Uvula, soft palate, Palatoglossal arch, hard palate, oral cavity, 0ropharynx, Epiglottis, Laryngopharynx, Esophagus
anterior vie of aral cavity
Gigivae (gums), Hard palate, soft palate, uvula, duct of submandibular gland, palatoglossal arch, palatopharyngeal arch, tongue, lingual trenulum
Identify the disiduous teeth
Incisors, canine, molars
Identify the adult teeth
Incisors, canine, prtemolars, molars
What are ameoblast in the teeth?
Cells that secrete enamel
Is more enammel added th teeth after it erups from the gingeva?
No further enamel is added
What is odontoblasts?
It is cells that secrete dentin
What is the three parts of the intrinsic glands?
1)Parotid (In front of the ear)
2)Submandibular (Lower jaw, near angle)
3)Sublingual (below tongue)
What type of salivary glands are scattered throughout the mucosa of the oral cavity?
Intrinsic salivary glands
What is the two components of the pharynx that is imporant to the digestive system?
Oropharynx and Larangopharynx
What two skeletal muscle layers does the pharynx have?
1) Inner longitudinal
2) Outer pharyngeal constrictors
What are the general layersof the walls of the GI tract?
1) Mucosa (Main layer)
2) Submucosa(connective tissue)
3) Muscularis externa
4) Serosa or Adventitia(adventitia not the same as Serosa)
What is the parts of the mucosa?
1)Epithelium
2)Lamina Propria (Connective tissue)
3)Muscularis Mucosa (smooth muscle)
What is the parts of the muscularis externa?
1) Inner Circular Layer
2) Outer Longitudinal Layer
What does the esophagus consist of?
Epithelium of Stratified Squamous (non-keratinized)
Where is the esophagus located?
Located posterior to the larynx and trachea
What happens to the esophagus when food is not present?
It flattens
What does gland secrete as a bolus move down the esophagus?
Glands secrete mucus as a bolus (food) moves through the esophagus
What happens to the muscularis layer as one moves down the esophagus?
Muscularis Externa layer changes from skeletal muscle (superiorly) to smooth muscle (inferiorly)
what is the layers of the stomach?
1) Epithelial lining is composed of Cap Cells that produce a layer of alkaline mucus that covers a bicarbonate-rich fluid beneath it
2) Gastric pits contain gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid, mucus, and gastrin
3) The Muscularis Externa has an additional oblique layer that allows the stomach to contract in more ways to break down food into smaller pieces
4) Has Serosa
Imp parts of stomach
Esophagus, muscularis, lesser curviture, pyloris, duodenum, pyloric sphincter, greater curviture, Rugae of mucosa, body, serosa, fundus, cardia
What does the enteroendocrine cells secrete?
Gastrin
What stimulates the parietal cell to secrete their content?
Gastrin
What does the parietal cells secrete?
HCl
What does the chief cells secrete?
pepsin precurser
Important parts of the stomach surface
Mucossa, submucossa, muscularis externa, Gastric pits, gastric gland, mucossa neck cells, parietal cells, chief cell, enteroendocrine cell
Where is the small intestine?
Pyloric Sphincter to the Ileocecal Valve
what is the three components of the small intestine?
1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum
Where does the bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join?
At the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla
What controlls the bile duct and pancreatic duct?
the sphincter of Oddi
What increases the surface area of absorbtion in the smal intestine/
Extensions of 1) Mucosa & 2) submucosa
What is the folds of the submucosa & mucosa?
Plicae circulares
What is the fingerlike extentions of the mucosa?
Villi
What type of cells does the mucosa contain?
Absorptive Cells, Goblet Cells and cells that secrete hormones and digestive juices
What is the small extentions on absorptive cells called?
Microvilli
What is some specializations of the SI region?
1)Brunner’s Glands: Found in the duodenum and are alkaline mucus producing glands
2)Peyer’s Patches: Collections of lymphocytes in the Ileum; found in the submucosa
Where is the liver located?
Located below the diaphragm on the right side of the body
What is the lobes of the liver?
1)Right
2)Left
3)Caudate: near the inferior vena cava
4)Quadrate: near the gallbladder
What is the purpose of the falciform ligament?
1)on the anterior side it separates the right and left lobes;
2)also suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior body cavity wall
Where does the hepatic veselds enter the liver?
porta hepatis (this is also where bile ducts leave the liver
What is some of the fuctions associated with the liver?
1) Detoxification of substances in blood
2)Synthesis of bile for lipid breakdown
3)Regulation of blood amino acid levels
What is the structural and functional components of the liver?
1) Comprised of hepatocytes in plates surrounding a central vein
2) Corners of the hexagonal shaped lobules contain portal triads which consist of
a) Bile ducts
b) Inlet vessel from the hepatic artery
c) Inlet vessel from the hepatic portal vein carrying nutrient rich blood from the intestines
Important parts of the liver
Plates of hepatocytes, portal triads, central veins, sinusoid
importan parts of liver with gb
Gallbladder, r& l hepatic ducts of liver, common hepatic duct, bile duct & spincter, accessory pancreatic duct, pancreas, main pancreatic duct & spincter, hepatopancreatic ampulla and spincter, duodenum, cystic duct
Where is the pancreas located?
Located posterior to the stomach (underneath the stomach)
What is the two regions of the pancreas?
1) Head: next to the duodenum
2) Tail: next to the spleen
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
production of alkaline buffers and digestive enzymes
Where is the large intestine located?
after the ileocecal valve
What is the components of the colon?
1)Cecum with the “worm-like” 2)vermiform appendix
3)Ascending Colon
4)Transverse Colon
5)Descending Colon
6)Sigmoid Colon
7)Rectum
8)Anal Canal
What is the unique structural components of the colon?
1)Haustra
2)Teniae coli
3)Epiploic appendages
What is the haustra?
1)Pocketlike sacs located throughout most of the colon
2)Caused by the tension of the teniae coli
What is the Teniae coli?
1)Three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle
2)Spaced equally down the length of the colon
3)Located in the muscularis externa
What is Epiploic appendages?
1) fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
2) Hang off the colon
What type of cells make up the colon?
1) Simple Columnar Cells in the Mucosa
2) Contains numerous goblet cells important for the lubrication of the feces
What is the function of the colon?
1) Absorption of water
2) Absorption of bile salts
3) Absorption of vitamins
What is the fuction of the sphincters?
The anus has two sphincters that are closed except during defecation
What type of sphincters are there?
1) Internal anal sphincter composed of smooth muscle (involuntary)
2) External anal sphincter composed of skeletal muscle (under voluntary control)