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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The skin is divided into what regions?
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Epidermis
Dermis Subcutaneous or Hypodermis |
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What is the outer region of the skin that is composed of epithelial cells.? There is no blood in this region.
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The epidermis
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This section is the section of nerves that moves towards the epidermis. It is composed of connective tissue.
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The dermis
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What is the region of loose areolar connective tissue with varied amounts of fat. This area projects up to the dermis?
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Subcutaneous tissue
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What is the largest organ of the body?
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Skin
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The epidermis has how many layers?
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5
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What 2 things does the epidermis lack?
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Blood and nerve supply
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What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
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1. Stratum basale (germinativum)
2. Statum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratrum corneum |
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Where is the stratum basale located? How many cell layers does it have?
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This is the bottom layer of the epidermis.
It is 1 cell layer thick, known as the growing layer. Cells are dividing |
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This part of the epidermis is 10 cell layers thick, it is living, it has distorted cells due to a rapid proliferation of cells from stratum germ
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Stratum spinosum
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This layer of the epidermis is both living and dead and is up to 5 cell layers thick, degerating cells with a granular appearance under a microscope, cells are filling up with keratin
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Stratum granulosum
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This layer of the epidermis is dead and is up to 5 cell layers thick, they are clear translucent cells that are only seen in thick skin like the palms and soles of the feet
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Stratum lucidum
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This layer of the epidermis is dead and is from 20 to 30 cell layers thick, there are 2 to 3 layers in areas like the eyelides and external genitalia, up to 100s of cell layers thick on sole of foot, completely filled with keratin, forms waterproof layer of skin
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Stratum corneum
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The epidermis sits on what?
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The basement membrane (aka) basal lamina
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What are the 4 types of cells found in the epidermis?
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1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes 3. Langerhans cells 4. Merkel cells |
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This type of cell makes up 90% of the epidermis. It's function is to fill up the skins cells with keratin
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Keratinocytes
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This type of cell makes up 8% of the epidermis, produces pigment called melatonin - each cell feeds 8 to 10 keratinocytes
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Melanocytes
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A brown pigment that they body uses as protection agains UV rays
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Melanin
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The type of cell is the honorary white cell that acts like the white cell
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Langerhans
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This type of cell has honorary nerve endings and is only found on hairless skin
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Merkel cell
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This part of the layers of skin is the thicker of the 2 regions of the skin and is known as true skin, it is commercially known as leather
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The dermis
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Type of gland associated with hair follicles, produces sebum, oily substance that helps prevent water loss, not found on hairless areas like palms and soles
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Sebaceous glands
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Sweat glands approx 2-5 million on body , most on palms and soles
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Sudoriferous glands
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These type of glands are limited to extgernal genetalia and armpits, produce substances when sexually aroused
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Apocrine sweat glands
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This type of sweat gland makes up most of the 2 - 5 million sweat glands, excretion keeps the body cool, responds to neural transmitters, mostly on palms and soles
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Eccrine sweat glands
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Name for modified sweat gland associated with the ear
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Ceruminous glands
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Name for milk producing sweat glands
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Mammary glands
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Portion of hair seen above the skin, keratinized skin cells
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Hair shaft
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Portion of hair below skin surface, same structure as hair shaft
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Hair root
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Name for tissue around hair root that is producing the hair
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Hair follicle
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3 things that make up the hair follicle
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1. gland
2. muscle 3. nerve supply |
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Name for expanded lower end of the hair follicle where blood supply enters the growing area of the hair
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Bulb of the follicle
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Name for area attached to the hair shaft, helps elevate the hair
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Arrector pili muscle
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Part of nail that you trim
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Free edge
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The visible portion of the name
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Nail body
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The proximal portion of the nail covered by skin (can't see it)
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Nail root
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The fold that surrounds the sides and proximal end of the nail body
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Nail fold
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Area under nail that attaches the nail to the nail bed
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Hyponychium (quick)
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Area of stratum corneum that covers the nail root and extends out over the proximal end of the nail body
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Eponychum (cuticle)
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Area of skin upon which the nail sits
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Nail bed
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Growth area of nail located around the nail root
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Matrix
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Moon part of nail
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Lunula
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Anterior opening of the nasal cavity
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Anterior nares
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Name for the posterior opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx
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Chonchae (posterior nares)
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Name for the front of the nose
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Ala
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Hard tissue, bone & cartilage that divides the nose in to right and left
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Nasal septum
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The name for the other side of the roof of the mouth, the area of the maxillary and palatine bones
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Floor of the nose
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The narrow area or ceiling area of the nasal cavity
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Roof of the nose
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Area of the roof of the nose that has holes for passage
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Cribriform plate
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Name for the projections off of the ethmoid bone
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Conchae (turbinates)
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List these from smaller to largest areas that come off the ethmoid bone
Superior, Middle, Inferior |
Superior - smaller, comes off ethmoid
Middle - larger, comes off ethmoid Inferior - largest, separate named bone |
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Tube like passage way that is found under each chonchae
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Meatus
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Name for the opening of the ethmoidal sinuses that opens above the superior chonchae
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Superior meatus
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Name for the opening of the ethmoidal sinuses and frontal sinues
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Middle meatus
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Name for the opening of the nasolacrimal duct
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Inferior meatus
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Paired air spaces within 4 bones of the skull that produce mucus for protection of airways
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Paranasal air sinuses
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Group of small sinuses that opens in the superior and middles meatus
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Ethmoidal air sinues
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Tube that runs from medial corners of eye designed to carry excess tears to nasal cavity
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Nasolacrimal duct
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Thick mucus membrane, richly supplied with blood vessels, capable of having a great deal of swelling
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Nasal mucosa
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Names for the 3 regions of the pharynx
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1. Nasal
2. Oral 3. Laryngeal |
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Nasal pharyx is located where?
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Behind the nose
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Oral pharyx is located where?
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Behind the mouth
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Laryngeal pharyx is located where?
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Below the mouth
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The upper respiratory tract covers what area?
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Laryngeal pharynx and up
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The lower respiratory tract covers what area?
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Laryx and down
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Forms the major part of the skeleton layer of the laryx
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Thyroid cartilage
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Area at the lower end of the laryx attached to lower posterior margin of the thyroid cartillage, connects larynx to trachea
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Cricoid cartillage
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Found on either side of the back end of the cricoid cartilage, hinged and swing back and forth
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Artytenoid cartilages
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2 strips of mucus membranes attached in fron to the larynx and in back to the arytenoid cartillages.
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Vocal folds
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Name for vocal cords
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Glottis
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Name for unpaired leaf shaped piece of cartilage attached to the top of the rim of the thyroid cartillage that moves up and down like a trap door
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Epiglottis
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Area below the larynx
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Trachea
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Name for area that lays on the posterior side of the trachea
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Esophagus
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Trachea splits into 2 areas called...
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primary bronchi
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The primary bronchi enter into what structure
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Right and left lungs
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How many lobules does the right lung have?
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10
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How many lobuels does the left lung have?
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8
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Name for the pleural sac that touches or faces the wall of the chest
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Parietal pleura
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Name for the pleural sac that is located against the lungs
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Visceral pleura
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The right lung has how many lobes?
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3 lobes - right superior, right middle and right inferior
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The right lung has how many lobules?
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10 lobules
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The left lung has how many lobes?
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No middle lobe
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The left lung has how many lobules?
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8 lobules
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Describe the respiratory tree
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1. Secondary bronchi
2. Tertiary 3. Bronchioles 4. Terminal bronchioles 5. Respiratory bronchioles 6. Alveolar ducts 7. Alveolus 8. Alveolar sacs 9. Pulmonary capillaries |
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Part of the pleural sac that touches or faces the wall of the chest
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Parietal pleura
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Part of the pleural sac that lies against the lungs
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Visceral pleura
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Each side of the heart has what type of an upper chamber?
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A smaller upper chamber
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Each side of the heart has what type of a lower chamber?
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A larger lower chamber
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Part of the heart that receives blood from the body
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The right atrium
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Part of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs
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The right ventricle
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Part of the heart that takes blood from the lungs and takes reoxygenated blood from the lungs
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The left atrium
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Part of the heart that takes reoxygenated blood and pumps it out to the body
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The left ventricle
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Which area of the heart is the largest?
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The left ventricle
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Name for the modified areas of heart muscle cells that act as nerves
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Nodes of the heart
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Node in upper wall of the right atrium that initiates the heart beat approx 70 times per minute
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Sinu-atrial nodes or S-A node
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Like power lines that carry an impulse over the entire right and left atrium and contract almost simultaneously
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Internodal tracts
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Located in the wall between the right atrium and the left ventricle which stimulates that right and left ventricle
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Atrio-ventricular node or A-V node
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Carries electrical impulse from the AV node
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The AV bundle or the bundle of His
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Divisions of the bundle of His that splits into the right and left ventricle
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Right and left bundle branches
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Carries the electrical impulses going into the heart
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Purkinje fibers
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Carries blood away from the heart - thick walled vessel
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Artery
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Smaller vessels that distribute blood, smooth muscle that represents the division of the large arteries into smaller vessels
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Arteriole
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Shortest/thinnest of vessels, exchange of oxygen takes place here
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Capillary
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Name for slightly larger vessels which is the beginning of the return of blood back to the heart
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Venule
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Bigger vessels that bring blood back tot he heart, bigger than arteries but thinner walled
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Vein
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2 arteries that immediately come off the ascending aoarta and feed the right and left side of the heart
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The R and L coronary arteries
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First big artery that is umpaired and has 3 major branches
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Celiac trunk
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Name for superficial veins
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Vericosal
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How many valves does a vein have?
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It has a 1 way valve to keep blood flowing in 1 direction
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Superficial vein that runs to the lateral side of arm and dumps into the axillary vein
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Cephalic vein
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Vein that runs up the medial side of the arm and empties into the brachial vein
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Basillic vein
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Odd by-pass vein that is umpaired
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Azygous vein
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Vein that runs up the medial side of the lower extremity to groin and dumps into the femoral vein
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The great saphenous vein
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The right side of the lymph vessels empties where?
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The right thoracic duct
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What 4 areas of the body do not contain lumph vessels?
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Avascular system, CNS and eye(brain/spinal), spleen and bone marrow
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The system that is known for carrying leftover fluid from the tissue spaces back to the heart
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The lymphatic system
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A substance that is produced in 1 part of the body that influences cells in another part of the body
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A hormone
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A gland that empties its' chemicals into cells that respond
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Endocrine gland
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A gland that empties its' chemical substance into a duct
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Exocrine gland (example: perspiration)
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Type of hormone found in receptor sites in the nucleus of the cell
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Thyroid hormone
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Type of hormone found in receptor sites in the cytoplasm
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Steroid hormone
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Type of hormone found in the receptor sites on the outer surface of the cell membrane
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All the rest of the hormones
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Name the 5 endocrine glands
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1. Pituitary
2. Pineal 3. Thyroid 4. Parathroid 5. Adrenals |
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5 organs with substantial hormonal activity
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1. Thymus
2. Pancreas 3. Stomach 4. Duodemum of SI 5. Gonads |
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Pineal gland is located where?
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Back of the brain
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Pituitary gland is located where?
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Front of the brain
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Gland that lays below and in front of the larynx
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Thyroid
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The largest of the pure endocrine glands
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Thyroid
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Gland that is located behind the stermum and is 100% hormonal
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Thymus
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Gland that is 98% exocrine and 2% endocrine
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Pancreas
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20% of hormonal production, produces glucose and raises blood sugar levels
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Alpha cells
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75% of hormonal production, secretes insulin, lowers blood sugar levels
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Beta cells
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5% of hormonal secretion, produces human grouth hormones
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Delta cells
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