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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Biology
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the study of life
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What is the ultimate goal of science?
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to understand the natural world in terms of scientific theories
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Define an anecdote
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a short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident
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What can an anecdote lead to?
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the development of a hypothesis
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A scientific hypothesis must be..
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testable
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An experiment (data) must be..
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reproducible
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what is a fact?
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pieces of data collected by scientists
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Facts are _____ but require______
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real, interpreted
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How does a hypothesis differ from a theory?
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hypothesis are not supported by a large pool of facts and have yet to be subject to experimentation
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What is a theory?
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theories explain facts
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theories must be______ and supported by a large amount of evidence
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well tested
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How are physical laws distinguished from theories?
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their simplicity
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How are physical laws and theories relatively the same?
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they have many of the same properties as laws
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Scientists cannot ____ a theory
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prove
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What logical process do scientists use that only allows them to reject a theory?
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deduction
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Simply state the deduction process in equation form
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Experimental conditions + assumptions + theory = true, then prediction will occur
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What process would allow someone to prove a theory?
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induction
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What is the problem with induction?
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?
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Simple definition of evolution?
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change over time
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Evolution is also..
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change in allele/gene frequencies over time
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What does the theory of evolution not imply?
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a mechanism
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What term do we use to describe the formation of a new species?
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speciation
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Speciation is the ______ of a _______
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bifurcation, lineage
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What is believed to be the most common method of speciation?
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allopatric speciation
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What needs to happen to species for allopatric speciation to occur?
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genetic drift and natural selection
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Name two ways in which the new species will come to differ from each other
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?
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What term means : a random change in allele frequencies over time?
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genetic drift
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Knowing genetic drift, is all evolution adaptive?
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?
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Evolution originally described what?
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development
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Did Charles Darwin come up with evolution?
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yes?
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What phrase did Charles Darwin prefer to Evolution?
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descent with modification
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What is the important theory Charles Darwin gets credit for?
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Natural selection
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What else deserves credit for the theory of natural selection?
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Alfred Russell Wallace
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What theory states: Processes that shape the earth today are the same and occur at the same rate as in the past?
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uniformitarianism
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What are the 3 parts of the logical argument that lets us know if Natural Selection will or will not occur?
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reproduction
-Variation in a trait -Heredity -Variation in fitness as a result of the trait |
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What is the general assumption of living organisms?
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reproduction?
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What is the 2 word def. of fitness?
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relative reproduction
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What is the long term for fitness?
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the number of offspring left by an individual relative to the number of offspring left by an average member of the population
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If natural selection occurs, what does that tell us about the relationship between the present generation and the next generation?
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the distribution of genotypes of the next generation will reflect the distribution of the more fit members of the previous generation
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How many forms (modes) of selection are there?
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stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection
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Any change occuring in the message a gene carries:
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mutation
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the condition of organisms being well fit for life in their environments as resulting from natural selection:
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adaptation
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the different expression of the same genotype in different environments
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phenotype plasticity
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a biological trait where the current biological function is different from the function of the original adaptation (the trait is now used for something different than what it was used for when it first existed)
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exaptation
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what is the unit of evolution?
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the species
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What is the unit of selection?
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the individual
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Can individuals evolve?
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No, and individual is the unit that survives or does not, breeds or does not, passes on genes to the next generation or does not.
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What is the name for branching diagram that indicates an organism's evolutionary history
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phylogeny
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Phylogeny can be said to be a ______ based_______
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data, hypothesis
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What kind of information (traits) can be used to make such a diagram?
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What character type is shared by 2 or more species but is not present in their common ancestor?
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analogous
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How might an analogous character arise?
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convergent evolution
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What character type is shared by 2 or more species and was present in their common ancestor?
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homologous
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What character type evolved in the common ancestor of 2 species (is not present in more distant relatives)
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derived
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What character type is present in the common ancestor of 2 species but also in more distant ancestors?
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ancestral
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Name 3 things that Stephen J. Gould suggested support the theory of evolution?
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1. Direct observational evidence
2. Imperfections in nature 3. Transition fossils |
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We use extinct to refer to lineages that no longer live. What term describes lineages that live?
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Extant
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Go over Question 42. on the paper
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Ok!
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List the 3 families of apes (hominoids)
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1. Proconsulidae
2. Hylobatidae 3. Hominidae |
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Which of the 3 families of apes have not living members?
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proconsulidae
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What family do humans belong to?
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Hominidae
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What other living organisms are in the Hominidae family?
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orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos
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Which members of our family are our closest relatives?
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bonobos and chimps
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DRAW as Question 46 says to do..
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ok!
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The hominini diverged from the other african apes around______ years ago
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5-7 million years ago
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What are some scientists now suggesting about the need to rename chimps?
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Homo because of the difference in genetic sequences between human and chimp
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What general trend characterizes the evolution of the hominini?
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?
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From which group of australopithecines do humans (homo) appear to have evolved?
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gracile
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About how old is our species?
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200,000 years old
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