Anatomy 2 - Anterior Neck

Front 1

what is the superior boundary of the neck made by

Back 1

mandible
mastoid process
superior nuchal line

Front 2

what is the inferior boundary of the neck made by

Back 2

manubrium
clavical
acromian process

Front 3

what is the structure that is the point of attachment for the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle

Back 3

clavicle

Front 4

name the 3 parts of the hyoid bone

Back 4

greater horn
lesser horn
body

Front 5

what are the layers of the deep cervical fascia

Back 5

investing fascia
prevertebral fascia
pretracheal fascia
carotid sheath

Front 6

what kind of innervation occur in the neck

Back 6

cutaneous innervation

Front 7

name the sensory branches of the cervical plexus

Back 7

-lesser occipital nerve - C2
-great auricular - C2 and C3
-transverse cervical - C2 and C3
-supraclavicular - C3 and C4

Front 8

what is another name for sensory branches of cervical plexus

Back 8

ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C2 to C4

Front 9

which SUPERFICIAL veins are found in the neck

Back 9

-External Jugular Veins
-Anterior Jugular Veins

Front 10

what does the external jugular vein originate from

Back 10

retromandibular vein
and
posterior auricular vein

Front 11

what is the accessory nerve (XI) formed from

Back 11

union of CRANIAL NERVE (from brainstem)
and
SPINAL ROOT (from the spinal cord)

Front 12

describe the passage of the accessory nerve (11)

Back 12

- pierces deep surface of SCM
-then arrives at occipital triangle
-then passes through the fatty tissue between the investing fascia and prevertebral layers
-from there it goes into the TRAPEZIUS
-then forms a SUBTRAPEZIAL PLEXUS with C3/C4

Front 13

what comes together to form the brachial plexus

Back 13

the union of the ventral primary rami of C5 to T1

Front 14

what does the brachial plexus innervate

Back 14

upper limbs and muscles of neck

Front 15

what does the cervical plexus bifurcate into and when does it reunite

Back 15

bifurcates: into ASCENDING and DESCENDING BRANCHES
reunites: deep to the PREVERTEBRAL FASCIA

Front 16

where does the common carotid artery divide and what does it divide into

Back 16

in carotid triangle
into external and internal carotid arteries

Front 17

where are the infrahyoid muscles found

Back 17

muscular triangle

Front 18

where can the vagus nerve be found

Back 18

carotid sheath

Front 19

in the carotid sheath what lies with the vagus nerve

Back 19

internal carotid artery

Front 20

what does the right vagus nerve descend to

Back 20

the subclavian artery (and CROSSES it)

Front 21

what does the right vagus nerve branch into

Back 21

the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 22

what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around

Back 22

right subclavian artery and goes deep to the common carotid artery

Front 23

what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve branch into and how does it get there

Back 23

INFERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE

-it goes behind the THYROID GLAND and
-enters the larynx from its INFERIOR POSTERIOR aspect

Front 24

what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve provide innervation to

Back 24

esophagus
trachea
inferior constrictor muscle
pharynx
infraglottic area (sensory)
intrinsic muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid (motor)

Front 25

which mixed nerve does the vagus nerve give off

Back 25

superior laryngeal nerve

Front 26

what are the branches of the superior laryngeal nerve

Back 26

internal laryngeal nerve (SENSORY)
external laryngeal nerve (MOTOR)

Front 27

where is the internal laryngeal nerve located and what is it found with

Back 27

-passes POSTERIOR to the external carotid artery
-ALWAYS accompanies the SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL ARTERY

Front 28

what does the internal laryngeal nerve innervate

Back 28

LARYNX
(from the epiglottis to the vocal cord)

Front 29

what does the external laryngeal nerve follow

Back 29

superior thyroid artery

Front 30

what does the external laryngeal nerve innervate

Back 30

cricothyroid muscle
inferior constrictor muscle

Front 31

which intrinsic muscle of the LARYNX is the only one to be innervated by a MOTOR nerve

Back 31

cricothyroid muscle

Front 32

Besides vagus nerve, what other nerve innervates the anteriror triangle

Back 32

Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
(consists 3 cervical ganglia)

Front 33

where is the cervical sympathetic trunk located

Back 33

posterior to carotid sheath, against the wall of the vertebrae

Front 34

what are the 3 cervical ganglia of the cervical sympathetic trunk called and where are they located

Back 34

1. Superior Ganglion = C2-C3 vertebrae level
2. Middle Ganglion = C6 level, at the level of CRICOID cartilage
3. Inferior Ganglion = C7 level

Front 35

which ganglion is the source of all sympathetics to head and neck

Back 35

Superior Ganglion

Front 36

what are the 3 ways for POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC nerves to reach their target for innervation

Back 36

via:
1. periarterial plexus
2. direct innervation to organs
3. gray rami communicans

NOTE: the cell bodies of these nerves are IN the superior glanglion

Front 37

what are 2 kinds of periarterial plexus

Back 37

- internal carotid nerve (plexus on internal carotid artery)
- external carotid nerve (plexus on external carotid artery)

Front 38

what are 2 examples of direct innervation to organs

Back 38

1. Pharyngeal Nerve - direct branch to pharyngeal plexus
2. Superior Cardiac Branch - direct branch to cardiac plexus

Front 39

what does the gray rami communicans connect to

Back 39

connection to C1-C4 SPINAL NERVE

Front 40

what are the middle cardiac nerve and inferior cardiac nerve associated with

Back 40

middle cardiac nerve = middle ganglion
inferior cardiac nerve = inferior ganglion

Front 41

when does the Stellate Ganglion form

Back 41

when the Inferior Cervical Ganglion FUSES with the 1st Thoracic Ganglion to form a large, star shaped ganglion

Front 42

what is the Ansa Subclavian

Back 42

-a connection between the middle and inferior ganglion
-a small nerve that goes around the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

Front 43

what are the 3 main methods of blood supply in the anterior triangle

Back 43

common carotid
internal carotid
external carotid

Front 44

what is the main blood supply to brain

Back 44

common carotid artery

Front 45

where does the common carotid artery bifurcate and what does it bifurcate into

Back 45

bifurcates INTO - internal and external carotid arteries
bifurcates AT - the SUPERIOR level of the THYROID cartilage, in the CAROTID TRIANGLE

Front 46

where is the cartoid sinus

Back 46

at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery as it goes into the INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

Front 47

what is the carotid sinus

Back 47

a PRESSURE RECEPTOR innervated by GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL nerve (IX)

Front 48

where is the carotid body located

Back 48

in the INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY immediately after bifurcation

Front 49

what is the carotid body

Back 49

-a CHEMORECEPTOR that checks O2 and CO2
-innervated by GLOSSOPHHARYNGEAL and VAGUS nerves

Front 50

does the internal carotid artery give off any branches in the neck

Back 50

NO
-gives off branches once it reaches the SKULL

Front 51

in the neck region what are the 5 branches that the External Carotid Artery gives off

Back 51

Superior Thyroid Artery
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
Lingual Artery
Facial Artery
Occipital Artery

Front 52

what does the SUPERIOR THYROID ARTERY anastamose with

Back 52

-inferior thyroid artery
-right and left superior thyroid artery anastamose

Front 53

what does the SUPERIOR THYROID ARTERY branch into

Back 53

infrahyoid artery
sternocleidomastoid branch
superior laryngeal artery
cricothyroid artery
glandular branches

Front 54

what do the branches of the superior thyroid artery vascularize

Back 54

1. infrahyoid artery - infrahyoid muscle
2. sternocleidomastoid branch - SCM
3. Superior Laryngeal Artery - larynx
4. Cricothyroid artery - cricothyroid ligament and muscle
5. Glandular Branches - thyroid and parathyroid

Front 55

what does the cricothyroid artery anastamose with

Back 55

-RIGHT and LEFT CRICOTHYROID arteries anastamose
-INFERIOR THYROID ARTERY

Front 56

in relation to the hyoid bone, how does the infrahyoid artery travel

Back 56

it travels inferior to the hyoid bone, deep to the infrahyoid muscles

Front 57

which artery pierces through a SMALL OPENING in the THYROHYOID MEMBRANE and enters the larynx

Back 57

superior laryngeal artery

Front 58

where is the ASCENDING PHARYNGEAL ARTERY found and where does it go

Back 58

-branches off MEDIAL aspect of ECA shortly after bifurcation
-travels behind the ECA and goes to the PHARYNX to vascularize it

Front 59

where does the lingual artery branch off the ECA

Back 59

branches off the ANTERIOR aspect of ECA at level of GREATER HORN of the HYOID BONE

Front 60

where does the lingual artery travel to and what does it vascularize

Back 60

-DEEP to the DIGASTRIC muscle
-goes to SUBMANDIBULAR triangle
-supplies floor of mouth, tounge, and soft palate

Front 61

where does the facial artery travel to and what does it vascularize

Back 61

-DEEP to the DIGASTRIC muscle
-goes to the SUBMANDIBULAR TRIANGLE
-vascularizes the FACIAL REGION via various branches

Front 62

which arteries go to the submandibular triangle and are found deep to the digastric muscle

Back 62

facial and lingual arteries

Front 63

where does the occipital artery travel to and where is it found

Back 63

-branches off the POSTERIOR aspect of the ECA
-follows the POSTERIOR belly of DIGASTRIC muscle until it reaches the OCCIPITAL region

Front 64

what does the OCCIPITAL artery vascularize via its branches

Back 64

-Sternocleidomastoid via the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID BRANCH
-Posterior neck musculature via DESCENDING BRANCH
-Auricle via Auricular Branch
-Muscles of the skin via Occipital Region
-Mastoid air cells in the mastoid process via MASTOID BRANCH

Front 65

which 2 arteries supply the SCM

Back 65

Superior Thyroid Artery (sternocleidomastoid branch)
Occipital Artery (sternocleidomastoid branch)

Front 66

where does the Internal Jugular Vein drain from

Back 66

brain
anterior face
cervical viscera
deep muscles of the neck

Front 67

where and with what can the internal jugular vein be found

Back 67

-INFERIORLY in carotid sheath
-with internal carotid artery, common carotid artery, and vagus nerve

Front 68

how can the vagus nerve be located in the carotid sheath

Back 68

its found posteriorly in between the Internal Jugular Vein and the Common Cartoid Artery

Front 69

how does the internal jugular vein leave the anterior triange

Back 69

by passing DEEP to the SCM

Front 70

where does the internal jugular vein unite with the subclavian vein and what does it form

Back 70

-posterior to the sternal end of the clavicle
-IJV unites with Subclavian to form BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN

Front 71

where does the IJV begin at and

Back 71

at the JUGULAR FORAMEN

Front 72

what does the internal jugular vein receive blood from

Back 72

brain
facial vein
lingual vein
superior thyroid veins
middle thyroid veins

Front 73

what does the inferior thyroid vein drain blood into

Back 73

bracheiocephalic vein

Front 74

how many arteries supply blood to thyroid and how many veins drain it

Back 74

2 arteries supply blood
3 veins drain it

Front 75

which is the suprahyoid muscle

Back 75

DIGASTRIC MUSCLE

Front 76

what are the attachment sites of the digastric muscle

Back 76

comes from MASTOID PROCESS to the BODY OF HYOID

**passes SUPERIORLY to the MANDIBLE**

Front 77

what connects the 2 bellies of the digastric muscle

Back 77

a common tendon
(held down to the hyoid bone by a connective tissue loop)

Front 78

where does the Anterior and Posterior Belly of the Digastric muscle connect from

Back 78

-ANTERIOR BELLY - from hyoid bone to mandible
-POSTERIOR BELLY - from Mastoid process(MASTOID NOTCH) to hyoid bone

Front 79

what is the function of the infrahyoid muscles

Back 79

DEPRESSES hyoid bone and STABILIZES it

Front 80

what is the location and function of the omohyoid

Back 80

LOCATION - posterior and anterior triangles of neck
FUNCTION - pulls down hyoid bone (depresses) and stabilizes it

Front 81

what is the origin, insertin and innervation of the OMOHYOID

Back 81

ORIGIN - SUPERIOR border of SCAPULA
INSERTION - INFERIOR border of BODY of HYOID BONE
INNERVATION - ANSA CERVICALIS

Front 82

what is the location and function of the STERNOHYOID MUSCLE

Back 82

LOCATION - Anteriolateral aspect of neck
FUNCTION - Depresses and Stabilizes the hyoid bone

Front 83

what is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the STERNOHYOID MUSCLE

Back 83

ORIGIN - Manubrium and Clavicle, Sternoclavicular joint
INSERTION - Medial to omohyoid and into the BODY of they hyoid
INNERVATION - Ansa cervicalis

Front 84

what is the location and function of the STERNOTHYROID

Back 84

LOCATION - Deep to sternohyoid
FUNCTION - depresses the LARYNX by pulling thyroid cartilage down

Front 85

what is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the STERNOTHYROID

Back 85

ORIGIN - deep aspect of manubrium
INSERTION - oblique line of thyroid cartilage
INNERVATION - Ansa cervicalis

Front 86

what is the location and function of the THYROHYOID

Back 86

LOCATION - deep to sternohyoid
FUNCTION - if hyoid is fixed, it elevates the larynx

Front 87

what is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the THYROHYOID

Back 87

ORIGIN - oblique line of thyroid cartilage
INSERTION - greater horn and body of hyoid
INNERVATION - C1, via HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE

Front 88

which infrahyoid muscle is the only one to NOT be innervated by the ANSA CERVICALIS and what is it innervated by

Back 88

THYROHYOID MUSCLE
-innervated by C1, via HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE