Anatomy 1 Exam 1

Front 1

RNA plays a role in: (second and third correct)

Back 1

-Synthesizing proteins
-Copying instructions from DNA

Front 2

Carbon is especially well suited to serve as the structural foundation of many biological molecules because: (All 3)

Back 2

-Carbon has 4 valence electrons so it bonds with other atoms that can provide it with 4 more to complete the shell
-also forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements
-Readily bond with each other and can form long chains

Front 3

Correct Statement about mixtures and compounds

Back 3

(1st, 2nd, & 3rd)
-Compound has properties much different than of its elements
-most mixtures in our bodies consist of chemicals, dissolved or suspended in water
-In a mixture, each substance retains its own chemical properties

Front 4

Which of the following is correct about biological properties of water?

Back 4

(1st, 2nd, 3rd)
-Adhesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other
-Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals
-cohesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other

Front 5

Identify the correct statement regarding oxidation reactions

Back 5

All choices are correct

Front 6

Consider a mixture of blood, which contains sodium chloride, protein, and cells or formed elements. The sodium chloride is a _______________, protein is a _________, and the cells are in a _________.

Back 6

Solution, colloid, suspension

Front 7

Highest pH concentration

Back 7

Lemon juice pH 2.3

Front 8

A ___________ converts a _________ to its monomers.

Back 8

Hydrolysis, polymer

Front 9

__________ is the substrate of ___________

Back 9

Lactose, lactase

Front 10

Nucleic acids are _____________ of ____________

Back 10

Polymers of nucleotides

Front 11

Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities because of :

Back 11

Common ancestry

Front 12

What is not true about inclusions?

Back 12

Can participate in ATP production in the cell

Front 13

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in ECF, but only certain ones. The receptors exhibit:

Back 13

Specificity

Front 14

Trans-membrane proteins: most amino acids embedded in the membrane are ____________, amino acids facing the ECF are ______________.

Back 14

Hydrophobic , Hydrophilic

Front 15

Gates respond to all except

Back 15

Water in ECF

Front 16

Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has ____________.

Back 16

microvilli

Front 17

____________ consume ATP when transferring solutes from one side of the other of the plasma membrane

Back 17

Pumps

Front 18

_________ is the process which ______________ forces small solutes such as salts and water through narrow clefts between capillary cells.

Back 18

Filtration; hydrostatic pressure

Front 19

Insulin is taken up by endocytosis, then transported across the cell to the other side where it is released. This transport is called ______________

Back 19

Transcytosis

Front 20

The sodium potassium pump transports both _____ concentration gradient in a process called _______________

Back 20

up; active transport

Front 21

Facilitated diffusion and active transport both have in common:

Back 21

cases of carrier mediated transport

Front 22

Particles can leave a cell by any of these except:
Pinocytosis
antiport
active transport
exocytosis
simple diffusion

Back 22

pinocytosis

Front 23

An example of active tansport

Back 23

Transport of sodium from low to high concentration

Front 24

Brings nonspecific material into a cell

Back 24

Pinocytosis

Front 25

Hepatocytes (liver cells) have a specialized function of detoxyfying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of:

Back 25

Smooth ER

Front 26

This function would immediately cease if ribosomes were destroyed

Back 26

Protein synthesis

Front 27

Muscle cells contain numerous ______________ to serve high demand of ATP

Back 27

Mitochondria

Front 28

_____________ is not involved in protein synthesis

Back 28

Smooth ER

Front 29

Which is not a primary tissue class?
Bone
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelium
Connective

Back 29

Bone

Front 30

Which primary germ layer is epidermis derived?

Back 30

Ectoderm

Front 31

Describes a thin slice of tissue on a microscope slide

Back 31

histological section

Front 32

False about epithelial tissue:

Back 32

It is composed of cells and matrix

Front 33

Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of cells is:

Back 33

Stratified

Front 34

____________ is not a function of simple columnar epithelium.

Back 34

Filtration

Front 35

Tissues whose cells are most susceptible to responding to stimuli that changes the membranes potential:

Back 35

Excitable tissue

Front 36

Not part of a neuron

Back 36

Neuroglia

Front 37

________ is not part of the mucous membrane

Back 37

Serosa

Front 38

During childhood, the liver increases in size as hepatocytes undergo cell division. This is called:

Back 38

Hyperplasia

Front 39

________________ epithelium is most common, ________________ epithelium is rare.

Back 39

Stratified squamous; stratified columnar

Front 40

______________ epithelium found in the bladder resembles __________________ epithelium.

Back 40

Transitional ; stratified squamous

Front 41

__________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas ______________ epithelium is associated with resistance abrasion.

Back 41

Simple squamous

Stratified squamous

Front 42

Uncommon to all connective tissue:

Back 42

Interstitial fluid is so scarce that it is not visible with light microscope

Front 43

__________________ tissue is highly vascular, whereas _____________ is not.

Back 43

Areolar

Cartilage

Front 44

Connective tissues do not have:

Back 44

A calcified matrix

Front 45

People with Marfan Syndrome have

Back 45

Hyperextensible joints

Front 46

_________ is not part of the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue's ground substance

Back 46

Collagen

Front 47

Collagenous fibers are abundant in:

Back 47

Tendons, ligaments, and deeper portion of the skin

Front 48

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both :

Back 48

Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues

Front 49

_________ is found in the heart , one of its functions is to ____________

Back 49

Blood; Transport nutrients to tissues

Front 50

___________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes

Back 50

Areolar tissue

Front 51

Astronauts can move food through digestive tract because:

Back 51

Smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through digestive tract.

Front 52

A connective tissue fiber is a ________________, nerve fiber is _____________, muscle fiber is an __________.

Back 52

A connective tissue is a complex of macromolecules, nerve fiber is part of a cell, muscle fiber is an entire cell.

Front 53

In the intestine, ____________ ensure most digested nutrients pass through epithelial cells and not between them

Back 53

Tight junctions

Front 54

Membrane that lines digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consist of:

Back 54

Epithelium and lamina propria

Front 55

When pseudostratified epithelium of the bronchi in smokers transforms into stratified squamous epithelium

Back 55

Metaplasia

Front 56

Macrophages ________________ in healing of the skin wound.

Back 56

Phagocytize and digest tissue debris

Front 57

Skin covering the _____________ has sweat glands, but no hair follicles

Back 57

Finger tips

Front 58

Calluses or corns are the result of accelerated multiplication of:

Back 58

Keratinocytes

Front 59

The contraction of the piloerector muscles (pilomotor muscle or arrector pili) in humans causes:

Back 59

The hair to stand up with no apparent function

Front 60

Secretions from ___________ glands contribute to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin

Back 60

Merocrine sweat glands

Front 61

The most immediate threat to someone with severe burns is:

Back 61

Fluid loss

Front 62

__________ are not part of the skeletal system

Back 62

Tendons

Front 63

A _____________ would NOT have involve damage to the skeletal system

Back 63

Ruptured Achilles Tendon

Front 64

Leather is mostly made of the __________ layer of the dermis, which is very tough due to the high concentration of ____________ fibers.

Back 64

Reticular; Collagen

Front 65

The skeletal system helps maintain acid-base balance by:

Back 65

Both choices are correct
-Absorbing or releasing Alkaline phosphate
-Absorbing or releasing carbonate salts

Front 66

Osseous tissue matrix is composed of:

Back 66

Calcium phosphate

Front 67

This would directly effect the osseous tissue:

Back 67

Vitamin C deficiency

Front 68

If the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone would be compromised

Back 68

collagen

Front 69

____________ are found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.

Back 69

Central canals

Front 70

In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following except:

Back 70

Radius

Front 71

In an adult, a compound fracture of the ___________ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream.

Back 71

Tibia

Front 72

Mineralization is a process that extracts ____________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone.

Back 72

Calcium and Phosphate
(first and second choices are correct)

Front 73

The ____________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called ____________.

Back 73

Osteoclasts; Mineral resorption

Front 74

To help regulate body calcium levels, bone has two reserves. The disadvantage of the stable reserve is:

Back 74

it cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid

Front 75

Bone plays an essential role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Without it, many activities in the body would not function properly and would pose a life threatening situation. Which of the following activities listed below would NOT be life threatening if calcium homeostasis was not maintained?

Back 75

Appositional growth of a bone

Front 76

Osteogenesis Imperfecta is due to the deficiency of ________________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle.

Back 76

Collagen

Front 77

Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because

Back 77

Their bones contain larger quantities of collagen

Front 78

During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by

Back 78

Osteoblasts

Front 79

A ____________ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces.

Back 79

Comminuted

Front 80

This image shows the anatomy of a long bone. What does "4" represent?

Back 80

Epiphyseal line

Front 81

inorganic component of the bone matrix

Back 81

Hydroxyapatite

Front 82

____________ provide(s) hardness to bones, whereas ____________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.

Back 82

Hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

Front 83

___________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane, whereas ____________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.

Back 83

Osteoclasts; osteocytes

Front 84

What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?

Back 84

Yellow bone marrow

Front 85

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?

Back 85

Osteoclasts

Front 86

The _____________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.

Back 86

Metaphysis

Front 87

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the:

Back 87

Epiphyseal plate

Front 88

Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of:

Back 88

Mechanical stress on bone remodeling

Front 89

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to _____________.

Back 89

Parathyroid horomone; increased osteoclast activity

Front 90

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect

Back 90

An elevated level of osteoblast activity

Front 91

A soft callus forms during

Back 91

the healing of a fracture

Front 92

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.

Back 92

estrogen; osteoclast activity

Front 93

The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.

Back 93

Rickets; osteomalacia

Front 94

Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the changes that take place in bones as a person ages

Back 94

First, third, and fourth choices correct
-Adults have fewer bones because many bones fuse through the years
-The adult pelvis is a single hip bone, which results from the fusion of three childhood bones.
-The fusion of several bones, completed by late adolescence to the mid-20s, brings about the average adult number of 206.

Front 95

Identify the correct statement(s) regarding cranial bones:

Back 95

Second and third choices correct
-The cranium consists of two major parts: the calvaria and the base.
-The cranium is composed of eight cranial bones.

Front 96

Which of the sutures articulates with the most bones

Back 96

Lambdoid sutures

Front 97

INCORRECT statement about the development of the skull from infancy through childhood.

Back 97

3/4 of the skull is developed by one year

Front 98

Choose the INCORRECT statement regarding the general features of the vertebral column.

Back 98

The vertebral column consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them

Front 99

Why does an adult have less bones than a child

Back 99

separate bones gradually fuse with age

Front 100

Which intervertebral disc is the largest?

Back 100

the one between L4 and L5`

Front 101

The right hand on an adult has # of bones

Back 101

27

Front 102

Male and female pelves differ because all except

Back 102

The female sacrum is longer

Front 103

All the bones listed below belong to the axial skeleton, except ___________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton.

Back 103

Scapula

Front 104

All the bones listed below belong to the appendicular skeleton except the

Back 104

Ethmoid bone

Front 105

These are bones associated with the skull but not considered part of it except

Back 105

The vomer

Front 106

Vertebrae are divided into five groups, usually ____________ cervical, ____________ thoracic, _________________ lumbar, ___________ sacral, and ____________ coccygeal.

Back 106

7, 12, 5, 5, 4

Front 107

The _____________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the _____________ belongs to the pectoral girdle.

Back 107

Sternum; clavicle

Front 108

Rib 7 is a

Back 108

True rib

Front 109

In a herniated ("ruptured" or "slipped") disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the ___________ cracks and the _____________ oozes out.

Back 109

anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus

Front 110

Spines of the _____ form a part of the pelvic outlet.

Back 110

ischium

Front 111

A newborn passes through the ________ during child birth

Back 111

Pelvic outlet

Front 112

You cannot palpate the ________________ on a living person.

Back 112

Medial surface of the fibula

Front 113

Choose the factors that determine a joint's range of motion (Check all that apply).

Back 113

-In many cases, joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone surfaces.
-Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement.
-In many joints, pairs of muscles oppose each other and moderate the speed and range of joint motion.

Front 114

Choose the correct statements regarding the types of levers (Check all that apply)

Back 114

-A first-class lever is one with the fulcrum in the middle.
-A second-class lever has the resistance in the middle.
-In a third-class lever, the effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance.

Front 115

Flexion: Movement that decreases a joint angle
Hyperextension: A movement of a joint beyond the zero position.
Elevation: A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane.
Depression: A movement that lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane

Back 115

Extension: A movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position.
Adduction: A movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline
Abduction: A movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body