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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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mesocolic taenia location:
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Clockwise to free taenia / medial surface of colon
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omental taenia location:
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counterclockwise to thefree taneia / lateral surface of colon
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free taenia location:
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Anterior to the appendix / anterior surface of colon
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Teniae coli is what:
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3 narrow bands of outer longitudinal muscular coat
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haustra is due to:
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produced by teniae that are shorter then the gut
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name: omental appendices that is on ascending colon:
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omental appendix of ascending colon
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omental appendices:
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peritoneum-covered sacs of fat, attached in rows along teniae
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semilunar folds location:
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located between the haustra of the colon
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name a haustra in transverse colon:
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haustrum of transverse colon
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cecum is separated from the ileum by:
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ileocecal valve
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small fatty appendices (projections) of colon – name:
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Omental appendix
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frenulum is what:
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(anterior/posterior) “lines” that is around the ileocecal valve
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name the anterior frenulum:
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anterior frenulum of ileocecal valve
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the opening of the terminal ileum into the large intestine at the transition between the cecum and the ascending colon – name:
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ileal orifice
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lips of ileocecal valve is formed by:
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ileum enters the cecum and partly invaginates into it
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ileocecal valve is formed by:
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sup/inf lips of ileocecal valve
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in the middle of ileocecal valve we find:
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ileal orifice
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List the way from hepatic portal vein to the IVC:
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hepatic portal vein, right/left branch of hepatic portal vein, capillary vessel of liver, right/left hepatic vein, IVC.
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List the way from right ventricle to left atrium:
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RV -> right pulmonary artery, right lung, right superior pulmonary vein ->LA
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The right crus arises from:
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the anterior surfaces of the bodies and intervertebral disks of the upper three lumbar vertebrae.
its the bigger one |
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The left crus arises from:
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the anterior surfaces of the bodies and intervertebral disks of the upper two lumbar vertebrae.
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Diaphragm parts:
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central tendon ,costal part, sternal part , lumbar part
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gastrocolic lig from where to where?
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is a portion of the greater omentum that stretches from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon. It forms part of the anterior wall of the lesser sac.
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gastrophrenic lig from where to where?
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the portion of the greater omentum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
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Border between the duodenum and the jejunum:
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duodenojejunal flexure
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The contents of the rectus sheath is:
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the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles,
the anastomosing superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins, the lymphatic vessels, anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-T12 |
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Intraperitoneal organs:
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( SALTD SPRSS - Pronounced Salted Spursss):
S = Stomach A = Appendix L = Liver T = Transverse colon D = duodenum (only the 1st part, though) S = Small intestines P = Pancreas (only the tail though) R = Rectum (only the upper 3rd) S = Sigmoid colon S = Spleen |
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Portacaval anastomosis is what:
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specific type of anastomosis that occurs between the veins of portal circulation and those of systemic circulation.
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Esophageal Portacaval anastomosis is between which veins?
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Esophageal branch of left gastric vein and Esophageal branches of Azygos vein
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Rectal Portacaval anastomosis is between which veins:
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Superior rectal vein(Portal circulation) and Middle rectal veins and inferior rectal veins
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Paraumbilical Portacaval anastomosis is between which veins:
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Paraumbilical veins and Superficial epigastric vein
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Pylorus is divided into:
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two parts, the pyloric antrum(first), which connects to the body of the stomach,
and the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum |
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Between pyloric antrum and duodenum is what:
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pyloric sphincter
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The jejunum and ileum together measure about:
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6m in length in adult.
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Difference Between Jejunum and Ileum:
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jejunum has more Circular folds, is thicker wall, red, wide and lacks Peyer's patches.
Ileum is Paler, thin wall + Peyer's patches, more fat in mesnetery |
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2/5 of small intestine is:
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Jejunjum
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Large Intestine starts where:
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cecal junction
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Large Intestine length:
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1,5m
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Parts of colon that are intraperitoneal:
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Cecum, transverse and sigmoid
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Parts of colon that are retroperitoneal
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ascending and descdening
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Posterior relations stomach:
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diaphragm,
spleen, left suprarenal gland, upper part of left kidney, pancreas, left colic flexure, and upper surface of transverse mesocolon |
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anterior relations stomach:
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Left half is in contact with diaphragm;
right half is in contact with left and quadrate lobes of liver and abdominal wall |
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which part of colon is within iliac fossa:
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Cecum
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In descending part of duodenum this stricture starts appearing:
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Circular folds
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Circular folds disappear where?
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lower part of the ileum
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MIDGUT DERIVATIVES:
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-distal duodenum
-jejunum -ileum -caecum (with appendix) -ascending colon -proximal two thirds of transverse colon |
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HINDGUT DERIVATIVEs:
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-distal one third of transverse colon
-descending colon -sigmoid colon -rectum -upper part of anal canal -bladder –urethra |
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FOREGUT DERIVATIVES:
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esophagus
-stomach -proximal duedenum -liver -gallbladder and gall biles –pancreas |
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Liver topographical neighbours:
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-esophagus
-stomach -duodenum -transverse colon -right kidney -right suprarenal gland |
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Blood supply of liver:
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- 70% hepatic portal vein - nutriated blood
- 30% proper hepatic artery - oxygenated blood |
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Bile duct subdvisions & topography:
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Supradupdental part - above the duodenum
Retrodiodenal part - behind the duodenum Pancreatic part - passes on the left side of pancreas Intramural - within the wall of the duedoum |
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Duodenum parts:
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Superior part,
Descending part, Horizontal part, ascending part |
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Ureter parts:
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Abdominal, Pelvic, Intramural
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whats inferior to Stomach:
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Transverse colon + left colic flexure
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Spleen general topography:
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7th – 10th left intercostal space,
Posterior body Inferior border : Renal Area, left kidney, Superior : Gastric Area, Anterior : Colic Area, Left colic flexure |
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Pancreas general topography:
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Crosses L1-L2 vertebrae,
Posterior to stomach, Duodenum on it’s right part, Spleen on it’s left part |
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Renal Hilum:
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Renal Vein (Most anterior), Renal Artery, Renal ureter (most posterior)
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Renal fascia divides the fat into:
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Perirenal (in contact with renal capsule), and Pararenal (in contact with renal fascia).
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Renal Capsule divides the space between:
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the kidney and the perirenal fat.
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Epiploic Foramen borders:
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Anterior : Free edge of lesser omentum ”Hepatodoudenal Ligament”
Posterior: Peritoneum covering IVC Superior : Peritoneum on the caudate Lobe Inferior : Peritoneum on the first part of duodenum |
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Inguinal ”Hasselbachs” triangle borders:
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Medial Lineal Semilunaris
Lateral: Inferior epigastric vessels Inferior: Inguinal ligament |
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Cysto hepatic triangle aka triangle of calot borders
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Medial border: Common hepatic duct
Inferior border: cystic duct Superior border : inferior edge of liver |
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Cysto hepatic triangle aka triangle of calot content:
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Cystic Artery
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2 thing at the L4 landmark:
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“B4U”Bifurcation of aorta level:,Umbilicus
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Which are the two layers of the peritoneum?
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Parietal peritoneum – lines internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall -
Visceral peritoneum – invests viscera e.g. stomach, intestines. |
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What is the function of the peritoneal fluid?
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Lubricates the peritoneal surface; facilitating the movements of viscera allowing digestion; resist infection since it contains lymphocytes and antibodies.
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What is a mesentery?
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Double layer of peritoneum that occrus as a result of the invagination of the paritoneum.
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What is the function of the mesentery?
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The mesentery provides a connection of neurovascular communication between organ and body wall → connects an intraperitoneal organ to the body wall (mostly the posterior abdominal wall.
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What does the mesentery contain?
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It has a core of connective tissue containing; fat, blood –and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and nerves.
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What is an omentum?
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It’s a double-layered extension/fold of peritoneum which passes from stomach/proximal part of duodenum to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity.
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What builds up the greater omentum?
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four-layers peritoneal fold from the greater curvature of the stomach/proximal part of duodenum to posterior abdominal wall after covering the anterior surface of the transverse colon; hangs down like an apron.
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What is a peritoneal ligament?
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It is a double layer of the peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ/abdominal wall.
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Which kinds of peritoneal ligaments exist from the liver to other structures?
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Falciform ligament ( anterior abdominal wall (round lig.))
Hepatogastric ligament ( stomach; membranous part of lesser omentum) Hepatoduodenal →(thickened free edge of the lesser omentum; conducts the portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct)) |
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What kinds of peritoneal ligaments exist from the stomach to other structures?
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Gastrophrenic ligament (inferior surface of the diaphragm)
Gastrospenic ligament (reflects the hilum of spleen ) Gastrocolic ligament (transverse colon) descends from the greater curvature turns under & then ascends to the transverse colon. |
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What is meant with bare areas?
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All intraperitoneal organs are covered with visceral peritoneum except on specific areas, bare areas, which allows entrance/exist of neurovascular structures.
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What is the peritoneal cavity divided into?
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The greater sac
(supra – and infracolic compartment) The lesser sac (omental bursa); |
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What divides the greater sac into two compartments?
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The transverse mesocolon.
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What enters through the renal hilus?
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ureter renal vessels and nervs
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Where is the nephrons located ?
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In the medulla of the cortex
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Where does the ureter begin and end?
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At the renal pelvis and ends at the urinary bladder.
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Kidneys “first layer”:
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invested by fibrous renal capsule
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Kidneys surrounded by:
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- fatty renal capsule (perirenal fat),
-enclosed within renal fascia (continuous with the transversalis fascia); -outside of the renal fascia there is a fatty tissue constituting pararenal fat (continuous with the subperitoneal tissue) |
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left kidney anterior relations:
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stomach, spleen, pancreas, jejunum, descending colon
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right kidney anterior relations:
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duodenum, liver, ascending colon
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Suprarenal glands is surrounded by
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fatty capsule (together with the kidney)
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Ureters is infra/peritoneal?
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extraperitoneal throughout their whole extent
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Ureters three constrictions:
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at the junction with the pelvis,
entering pelvic inlet, passing through the wall of bladder |
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What 2 great vessels are connected to the liver ?m
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The hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
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Where is the liver development from? mesentery
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ventral mesentery
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What 2 lig support the liver?
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falciform lig and coronary lig.
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What builds the lesser omentum?
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hepatogastric ligament:
the portion connecting to the lesser curvature of the stomach - hepatoduodenal ligament: the portion connecting to the duodenum - hepatophrenic ligament: the portion connecting to the thoracic diaphragm - hepatoesophageal ligament: the portion connecting to the esophagus |
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What does the midgut consist of ?
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Duodenum (distal half of 2nd part, 3rd and 4th parts)
,Jejunum, Ileum, Cecum, Appendix, Ascending colon, Hepatic flexure of colon. Transverse colon |
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What forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla
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the opening of the bile duct commes together with the pancreatic duct - these 2 ducts forms it.
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the hepatopancreatic ampulla opens into
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The major duodenal papilla
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the hepatopancreatic ampulla closed by:
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the sphincter ampullae muscle
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What is the parts of the stomach ?
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Cardia, Fondus, Body, Pyloric part
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Whrere does duodeum end?
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The duodenaljejunal flexure
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What enter through the splenic hilum?
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Splenic artery and vein ( leaves and enters ) + splenic lymhatic vessels
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What is the port hepatis?
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It is a fissure where the hepatic porta vein, hepatic a, lymphatic vessels, hepatic nerv plexus and the hepatic duct enters and leave.
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What does linea alba do?
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It transmitts small nerves and vessel to the skin
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Male hernia is mostly?
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Inguinal hernia
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Female Hernia is mostly?
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Femoral hernia
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What is the level of the umbilicus ?
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Between the L3 and L4 vertebrae
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widest part of small intestine:
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Duodenum
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Duodenum is Retroperitoneal except for the:
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begining
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Duodenum is connected to the liver via:
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hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser momentum
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Liver: Fissure for round ligament location:
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lateral portion of left lobe and quadrate lobe
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Liver: Fissure for ligamentum venosum location:
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between quadrate lobe and major part of right lobe
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Accessory pancreatic duct “drains” into:
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lesser duodenal papilla
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During Development -Foregut consist of:
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Ventral mesentery, Dorsal mesentery
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During Development - dorsal mesentery is carried to the left and froms
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forms greater omentum
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During Development - ventral mesentery is carried to the right and froms
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forms lesser omentum
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Liver: Fissure for IVC location:,
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between cuadate lobe and major part of right lobe
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The lesser sac (omental bursa) lies
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posterior to stomach, lesser omentum & adjacent structures; separating stomach from retroperitoneal viscera on the posterior wall.
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in which ligament is the portal triad
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Hepatoduodenal lig.
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Epiploic Foramen is what:,
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a Natural Opening between greater and lesser omentum
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Extraperitoneal space is
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the portion of the abdomen and pelvis which does not lie within peritoneum.
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Name the mesentery that is in conntact with sigmoid colon
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Sigmoid mesocolon
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Lesser omentum, how many layers, connects what?
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2 layerd peritoneal fold that connect lesser curvature of stomach and proximal part of duodenum to the liver
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Anterior relations of stomach
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Diaphragm, left love of liver, anterior abdominal wall
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Posterior relations of stomach
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omental bursa and pancreas
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Transverse colon relations with stomach:
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transverse colon is inferior and laterally to the stomach
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Left gastric artery send out 1 branch called:
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Esophageal branch
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Posterior gastric artery comes from
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Middle of splenic artery, short gastric arteries comes from the end
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Most of jejunum lies in:
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left upper quadrant
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Most of ileum lies in:
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Right lower quadrant
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Jejunal arteries come from(1) - together with(2) + unite to from(3)
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SMA - ileal arteries - arterial arcades
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Sigmoid and transverse meocolons attach where?
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Mesocolic tenia
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Arterial supply of transverse colon
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Mainly from middle colic artery
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sigmoid colon -> rectum : name of junction and level:
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rectosigmoid junction at S3
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Greater Omentum Transmits:
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the right and left gastroepiploic vessels along the greater curvature.
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Omentum – which mesentery?
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Greater is from dorsal, lesser is from ventral
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Greater Omentum Consists of which ligaments:
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the Gastrosplenic,
Splenorenal, gastrophrenic, and gastrocolic ligaments. |
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Gastrosplenic Ligament runs from + to and conveys:
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Extends from the left portion of the greater curvature of the stomach to the hilus of the spleen and contains the short gastric and left gastroepiploic vessels.
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Splenorenal Ligament Runs from + to and conveys:
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from the hilus of the spleen to the left kidney and contains the splenic vessels and the tail of the pancreas.
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Gastrophrenic Ligament Runs from + to?
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the upper part of the greater curvature of the stomach to the diaphragm.
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Gastrocolic Ligament Runs from + to?
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the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
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Lesser Omentum Consists of which ligaments:
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the hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments and forms the anterior wall of the lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity
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Name the 4 Mesenteries:
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Mesentery Proper,
Transverse Mesocolon, Sigmoid Mesocolon, Mesoappendix |
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Mesentery Proper function:
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suspend the jejunum and the ileum from the posterior abdominal wall and transmits nerves and blood vessels to and from the small intestine.
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Mesentery Proper Contains:
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the superior mesenteric and intestinal (jejunal and ileal) vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
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Transverse Mesocolon fuses with what to create wha + contains:
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Fuses with the greater omentum to form the gastrocolic ligament.
Contains the middle colic vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. |
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Lesser Sac (Omental Bursa) is behind the:
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liver, lesser omentum, stomach, and upper anterior part of the greater omentum.
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Greater Sac Extends where to where:
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Across the entire breadth of the abdomen and from the diaphragm to the pelvic flor and presents numerous recesses into which pus from an abscess may be drained.
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recesses of Greater Sac:
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Subphrenic,
Hepatorenal Recess and Paracolic Recesses |
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Level of transpyloric plane – what happens there?
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L1,
fundus of gallbaldar, neck of pancreas, start of SMA, hepatic portal vein, d updenojejunal junction |
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Spleen anterior relation:
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stomach
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Spleen posterior relation:
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left part of diaphragm
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spleen inferior relation:
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left colic flexure
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Spleen medial relation:
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left kidney
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Name of line that in on the lateral side of the body:
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midaxillary line
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Ligament that contain splenic vessels and tail of pancreas:
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splenorenal lig.
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Spleen is surrounded with:
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fibrous capsule of spleen
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Hepatic triad in Right lobe consist of:
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Right hepatic duct, (ant)
Right branch of proper hepatic a, Right branch of portal v. (post) |
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Promary blood vessels of anteriorlateral abdominal wall:
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Superior,inferior and superficial epigastric
superficial circumflex ilaiac and posterior intercostal vessels from 11th intercostal space |
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Internal surface of anterolateral abdominal wall is coverd wth:
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Transversalis facis, extraperitoneal fat and parietal peritoneum
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Inguinal ligament consist of:
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inferior part of external oblique aponeurosis
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The superior and inferior opening into stomach is called:
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Cardial orifice and pyloric orifice
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Longitudinal ridges inside stomach is called:
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gastric folds (more evident close to pyloric part)
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Lymph from parasternal lymph node go where?
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Bronchomediastinal trunk -> left/right venous angle
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Lymph from superior medial quadrant go how to the end:
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Interpectoral nodes ->
central axillary nodes -> apical axillary -> subclavian trunks, which join the right lymphatic or thoracic duct to enter the jugular–subclavian venous confluence. |
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Most lymph from lateral quadrant go how to the end:
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pectoral axillary lymph nodes ->
central axillary nodes -> apical axillary -> subclavian trunks, which join the right lymphatic or thoracic duct to enter the jugular–subclavian venous confluence. |
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Spleen is located in which abdominal region
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left hypochondrium
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Spleen relation to ribs + whats inbetween?
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posteriorly 9-11 left, diaphragm and costodiphramatic recess
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Name for the fiber connective tissue layer surrounding all muscles?
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epimysium
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Rectus sheet is between(lines)?
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MCL and midline
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The lower dilated end of the thoracic duct – name?
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Cisterna Chyli
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Broad ligament of the uterus Subdivisions:
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Mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium
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the mesentery of the uterus - the largest portion of the broad ligament:
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Mesometrium
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the mesentery of the Fallopian tube:
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Mesosalpinx
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the mesentery of the ovaries:
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Mesovarium
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pyramidal mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle:
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Perineal body
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Lumbar splanchnic nerves comes from:
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L1 L2
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visible line or ridge of tissue on the human body that extends from the anus through the perineum : name:
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Perineal raphe ex raphe of penis
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Posterior abdominal wall is made up by:
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L1-5 + Iv disks.
Psoas major, quadratus lumborum, iliacus, transverus abdominis and the obilqie mscles. Diaphragm and thoracolumbar fascia |
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The posterior abdominal wall Is covered in:
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Endoandominal fasica, which is between peritoneum and the muscle
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Internal pudendal a give rise to:
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Inferior recatal, perineal a and dorsal artery of penis
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vertebra has 12 joint surfaces:
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2 superior costal facet
2 inferior costal facet 2 transverse costal facet 2 superior articular process 2 inferior articular process 2 intervertebral discs |
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Name of the three lateral abdominal muscles:
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external oblique abdominis m. internal oblique abdominis m. transversus abdominis m.
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part of urethra that contains internal urethral sphincter m – name?
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preprostatic urethra
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part of urethra that contains external urethral sphincter m – name?
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intermediate urethra
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longest part of urethra + external urethral orifice – name?
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spongy urethra
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Duct from seminal vesicle that joins the Ejaculatory duct is called:
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excretory duct
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The inguinal canal has two walls:
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Anterior wall: aponeuroses of the external oblique and internal oblique muscles.
Posterior wall: aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle and transversalis fascia . Superior wall (roof): arching fi bers of the internal oblique and transverse muscles. Inferior wall (floor): inguinal and lacunar ligament |
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Layer between skin and Transversalis fascia:
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Skin.Subcutaneous tissue (-Fatty layer -Membranous layer)
-Investing abdominal fascia Superficial investing fascia, intermediate and deep (covers external aspects of abdomins muscles) -Muscles and fasciae,External oblique abdominis muscle and aponeurosis, Internal oblique abdominis muscle and aponeurosis, Transversus abdominis muscle and aponeurosis -Transversalis fascia |
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coronary ligament incoulds which ligaments:
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hepatophrenic ligament
hepatorenal ligament, right triangular ligament, left triangular ligament |
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Retroperitoneal organs (major):
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“AC/DC Rocker Kids Party Down”:
- Ascending Colon - Descending Colon - Rectum - Kidneys - Pancreas - Duodenum |
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Anterior relation of the right kidney:
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Related to the right lobe of the liver, descending part of the duodenum, ascending colon and jejunum (small part)
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Anterior relations of the left kidney:
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Tail of pancreas
descending colon left colic flexure jejunum |
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Pancreas‐ the body Passing over?
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the aorta and L2 vertebra
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lesser omentum contains?
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proper hepatic a., hepatic portal v., common hepatic duct - lig. venosum (remnet of ductus venosus)
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rib level of liver at right MCL?
(inferior border) |
between right rib 9-10
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Ligament of Traitz Contraction results in?
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Contraction of this muscle widens the angle of the flexure, facilitating movement of the intestinal contents
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Superior border of liver level
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T7
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Stomach anterior surface Related to:
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Diaphragm - Left lobe of liver - Anterior abdominal wall
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Interior three constrictions of Ureters
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(1) atthe junction of the ureters and renal pelvis,
(2) where they cross the external iliac artery and the pelvic brim, and (3)where they pass through the wall of the bladder |
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Seminal vesicle location:
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Between the fundus of the bladder and the rectum, superior to the prostate
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What happens during Ejaculation + nerves:
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closure of the vesical sphincterat the neck of the bladder - sympathetic (L1 to L2)
contraction of the urethral muscles(S2 through S4 nerves parasympathetic) contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscle - pudendal nerves (S2 to S4) |
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Crus of root of penins is made up of:
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ischiocavernosus m
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Fundiform ligament of penis (male) Arises from
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linea alba and membranous layer of superficial fascia of abdomen
- Splits into right and left parts |
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Vagina Location:
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Between cervix of uterus and vestibule - At lower end of birth canal
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Uterus Position:
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Is anteverted (i.e. 90 degees at junction of vagina and cervical canal)-
Is anteflexed (i.e. angle of 160-170 degrees at junction of cervix and body) |
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Rectouterine pouch location:
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behind the uterus and anterior to rectum
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Rectovesical Pouch location:
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Is a peritoneal recess between the bladder and the rectum in males,
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Vesicouterine pouch location:
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peritoneal sac between the bladder and the uterus in females.
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The relations of the vagina are: Anteriorly:
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the fundus of the urinary bladder and urethra.
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The relations of the vagina are: Laterally:
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the levator ani, visceral pelvic fascia, and ureters.
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The relations of the vagina are: Posteriorly (inferior to superior)
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the anal canal, rectum, and recto-uterine pouch
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What which 2 fascias are behind the Transversalis fascia:
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Endabdominal fascia and Parietal peritoneum
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Superficial peroneal space. Female contents:
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Crus of clitoris (corpus cavernosum),
Bulb of vestibule (corpus spongiosum), Greater vestibular gland |
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Superficial peroneal space. Male contents:
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Crus of penis (corpus cavernosum)
Bulb of penis (corpus spongiosum) with spongy part of urethra |
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What are the three “major” pouches?
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Rectouterine pouch,
Vesicouterine pouch Rectovesical Pouch |
