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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cardiovascular system |
-works with respiratory system with one goal, to supply O2 and eliminate CO2 -provides for gas exchange -failure would result in disruption of homeostasis and rapid death of cells from oxygen starvation and build up of waste |
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respiratory system |
-works with respiratory system with one goal, to supply O2 and eliminate CO2 -provides transportation for gases
-failure would result in disruption of homeostasis and rapid death of cells from oxygen starvation and build up of waste |
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respiration |
exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells |
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three steps of repiration |
-Pulmonary Ventilation: 'breathing', inspiration and expiration, air going into lungs -External (pulmonary) respiration: gas exchange between lungs and blood, inside lungs -transport of respiratory gases: O2 and CO2 transported between tissues and lungs -Internal (tissue) respiration: gas exchange between blood an tissue cells; RBCs deliver O2 and pick up CO2 in cap beds; cells use O2 and produce CO2 during cellular respiration |
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anatomical parts of the respiratory system |
-upper and lower respiratory tracts -divided by the end of the pharynx -infections: upper respiratory tract is above the vocal cords and the lower respiratory tract is below the vocal cords -lower respiratory tract infections become more serious, harder to get to |
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anatomy of the respiratory system |
-nose -pharynx: throat -larynx: voice box -trachea: windpipe -bronchi: airways, resemble upside down tree -lungs |
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two parts of the respiratory ststyem |
-conducting system: series of cavities and tubes including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal broncioles that conduct air into the lungs -respiratory portion: area where gas exchange occurs including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alvioli |
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Pharynx |
anatomy: nasopharynx(uppermost portion), orophharynx( middle portion), laryngopharynx(lowest portion)
physiology: common passageway for air and food, resonating chamber for speech production |
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larynx |
-'voice box' -passageway that connects pharynx and trachea contains thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage -produces sound and regulates type of sound expelled |
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parts of the larynx |
-thyroid cartilage: 'Adams Apple', largest portion -cricoid cartilage: connects larynx to trachea -epiglottis: 'valve', prevents food from entering larynx, separates digestive and respiratory systems, failure results in choking |
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voice production |
-happens in the larynx -vocal folds (true vocal cords) produce sound -taunt vocal folds= high pitches -relaxed vocal folds= low pitches -thicker and longer in males, less flexible= lower pitch due to low vibrations |
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speech and whispering |
-speech: modified sound by the larynx -requires pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, and sinuses to resonate and modify the sound -tongue and lips form words -pitch is controlled by tension on vocal folds |
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laryngitis |
inflammation of the larynx that is usually caused by respiratory infection or irritants
-cancer of the larynx is almost exclusively found in smokers |
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trachea |
-'windpipe' -extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi -composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage and is lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium -cartilage rings keep airway open -cilia sweep debris away from the lungs and back to the throat to be swallowed |
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bronchi |
-trachea divides into right and left pulmonary bronchi -bronchial tree consists of the (trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi), (bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles) -bronchi contain rings of cartilage -bronchioles contain smooth muscle |
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lungs |
-paired organs in the thoracic cavity -enclosed and connected by the pleura membranes -parietal pleura: outer layer, attached to thoracic cavity -visceral pleura: inner layer, covers lungs themselves -pleural cavity: small potential space between the pleurea that contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes |
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anatomy of the lungs |
- each lung has base and apex -left lung has cardiac notch -right lung is thicker, broader and shorter -L lung: 3 lobes R lung: 2 lobes -lobes separated by fissures |
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breakdown of bronchi |
terminal bronchiole > respiratory bronchiole > alveolar duct > alveolar sac > alveoli
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alveoli |
-thin, bubble like structures surrounded by capillaries -part of external rerspiration in gas exchange -thin walls, one layer SSE -total surface area equal to 1/2 - 2/3 of a tennis court -surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange -smooth muscle controls airway resistance |
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type I alveolar cells |
-simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs |
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type II alveolar cells |
-free surface has microvilli (projections of cytoplasm, don't move, increase surface area) -secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant -surfactant: compound that lowers surface tension, lungs would collapse without it |
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alveolar macrophages |
-'dust cells' -wandering macrophages that remove dust -only in lungs -patrol alveolar walls -part of type II alveolar cells
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alveolar cell example |
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pulmonary ventilation |
-'breathing' -air moves into lungs when pressure inside lungs is less than atmospheric pressure (inspiration) -air moves out of lungs when pressure inside lungs greater than atmospheric pressure -atmospheric pressure: 1atm or 760mm Hg (mercury) -air pressure and lung pressure can never be the same |
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Boyle's Law |
-states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming that temp is constant -volume decreases= pressure increases -inversely proportional -diaphragm, pleura and thoracic cavity create closed container of chest cavity -at rest, volume decreased -during inspiration, volume increased |
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muscles used in inspiration |
-diaphragm (dome shaped muscles, inferior wall of thoracic cavity, flattens when contracted to expand thoracic cavity, important for physical exertion and speech/singing)
-external intercostals (pull ribs upward, push sternum forward, expand thoracic cavity) |
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muscles used for expiration |
-internal intercostals (pull ribs downward, pull sternum inward, compress thoracic cavity)
-abdominals (compress abdominal and thoracic cavities) |
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compliance |
-ease with which lungs and chest wall expand depends upon elasticity of lungs and surface tension
-diseases that reduce compliance: tuberculosis, pulmonary edema, paralysis |
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composition of air |
-air: 21% O2, 79% N2, 0.04% CO2 -alveolar air: 14% O2, 79% N2, 5.2% CO2 -expired air: 16% O2, 79% N2, 4.5% CO2 |
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hemoglobin |
-Hb -iron containing protein - two polypeptid alpha chains, two ß chains, plus four iron containing heme groups -globin: protein portion -heme: pigment, can combine with a molecule of oxgen -250 million in each erythrocyte |
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blood gas transport |
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gas exchange |
-diffusion based on concentration gradient -CO2 dissolves easier then O2 |
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oxygen transport |
-100ml of oxygenated blood= 1.5% of the O2 dissolved in plasma -98.5% of O2 carried with Hb in RBCs as oxyhemglobin (HbO2) -25% CO2 transported in hemoglobin -CO2 in blood caused O2 to split from hemoglobin -binding of O2 causes release of CO2 from blood |
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hypoxic hypoxia |
-low O2 due to low oxygen in lungs -low O2 saturation -caused by low O2 in atmosphere (altitude, smoke inhalation) or suffocation |
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anemic hypoxia |
-low O2 due to low numbers of RBCs -low O2 content -caused by any anemia, other hemolytic diseases, cancers and cancer treatments, malnutrition -leads to hemolysis of RBCs (breakdown and rupturing of RBCs so they release their contents) |
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stagnant (ischemic) hypoxia |
-low O2 due to reduced blood flow -low O2 delivery -caused by heart failure, blood clot or other embolus (object in bloodstream that lodges itself in a vessel) |
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histotoxic hypoxia |
-tissues cannot use O2, usually due to presence of a toxin or poison -caused by cyanide (cigarettes, chemicals), carbon monoxide (cigarettes, fires, automobile exhaust) or botulinin toxin |
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CO2 transport |
-carried in three forms 1. dissolved CO2: 7% of total, located in plasma but not as H+/HCO3 2. carbaminohemoglobin: 23% of total, binds to the non-heme portion of hemoglobin 3. bicarbonate ions: 70% of total, vital to survival, an important acid-base buffer |
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carbonic anhydrase |
enzyme that increases the formation rate of bicarbonate (HCO3-) which is an important blood buffer |
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equilibrium reaction equation |
-CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3- <> HCO3- + H+ -an excess of either one will shift the results in the other direction -excess CO2 = increased H+ production (increased blood acidity) -less CO2 -= decreased H+ production (decreased blood acidtiy or increased blood alkalinity) |
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carbon monoxide poisoning |
-CO from car exhaust and tobacco smoke -binds to Hb heme group more successfully than O2, takes over binding sites -poisoning -treated by administering pure O2 -colorless, odorless |
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exercise and the respiratory system |
-respiratory system works with cardiovascular system to make appropriate adjustments for different exercise intensities and durations -blood flow increase with lower O2 and higher CO2 = increase in amount passing through lungs (pulmonary perfusion) -matched by increased ventilation as more pulmonary capillaries open
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regulation of respiratory response center |
-chemoreceptors -limbic system: anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety - increase temperature = increase RR -pain: sudden, severe pain inhibits breathing -irritation of air passages: mechanical/ chemical irritation, cessation followed by coughing |
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smoking and respiratory efficiency |
-smokers are usually easily winded with moderate exercise -nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles -CO in smoke binds to hemoglobin -irritants in smoke cause increased mucus secretion and inhibit cilia movements -in time it destroys elastic fibersi n lungs and leads to emphysema (trapping of air in alveoli and reduced gas exchange) -tobacco tar contains carcinogens which may induce cancers |
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aging and the respiratory system |
-respiratory tissues and chest wall becomes more rigid -vital capacity decreases to 35% by age 70 -decrease in macrophage activity -diminished ciliary action -decrease in blood levels of O2 -result in age-related susceptibility to pneumonia and bronchitis |
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pneumothorax |
-pleural cavities are sealed and not opened to outside -injuries to chest wall that let air enter the in the intrapleural space cause pneumothorax (punctured lung) and collapsed lung on the same side of the injury - plura allows lungs to maintain pressure |
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asthma |
-spasms of smooth muscle in bronchial tubes -partial or complete closure of air passageways -inflammation -inflated alveoli -excess mucus production to cleanse airways - common trigger factor is allergies other triggers: emotional upset, aspirin, exercise, breathing in cold air, cigarette smoke |
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pulmonary edema |
-'lungs' 'fluid' -abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs may be pulmonary of cardiac in origin |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
-COPD -respiratory disorder characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction of airflow which increases airway resistance -principle types: emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
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bronchitis |
-inflammation of the bronchial tubes -main symptom is productive( raising mucus and sputum) cough |
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bronchogenic carcinoma |
-lung cancer -bronchial epithelial cells are replaced by cancer cells after constant irritation has disrupted the normal growth, division and function of the epithelial cells -airways often blocked and metastasis(development of secondary malignant growth) is very common -most commonly associated with smoking |
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pneumonia |
-acute infection of the alveoli -most common cause in the pneumococcal bacteria but other microbes may be involved =treatments: antibiotics, oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, and chest physiotherapy |
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Tuberculosis |
-TB -inflammation of pleurae and lungs due to the production of the organism Myobacterium tuberculosis -communicable -destroys lung tissues, leaving nonfunctional fibrous tissue behind |
