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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Cell- General Structure
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* All cells have different functions
*Wide Variety of shapes and sizes. *Morphologically different, however have common characteristics. |
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Morphologically
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appereance
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The body is Composed of the following elements
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*Oxygen
*Carbon *Hydrogen *Nitrogen small amounts of calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, chloride, and sulfur |
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Inorganic Compounds
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when we die these don't completely decompose.
Water and electrolytes. |
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Organic Compounds
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contain carbon, decompose rapidly after death.
Protein, Carbohydrates, Lipids, nucleic acids. |
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Protein
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Structural- responsible for "form" or "shape"
Enzymes- catalyze chemical reactions Hormones- act as regulators. |
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Carbohydrates (CH20)
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Monosaccharides- simple sugar (glucose)
Disaccharides- 2 sugars linked together (sucrose) Polysaccharides- many sugars (glycogen) |
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Lipids
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Fats (storage form), cholesterol, phospholipids (structural form)
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Nucleic Acids
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- chromosomes, genetic information
RNA (ribonucleic acid)- protein synthesis |
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Cell Membrane
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composed of lipids(phospholipids), proteins, carbohydrates.
General sturcture- Fluid Mosaic Model Functions: Compartmentalization (makes compartment for the cell) Regulation of movement of materials from one area to another selectively permeable- allows certain substances to pass while others cant Provides for intercellular interactions. allows communication between cells cell-cell recognition sites (adhesions) Provides recognition sites- hormones, antibodies, enzymes. |
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Nucleus
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cells command center.
Structure- dense mass, chromatin (DNA & Protein), nuclear envelope(membrane surrounding nucleus), nucleolus- site of RNA synthesis. FUNCTION- store genetic mateial, involved in cell division(mitosis), Regulates cellular metabolism & activity of all organelles |
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Ribosomes
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function- site of protein synthesis
in fat cells not a lot of ribosomes |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Function: provides a channel for communication and transport of substances through the cell.
rough er- has multiple ribosomes on the surface. responsible for manufacture and transport of protein. smooth er- responsible for lipid production and metabolism and calcium storage. |
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Golgi Complex
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Function: storage of proteins, packages materials into vesicles or granule for storage or secretion
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Mitochondria
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power house of cell
Function- cellular respiration production of energy from ATP for cellular functions |
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Microtubles
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small, hollow tubules which run throughout the cytoplasm.
Funtions: supporting network (cellular framework), conducting channels through which substances pass through the cytoplasm, structural component of centiroles and cilia |
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Centrioles
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play an important role in cell divison
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Microfilaments
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thin strands of protein usually found in bundles.
Function- provide skeletal support (cytoskeleton of cell), associated with contractile activities and cell locomotion |
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Microvilli
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increases surface area of the cell membrane and facilitates transport
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Cilia
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move in a wave like fashion to move mucous
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Cellular Adhesions
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Tight Junctions- from a tight seal between cells
Desmosomes- spot-weld cells together Gap Functions- allow for cell to cell exchange and communication( to bind cells together (skin cells) form barrier. |
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Cell Cycle
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replaces cells the die off.
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INTERPHASE
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G1- normal cellular activities cells growth and duplication of organelles. protein synthesis
S- DNA replication G2- synthesis of protein, microtubules. this is the non-dividing stage cells is involved in DNA replication and growth During the S-phase the cell is very vulnerable to events which can cause DNA damage since the supplication of DNA occurs during this stage. rapidly dividing cells, such as those of the skin GI tract and bone marrow are especially vulnerable. |
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Mitotic Phase
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nuclear division
cytokinesis- cytoplasmic division possible fates of mitotic products (daughter cell) enter new cell cycle immediately rest as an uncommitted cell differentiate -> age -> die The capacity to grow and divide varies with the cell type. The rate at which these processes occur also varies. |
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Cells which are extremely specialized and have lost their ability to divide
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red blood cells (mature)
Neuron (nerve cells) Muscle cells (increase in size, not in number). |
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Cells that normally do not divide, but can be induced to do so by appropriate stimulus
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liver cells- can regenerate in a few months time
lymphocytes- white blood cells |
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Cells which continuously undergo cell division.
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skin
cells of the intestinal lining Bone Marrow Cells (leads to leukemia) *this is especially true fro cells which are subject to frequent destruction. |
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Terms related to cell divison
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Chromosomes- dark staining, threadlike body in the nucleus containg genetic information.
Chromatin- DNA & Protein, duplicate chromosome Gene- herditary unity of source of information for synthesis. segment or portion of DNA on chromosome. 22-autosomes, 1-sex chromosome Karyotype- number and type of chromosomes an individual has 23 pairs, 46 chromosomes Centriole- composed of mictrotubles, cylindrical structure, serves as organinzing center of the mitotic spindle/ |
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Mitosis
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Prophase- the nuclear membrane disppears and the chromosomes become condensed.
Metaphase- the paired chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell Anaphase- the chromosomes seperate and migrate to opposite sides of the cell Telophase- the nucleus divides into 2 units which have the same composition of DNA Results- 2 identical daughter cells are produced. these cells will then enter the phases of the cell cycle and may immediately divide again, "Rest" or remain permanently in interphase. |
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Features of Mitosis
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cell division
occurs in most cells of the body results in 2 daughter cells identical to parent cell 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes |
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Features of Meiosis
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cell division which occurs in gonades in "sex cells" ova and sperm
Results in 4 daughter cells which contain 1/2 the DNA or number of chromosome of parent cell (23 chromosomes) |
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Cellular Adaptaions
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many cells have the ability to undergo changes in response to stimuli or injury in attempt to adapt to altered or unfavorable conditions.
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Hypertrophy
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increase in size of cells
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Hyperplasia
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increse in mitotic activity
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atrophy
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decrease in size of cell, lack of use (arm in cast)
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metaplasia
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changes in cell response to disease or chronic irritation which results in the transformation of the cell into different cell types.
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Neoplasia
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neoplasm- new cells mass, rapid multiplication.
Benign V Malignant. |
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Tissue
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A group of cells which act together to preform a specific function
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Histology
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study of tissues
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General Composition
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cells and intercellulat matrix.
4 basic types- epithelium, connective tissue(CT), muscles and nervous tissue. |
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Epithelium General Characteristics
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Consits of cells held closely together bu cellular adhesion's resting on a basement membrane.
Highly cellular, very little inter-cellular material. Avascular (not penetrated by blood vessels) recieves nutrients by diffusion from underlying tissue |
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Functions of Epithelium
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Membranous: *protection covers body surface *Lines body cavities (digestive tract,blood vessels) *Contains cells for sensory perception(receptors for pain,temperature,touch)*Absorption & secretion of nutrients and other produts *Filtration (i.e Kidney)
Glandular: Production and Secretion of various hormones and substances. |
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Epithelium is further classified on the basis of:
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number of cell layers: simple-one cell layer, stratified-many cell layers. Pseudostratified-considered as single layer of cells since each cell contacts the basement membrane. gives appearance of multiple layers since cells are not all the same size and nuclear position varies.
Shape of cells: squamous-flat cells, cuboidal-cube shaped, columnar-rectangular shaped. |
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Special characteristics of Epithelium cells
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Cilia-help to move dust
Keratin- cells contain a tough waterproof protein. |
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Classification of glands
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Endocraine glands- secrets hormones directly into the bloodstream, highly vascular. example: thyroid gland.
Exocrine glands- secrete their products through a duct to the site of action. Unicellular-goblet cell produces mucous. Multicellular-salivary glands simple tubular simple alveolar compound tubular of aveolar |
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Simple squamous
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single layer of flat cells, like fried eggs. one thin layer of cells
loacted in capillaries, blood vessels, alveoli |
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Simple cubodial
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duct between cells, located in glands- thryroid,salivary.
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Simple columnar
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single layer of cells for exchange, room for organelles. Located in digestive tract- intestines, stomach
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Stratified squamous
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many layers, located in esophagus, vagina, skin, beginning (mouth) & end(anus) of GI tract
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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Contain cilia located in respiratory epithelium- nasal cavity, trachea & bronchi
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Transitional
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cells change shape. location- used for stretching organs- bladder, uterus.
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Connective Tissue
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Blood, Cartilage, Bone
General Characteristics- most abundant tissue in body, Composed of abundant amount of intercellular material and relatively few cells, generally highly vascular. General Function: Protection, supports & binds tissues together, provides metabolic needs of other tissues. Several types (classified according to the composition and consistency of their intercellular material and type of fibers: Connective tissue proper (loose, dense, elastic, adipose), cartilage, bone and blood. |
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Intercellular material
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A homogeneous material produce by connective tissue.
Composed of fluid->semisold(blood)->bone |
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Ground substance
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serves as a pathway for the transport and exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and tissue cells.
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Fibers
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Various types which provide strength and flexibility.
Collagenous-composed of the protein collagen. Flexible yet strong Elastic-composed of the protein elastin which is capable of stretching Reticular- thin,threads, form a delicate network;mesh-like |
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Fibroblast
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most abundant cell, start of elongated cell which produces and maintains CT fibers.
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Fat Cells(adipocytes)
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stores fats(lipids)
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macrophages (phagocytes
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engulf bacteria and debris
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plasma cells
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produce antibodies
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mast cells
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produce histamine, affect permeability of blood cells.
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Types of Connective Tissue
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Connective tissue proper (fibrous connective tissue)
Loose(areloar) Dense (irregular and regular) Elastic Adipose |
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Loose connective tissue
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also called areloar. Appearance/composition: abundant intercellular material, few cells, few scattered fibers, very vascular, very flexible.
Location: distributed throughout body, packing material around organs,surrounds muscle and bone. binds skin to underlying muscle. |
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Dense connective tissue
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Irregular: larger # of collagenous fibers packed closely together. not specific arrangement (bundle)
Regular: poor blood supply, strong yet flexible. specific arrangement Located in ligaments, tendons,outer covering of the eye. |
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Elastic connective tissue
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contains many irregular arranged elastic fibers. Can easily be stretched & returns to original size.
Located in the walls of arteries, larynx, trachea,bronchi |
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Adipose connective tissue
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composed of fat cells (cells completely filled with lipid)
Located throughout body. |
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Cartilage
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composed of intercellular material(matrix)-chondroitin sulfate. semisolid, gelatin like substance, cells(chondrocytes)-these cells live in small space called lacunae
fibers other special characteristics- perichondrium-tough,outer covering avascular- receives nutrients by diffusion |
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Hyaline cartilage
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forms a cartilagenous skeleton which serves as a model during fetal development. Covers the surface of long bones at a joint -"articular cartilage"
Found in portions of the respiratory tract. Nose, trachea, bronchi, end of ribs. |
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fibrocartilage
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contains more fibers, able to withstand compression. Fibers arranged in parallel bundles; increase in tensile strength. Found in-interbertebral disc, symphysis pubis
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elastic cartilage
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contains numerous elastic fibers for increased flexibility. Found in- auditory (eustachian) tube, external ear, Larynx-epiglottis.
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Median (midsagittal)
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the plane passes through the mid-line dividing the body in half and separating right and left sides.
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Frontal (coronal) plane
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separates anterior and posterior portions of the body. Usually refers to sections passing through the skull.
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Transverse Plane
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separates the superior and inferior portions of the body
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Anterior (ventral)
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the front
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posterior (dorsal)
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the back
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superior (cranial)
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above, at higher level
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inferior (caudal)
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below, at lower level
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medial
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toward the mid-line, longitudinal axis of the body.
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lateral
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away from the mid-line longitudinal axis of the body.
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proximal
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closer to the point of origin (trunk of the body)
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distal
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farther away from point of origin
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deep (internal)
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away from the surface
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superficial (external)
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toward the surface.
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plantar
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surface or sole of the foot.
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dorsum
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upper portion. e.g. top of foot.
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flexion
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bending or decreasing the angle between bones or muscle
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extension
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straightening or increasing the angle
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abduction
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move away from the median plane
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adduction
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move towards the median plane
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opposition
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movement allowing pad of thumb too touch the 5th digit.
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supination (supine position)
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lateral rotation, turn forearm so palm faces forward
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pronation(prone position)
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medial rotation, palm facing posterior.
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medial rotation
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turning or revolving around the long axis, moving inwards toward the ventral side of the body
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circumduction
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circular movement
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dosiflextion
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movement of dorsal surface of foot towards anterior leg
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plantar flexion
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movement of plantar surface of foot toward floor
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inversion
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turning plantar surface of foot (ankle) toward the mid-line, sole inward
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eversion
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turning plantar surface of foot away from mid-line, sole outward.
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