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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 reasons we process air as we breathe?
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trap bacteria, warm air, and humidify air
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why is the epithelium cilliated?
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to sweep mucus up
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pharnyx?
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structure where digestive and respiratory tracts cross
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epiglotus?
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glap the vocers the glotus, the hole at the top of the larnyx
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larnyx
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air goes thru hear as we talk
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rings of cartlidge?
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support tube to keep them from collapsing as you breate in under negative pressure
-support 1,2,and tertiary bronchi |
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bronchioles
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not supported by cartlidge bc they are narrow and surrounded by thissue
lead to aveoli |
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aveoli
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where 02 crosses into the blood strem and CO2 into the respiratory tract
-begining of respiratory division |
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lowering pressure in lungs?
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to increase the volume for air
use muscles: pull diaprham tight and use externa glonocosta to pull up on ribs |
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Boyles law?
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Pressure is proportional to 1/V
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stemoclatols
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used to pull on on ribs for really deep breathing
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compliance?
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ability of lungs to stretch when pulled on
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what regulates the respiratory system?
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the ANS and Central(medula)/peripherial(aorta) chemo receptors that sense pH and O2 concentration
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low pH, what do lungs do?
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means we have too much C02, so wee need to breathe more
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What regulates breathing in?
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brain stem
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what regulates breathing out
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natural, except Hering Brever Reflex in babies
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how do we make it easier to eachange air? (3)
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increase temp
increase surgace area increase partial pressure of O2 |
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what do we warm our air?
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b/c at a higher temperature, gas disoved in water better
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what is necessary before gas can disove across a membrane? why is this a problem? solution?
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wetness
-can make aveoli colapse -soln: make surfact w/ type II cells that reduces surface tension- made at about 8 mths pregnant |
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at high partial pressure, mor eor less 02 is available?
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more
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How many membranes are involved in the whole process of hemoglobin unloading?
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5
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path of hgb undloading
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02 diffuses in aveoli, 02 diffuses out aveoli, 02 diffuses in endothelia, 02 diffues out endothelia, 02 diffues in RBC
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what is the concentration gradient one we have made oxyhemoglobin?
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steep concentration greadient for 02 going in to blood and Co2 coming out of blood
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How does hgb know to load/unload? (3)
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temp (active tissue= hot,unload 02)
conc gradient pH (unloads at low pH-need for 02) |
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what is made when co2 combines with water?
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carbonic acid, which lowers the pH
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Pneumonia?
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infection of the lung, which casues them to sweel to stop the spread of the diseas
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emphysema?
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when a duct sweels shut and lower pressue which burts aveoli. Then you get scare tissue which irritates more tissue. Ultimately leads to less compliance
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pulmonary fibrosis?
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inhaling sharp things/dust causes purmanet damage b/c you can't breathe these things out
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What makes up the plasma?
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plasma proteins, other solutes, water
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what is the role of water in plasma?
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to transport molecules, formed elements and heat
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What makes up the blood
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plasma (connective tissue matrix) and formed elecemts
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what are the formed elemebts?
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mostly RBC, white blood cells, platelets
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plasma=
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whole blood-formed elements
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serum=
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whole blood-formed elecemts- clotting proteins
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what is the role of albumin
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most prominent plasma protein
Contributes to osmotic pressure buffer |
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role of globulins?role of fibrogen?
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globulins-bind for transport
fibrinogen-clotting |
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what are platelets/trombocytes
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peice of cells that contain a tertiary granule that is released when the are broken open when stuck to rough/negatively charged surface
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what is uniqe about RBC?
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no organelles (including nucleusb/c they are all squeezed out by gemoglobin)
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How are red blood cells recycled?
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they are recycled in the spleen
-reuse Hb and iron -send rest to liver to excrete as poart of bile |
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what is jaundice?
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can't get rid of bile (or Hgb rings), so you have yellow ish collor
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two roles of the immune system
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-eat and attack foreign cells
-make antibodies to eat/attack foregin cells |
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what is intrinsic clotting pathway?
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--onnly need things found in blood--
1. cut/negative surface(cell damage) causes plateltes to stick 2. platelts break open 3. tertiary granules are released and have positive feed back on platelts as well as secreting serotonin for blood vessel constriction 4. cascade 5. Thrombin and fibrinoge combine to make fibrin which causes a clot |
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heparin?
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blocks formation of thrombin-only effective on a small scale
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plasmin-breaks down firbrin/blood clots
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only effective on a small scale
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Extrinsic (slow) clotting pathway
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the injured tissure releases thromoplatin which eventualy combines thrombin and fibrinogen to make fibrin
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arteries? when oxygen rich
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Take blood away from the heart
-oxygen rich-systemic -oxygen poor- pulmonary |
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veins? when oxygen poor?
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take blood to the heart
-systemic oxygen poor -pulmonary oxygen rich |
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3 layers of vessels
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endothelium(smooth and thin)
Muscle- regulate flow of blood, stimulated to contract by aldosterone (which is responsible to stop loow blood pressure) -Connective tissue-positive pressure so it keeps things from bursting |
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Differnece btwn layers of artery and veins?
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artery-thick muscle and thin connective tissue
vein-thin musslce and thing connective tissue |
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force of arteries
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contraction of heart
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force of veins?
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surrounding tissue and one way valves (brathing pushes on inferior vena cava
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which of the formed elements can fit thru capilaries?
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WBC
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can albumin fit thru capilaries?
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no
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Opposing forces of capillary beds? when does each win?
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arterial end-hydrodstatic pressure from heart-pushes things out
venule end-osmotic pressure wins, pulls water in |
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what do we do to absorb extra fluid and avoid edema
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lymphatics catch extra and dumps in into the vena cava
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what is elephantitis?
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when a work blocks your lymphs so you get edema
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heart cycle?
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inferior vena cava: right atrium: right ventricle: pulmonary arteries: lungs: superior vena cava: pulmonary veins: left atrium: left ventriccle: aorta: systemic artieries: systemic veins
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AV valves
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-things can't get back into atria
-shuts w/ high pressure in ventricle -have hearts strings/tendon chordae to witchstand extra pressure |
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semilunar valves
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things can get back into ventricle
-shut when ventricle pressure is low |
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Lub sound
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shut of AV valves when ventricles contract/are in systole
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dub sound
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shutting of semilunar valves when centricles relax/are indiastole
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heart cycle in systole/diastole terms?
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atrial systolye: atrial diastole/ventricale systole(Lub): ventrical diastole (dub)
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heart murm? 1st slosh vs. 2nd slwsh?
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blood leavking back into valves
1st slosh: AV valve error 2nd slosh: Semilunar valve error |
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foramen ovale?
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whole btwn right atrium and left atrium in fetus b/c most of the blood doesn't go to the non functioning lungs, it is oxygenated in the placenta
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What allows cytoplasm to be continuous so that action potential propagates thru all the cells of the heart at once?
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-curvey/branced fibers
-ntercalated disks |
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What stimulates the heart?
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conducting fibers (no nerves) that carry an action potential. They develop out of mesoderm/are muscle
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what initiates/controls hear beat
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the SA node
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What does epi/norepi do to heart beat?
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SNS-increases
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what does ACh do to heart beat
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PSNS-decreases it
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Conduction in heart
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SA Node: AP: Atria Contract: AV node delays to allow atria to relax: AV bunle of his: Purkinje fibers: Ventricle depobarizes w/ very coordinated contraction
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P wave
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atrial depolarization
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QRS wave
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ventrical depolarization
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what makes distance btwn p and q longer?
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bundle of his doesn't work and it takes longer to depolarize
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diastolic blood pressure
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-pressure in btwn heartbeats due to volume of blood
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systolic blood pressure
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diastolic + contraction of heart force--decreased by ACh
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Alimentary canal?
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runs from mouth to anus
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4 layers of alementary canal
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mucosa-slipery and traps pathogens
submucosa-highly intervated/vascularized: sensitive to HCl (ulcer) and blood absorbs broken down nutrients constains lymphatics to absorb fats Musclaris-smooth muscle w/ peristalic contractions in both directions(2 layers) Adventicia- toufh fibers for protection w/ sirius fluid for reduced firction |
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digestive pathway
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pharynx, esophogause, small intestine, colon, anus
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what are the physical break down mechanisms of the mouth?
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teeth and ridges of the pallet
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what are the chemical breakdown mechanisms of the mouth?
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salyvia w/ water, mucous, acid pH(kill bacteria)and salivary amylase to turns starches to sugar
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whats broken down in the mouth?
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carbs
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esophagous
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transport only!
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Fxn of stomach
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break down but very little absorption
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chief cells
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in stomach to make pepsinogen which, when added to HCL, makes pepsin to break down peptides
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pariteal cells
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in stomach to make HCl which converts pepsiongen to pepsin
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Gastrin
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made when stomach is stretched to stimulate the release of pepsinogen/hcl
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what is stomach growling?
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when food stimuli cause stomach to make gastrin and muscular layer contraction
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what absoprtion takes place in the stomahc?
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very little: water, some sugars, alcohol and caffine
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What happens in the duodenum?
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add things to chyme (bile, pancreatic enzymes, hormones_
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what is done to chyme as soon as it enters the small intestine?
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bile, to neutralize the acid, from the gall bladder, made in the liver
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secretine
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hormone made in the mucosal level of the duodenum-released during contact w/ low pH cyme to stimulate pancreatice enzymes and liver to make more bile
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CCK
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made in mucosal layer of the duodenum--released at contact w/ fat--stimulates gall bladder to break up fats to be absorbed and realse more bile which absorb fat
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What makes up bile?
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1. Lecithin-fath emulsifier
2. acid neutralizers 3. cholesterol |
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what are the dangers of cholesterol?
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1. attracts calcium that causes hardening of the arteries
2. can percipitate out when mixed w/ calcium causing gall stones which can be wedged into bile ducts causing less bile secretion and more contractions of bile (jaundice/pain) |
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Roles of the liver
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1. makes bile
2. 1st stopping point for nutrients absorbed from small intestine 3.storage (nutrients, glycogen, irons/vitamins) 4. converts amino acids to urea 5. makes blood proteins (albumin) 6. detoxifies 7. removes bateria 8. transforms aa to diff aa, turns fa to different fa |
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roles of jejunum and illeum
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-absorption (villi and textured cells on membrane)
-chyme going thru here must be liquid so water is added to it |
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role of colon/large intestine
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-reabsorps the water by actively reapsorbing sals (water folows)
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diarrhea
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irritation of colon/swelling so that water can't be absorbed
having a diet w/ lots of fibers (not absorbable) that pull water into feces when we want to reabsorb it |
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What causes constipation?
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being sedentary so that the chyme spends more time in colon w/ water being socked out
-don't drink enough water so colon has to observe mmore? |
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Ecoli
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-give us vitamin K for coagulation
-crowd out bad bacteria -digest excess lactose/glycoproteins-makes gass |
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why are peanut allergies increasing?
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soy and peanuts in baby formula are similar to glycoproteins creating an immune response
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