Anat/ Phys Chap 4&5 Tissues And Membranes

Front 1

apical surface

Back 1

is exposed to the outside of the body or a space inside the body

Front 2

basal surface

Back 2

is attached to a layer of areolar connective tissue by a thin, noncellular layer called the basement membrane

Front 3

avascular

Back 3

contains no blood vessels

Front 4

epithelium is avascular and is dependent on the

Back 4

adjacent connective tissue for nourishment

Front 5

propeties that distinguish epithelial tissue from other tissues

Back 5

- sheet of closely adhering cells 1 or more layers
- little extra cellular material
- apical surface
- basal surface
- is avascular

Front 6

properties that distinguish connective tissue from other major tissues

Back 6

- consists of widely seperated cells w lots of extracellular materia
- not exposed to external environment or an internal space
- vascular except for cartiage which is avascular

Front 7

blood is a

Back 7

connective tissue that flows inside the blood vessels

Front 8

matrix contains

Back 8

fibers and ground substance

Front 9

matrix

Back 9

extracellular material of a tissue

Front 10

fibrous loose connective tissue

Back 10

1 areolar
2 adipose
3 reticular

Front 11

fibrous dense connective tissue

Back 11

1 regular
2 irregular
3 elastic

Front 12

supportive connective tissue

Back 12

1 bone
2 cartilage

Front 13

fluid connective tissue

Back 13

blood

Front 14

the nucleus and cytoplasm occupy only a thin layer just beneath the plasma membrane

Back 14

adipocytes

Front 15

tough, flexible, and resist stretching

Back 15

collagen fibers

Front 16

large, flat cells often tapered at ends

Back 16

fibroblasts

Front 17

polysaccharides in ground subsatnce that hold water

Back 17

glycosaminoglycans

Front 18

produce the matrix

Back 18

fibroblasts

Front 19

responsible for giving ground substance a gelatinous to rubbery consistency

Back 19

adhesive glycoproteins
glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans

Front 20

enter connective tissue from the bloodstream

Back 20

leukocytes

Front 21

neutrophils and lymphocytes

Back 21

leuocytes

Front 22

arise from white blood cells called lymphocytes

Back 22

plasma cells

Front 23

large phagocytic cells that arise from wbcs called monocytes

Back 23

macrophages

Front 24

bind to collagen fibers and to proteoglycans

Back 24

adhesive glycoproteins

Front 25

large, rounded cells filled with triglycerides

Back 25

adipocytes

Front 26

secrete heparin and histamine

Back 26

mast cells

Front 27

chondroitin sulfate

Back 27

glycosaminoglycans

Front 28

synthesize antibodies

Back 28

plasma cells

Front 29

composed of collagen coated with glycoprotien

Back 29

reticular fibers

Front 30

found alongside blood vessels

Back 30

mast cells

Front 31

form a spongelike framework

Back 31

reticular fibers

Front 32

GAGs sticking out around a central protein core

Back 32

proteoglycans

Front 33

can stretch and recoil

Back 33

elastic fibers

Front 34

is found underlying epithelia
type? and function?

Back 34

AREOLAR loose fibrous connective tissue
- nourish and support epithelium

Front 35

is found composing subcutaneous layer deep to skin
types? functions?

Back 35

1 AREOLAR loose fibrous connective tissue
- bind skin to underlying muscle
2 ADIPOSE loose fibrous connective tissue
- store triglycerides as energy reserve
- reduce heat loss through skin

Front 36

is found in mediastinum around esophagus and trachea
type? function?

Back 36

AREOLAR loose fibrous connective tissue
- support and connect structures

Front 37

is found composing stroma (supporting framework) of spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow
function?
type? function?

Back 37

RETICULAR loose fibrous connective tissue
- support the functional tissue
( tissue that performs the functions of the organ)

Front 38

stroma

Back 38

supporting framework of spleen, lymphnodes and red bone marrow

Front 39

is found composing yellow bone marrow
type? function?

Back 39

ADIPOSE loose fibrous conective tissue
- store triglycerides as energy reserve

Front 40

is found composing tendons ( bind muscle to bones) and ligaments ( bind bone together)
function?

Back 40

DENSE REGULARconnective tissue
- withstand stresses applied in one direction

Front 41

is found composind deeper portion of dermis skin
function?

Back 41

DENSE REGULAR connective tissue
- withstand stresses applied in different directions

Front 42

is found composing periosteum and perichondrium
function?

Back 42

DENSE IRREGULAR connective tissue
- withsatnd stresses applied in different directions

Front 43

periosteum

Back 43

fibrous sheeth around bone

Front 44

perichondrium

Back 44

fibrous sheeth around cartilage

Front 45

is found composing deep fascia
function?

Back 45

DENSE IRREGULAR connective tissue
- withsatnd stresses applied in different directions

Front 46

fascia

Back 46

fibrous sheeth around muscle

Front 47

found in walls of large arteries
function?

Back 47

ELASTIC dense connective tissue
- allow structures to stretch and recoil

Front 48

found in lungs
function?

Back 48

ELASTIC dense connective tissue
- allow stucture to stretch and recoil

Front 49

membrane

Back 49

the combination of a layer of epithelium and its underlying connective tissue is referred to as

Front 50

mucous membrane is found?

Back 50

lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts

Front 51

mucous membrane has what type of epithelium?

Back 51

different types

Front 52

mucous membrane has what type of connective tissue?

Back 52

areolar

Front 53

the layer of areolar ct in the mucous membrane is called the?

Back 53

lamina propria

Front 54

serous membrane (serosa) is found?

Back 54

lining the walls of the pleural, pericardial, and abdominal cavities and covering the organs in those cavities

Front 55

what type of epithelium is found in the serous membrane?

Back 55

simple squamous epithelium

Front 56

what type of tissue is found in the serous membrane?

Back 56

areolar

Front 57

the simple squamous epithelium found in the serous membrane is called?

Back 57

mesothelium

Front 58

circulatory membrane tunica interna is found?

Back 58

lining the blood vessels

Front 59

circulatory membrane endocardium is found?

Back 59

lining the chambers of the heart

Front 60

what type of epithelium is found in the circulatory membranes tunica interna and endocardium?

Back 60

simple squamous

Front 61

what type of connective tissue is found in the ciculatory membranes tunica interna and endocardium?

Back 61

areolar

Front 62

the simple squamous epithelium of the circulatory membranes is called

Back 62

endothelium

Front 63

the cutaneous membrane is found?

Back 63

covering the body (skin)

Front 64

the epithelium of the cutaneous membrane is called?

Back 64

stratified squamous

Front 65

the connective tissue of the cutaneous membrane is?

Back 65

papillary layer and reticular layer

Front 66

in the cutaneous membrane the superficial layer of areolar ct is called

Back 66

papillary layer

Front 67

in the cutaneous membrane the deep layer of dense irregular ct is called?

Back 67

reticular layer

Front 68

on the cutaneous membrane the epithelial layer is called the

Back 68

epidermis

Front 69

on the cutaneous membrane the connective tissue layer is called the

Back 69

dermis

Front 70

tract consists of

Back 70

a series of hollow organs connected end to end to form a continuous passageway that opens to the outside of the body

Front 71

tracts are important bc?
w/o them we wouldnt be able to?

Back 71

imp bc they connect us w the external environment.
w/o them we would be unable to get food water or air into our bodies, and we would be unable to get rid of wastes

Front 72

lumen

Back 72

space inside a hollow organ

Front 73

gland

Back 73

structure that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or that releases them for elimination from the body

Front 74

glands originate as

Back 74

invaginations of epithilium

Front 75

exocrine glands maintain there contact w the epithelial surface by way of?

Back 75

ducts

Front 76

the pacreas secretes digestive enzymes into a duct that leads to?

Back 76

the inner surface of the small intestine

Front 77

endocrine glands

Back 77

a ductless gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Front 78

hormones

Back 78

chemical messengers that is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland and triggers a physiological response in distant cells w receptors for it.
(chemical messengers that regulate the activities of cells somewhere else in the body)

Front 79

exocrine gland

Back 79

a gland that secretes its products into another organ or onto a body surface, usually by way of a duct

Front 80

exocrine gland example

Back 80

ducts of sweat glands lead to the surface of the skin. and pancreas secretes enzymes into a duct that leads to the inner surface of small intestine

Front 81

are found lining alveoli (air sacs) of lungs.
function?

Back 81

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- provide a selectively permeable membrane through which respiratory gases can diffuse

Front 82

are found lining the capillaries
function?

Back 82

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- provide a selectively permeable membrane through which blood is filtered

Front 83

lining heart chambers and all blood vessels?
function?

Back 83

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHILIUM
- reduce friction by providing a smooth slippery surface

Front 84

are found lining pleural, pericardial, and abdominal cavities.
function?

Back 84

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHILIUM
- reduce friction by providing a smooth slippery surface

Front 85

are found lining kidney tubules?
function?

Back 85

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM.
- fom urine by secreting wastes into and and absorbing useful substance from the pre-urine

Front 86

found lining brochioles?
function?

Back 86

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- move mucous by ciliary action

Front 87

found lining stomach and intestines?
function?

Back 87

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
-secrete digestive juices absorb digested food molecules

Front 88

found lining respiratory tract from nasal cavity through bronchi?
function?

Back 88

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- move mucus by ciliary action

Front 89

found lining digestive tract from mouth through esophagus (nonkeratinized)
function?

Back 89

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- resist abrasion

Front 90

found composing epidermis of skin (keratinized)
function?

Back 90

STRATIFIED SQUAMOS EPETHELIUM
- resist abrasion

Front 91

found lining the uterers and urinary bladder
function?

Back 91

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
- permit distention

Front 92

name 4 of the primary classes into which all adult tissues are classified

Back 92

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular

Front 93

the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs is called?

Back 93

histology or microscopic anatomy

Front 94

tissue

Back 94

is a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ

Front 95

ground substance

Back 95

a clear gel composes matrix along with fibrous proteins

Front 96

matrix

Back 96

extracellular material that surrounds the cell

Front 97

ground substance contains

Back 97

water
gases
minerals
nutrients
wastes and other chemicals

Front 98

a tissue is composed of

Back 98

cells and matrix

Front 99

matrix is composed of

Back 99

fibers and ground substance

Front 100

how do tissues differ from one another

Back 100

in types and functions of there cells, the charcteristics of the matrix and relative amount of space occupied by cells verses matrix

Front 101

in muscle and epithelium the cells are

Back 101

so close together that the matrix is scarcely visible

Front 102

in connective tissues

Back 102

the matrix usually occupies more space than the cells do

Front 103

epithelial tissue

Back 103

tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion and absorption

Front 104

locations of epithelial tissue

Back 104

epidermis
inner lining of digestive tract
liver and other glands

Front 105

connective tissue

Back 105

tissue with more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind together, and protect organs

Front 106

locations of connective tissue

Back 106

tendons and ligaments
cartilage and bone
blood

Front 107

nervous tissue

Back 107

tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid tansmission of coded info to other cells

Front 108

muscular

Back 108

tissue composed of elongated, excitable cells specialized for contraction

Front 109

location of muscular tissue

Back 109

skeletal muscles
heart (cardiac muscle)
walls of viscera (smooth muscle)

Front 110

ground substance

Back 110

composes matirx clear gel also known as tissue fluid, ECF, interstitial fluid or tissue gel

Front 111

*name the 3 embryonic germ layers.

Back 111

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Front 112

primary germ layers

Back 112

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, the 3 tissue layers of an early embryo from which all later tisuues and organs arise

Front 113

*ectoderm

Back 113

is an outer layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

Front 114

*endoderm

Back 114

the inner layer that gives rise to the mucous membanes of the digestive glands omong other things

Front 115

*mesoderm

Back 115

middle layer. a layer of more loosely organized cells

Front 116

mesoderm eventually turns into a gelatinous tissue called

Back 116

mesenchyme

Front 117

mesenchyme is composed of

Back 117

fine, wispy collagen (protein) fibers and branching cells called fibroblasts embedded in a gelatinous ground substance

Front 118

mesenchyme gives rise to

Back 118

muscle
bone
blood
among other tissues

Front 119

most organs are composed of

Back 119

tissues derived from 2 or more primary germ layers

Front 120

after fixation most tissues are cut into very thin slices called

Back 120

histlogical sections- these sections are typically 1 or 2 cells thick, to allow the light of the microscopr to pass through and to reduce the confusion of many layers of overlapping cells

Front 121

longitudinal section

Back 121

a tissue cut in the long direction

Front 122

cross section or transverse

Back 122

a tissue cut perpendicular to the longitudinal section

Front 123

oblique section

Back 123

a section cut on a slant between the longitudinal and cross sections

Front 124

smears

Back 124

tissue is rubbed or spread across the slide rather than sliced
liquid tissues such as blood and soft tissue such as spinal cord can be prepared as

Front 125

spreads

Back 125

tissue is laid out on the slide, like placing a small square of tissue paper or a tuft of lint on a sheet of glass
how some membranes and cobwebby tissues like areolar tissues are mounted

Front 126

which of the 4 primary tissue classes apply
the skin surface

Back 126

epithelial tissue

Front 127

spinal cord
which primary tissue class?

Back 127

nervous tissue

Front 128

what are tissues composed of in addition to cells?

Back 128

matrix

Front 129

what is the term for a thin , stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscopic slide?

Back 129

histological section

Front 130

most heart tissue
which tissue class?

Back 130

muscular tissue

Front 131

bone
which tissue class

Back 131

connective tissue

Front 132

what embryonic germ layer gives rise to nervous tissue?

Back 132

ectoderm

Front 133

what embryonic germ layer gives rise to the liver?

Back 133

endoderm?

Front 134

what embryonic germ layer gives rise to muscle?

Back 134

mesoderm

Front 135

epithelial tissue consists of

Back 135

consists of a flat sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells layers thick

Front 136

how many cells thick is epithelial tissue

Back 136

one or more cells thick

Front 137

is extracellular material of epithelial tissue able to be ssen through a light microscope? why

Back 137

no. bc it is so thin

Front 138

is there room for blood vessels in epethial tissue

Back 138

no it is avascular and is dependent upon adjacent connective tissue for nourishment and waste removal

Front 139

what is between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue?

Back 139

a layer called the basement membrane

Front 140

what does the basement membrane contain?

Back 140

-collagen
-fibronectin and laminin an adhesive glycoprotein
-heparin sulfate a large protein- carbohydrate complex

Front 141

what does the basement membrane do?

Back 141

it serves to anchor an epithelium to the connective tissue below it.

Front 142

surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane

Back 142

basal surface

Front 143

the surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

Back 143

apical surface

Front 144

in simple epithelium does every cell touch the basement membrane?

Back 144

yes

Front 145

in stratified epithelium do all cells touch the basement membrane?

Back 145

no, some cells rest on top of other cells and do not contact the basement membrane

Front 146

in pseudostratified columna do
all cells reach basement membrane? do all cells reach the free surface?

Back 146

yes, but not all cells reach the free surface. the shorter cells are covered over by taller ones

Front 147

which epithilium often produce protective mucous coatings over the mucous membrane?

Back 147

simple columnar and pseudostratified

Front 148

goblet cell

Back 148

wingglass shaped cell that produces mucus

Front 149

what is the most widespread epithelium in the body?

Back 149

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 150

exfoliation or desquamation

Back 150

when cells die and flake off there seperation from the surface is called

Front 151

the study of exfoliated cells.
you can easily see exfoliated sells by scaping your gums w a toothpick. similar to a pap
smear

Back 151

exfloiate cytology

Front 152

2 kinds of stratified squamos epithelium

Back 152

keratinized and non keratinized

Front 153

where is keratinized epithelium found?

Back 153

on skin surface (epidermis)

Front 154

keratinized epithelium is covered with

Back 154

a layer of compact, dead squamous cells. these cells are packed with the durable protein keratin and coated with a water repellent glycolipid

Front 155

an example of keratinized epithelium

Back 155

the skin surface is relatively dry, it retards water loss from the body and it resist penetration by disease organisms

Front 156

ex of internal membranes covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 156

tongue
esophagus
vagina

Front 157

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium lacks and provides a surface that is

Back 157

-the surface layer of dead cells
-again abrasion resistant but also moist and slippery, these characteristics are well suited to resist stress produced by chewing and swalling food and by sex and child birth

Front 158

what function do keratinized and non keratinized stratified squamous epithelia have in common?

Back 158

they both resist abrasion

Front 159

what is the structural difference between keratinized and non keratinized stratified squamous epithelia?
how is the stuctural difference related to the functional difference between them?

Back 159

keratinized is covered with a layer of dead skin cells and nonkeratinized lacks it.
without the layer of dead cells it is moist and slippery which makes it well suited to resist stress produced by chewing and swalling food and by sex and child birth

Front 160

explain how to distinguish a stratified squamous epithelium from a transitional epithelium.

Back 160

the transitional epithelium suface cells are rounded not flattened, and often bulge at the surface. typically 5 or 6 cells thick when relaxed and 2 or 3 cells thick when stretched

Front 161

distinguish between simple and stratified epithelia, and explain why pseudostratified columnar epithelium belongs in the former category.

Back 161

simple all cells touch basement membrane. stratified are in 2 to 20 or more layers. and pseudostratified all cells also reach basement membranes although they dont appear to but they dont all reach the free surface

Front 162

connective tissue

Back 162

-a tissue usually composed of more extracellular than cellular volume
- usually with a substantial amount of extracellular fiber
-forms suportive framework and capsules for organs
- binds structures together
-holds them in place'
-stores energy(as in adipose tissue)
-or transports materials (as in blood)

Front 163

a tissue usually composed of more extracellular than cellular volume and usually with a substantial amount of extracellular fiber

Back 163

connective tissue

Front 164

forms supportive framework and capsules for organs

Back 164

connective tissue

Front 165

binds stucture together and holds them in place

Back 165

connective tissue

Front 166

stores energy as in adipose tissue

Back 166

connective tissue

Front 167

or transports material as in blood

Back 167

connective tissue

Front 168

functions of connective tissue

Back 168

binding of organs
support
physical protection
immune protection
movement
storage
heat protection
transport

Front 169

cells of fibrous connective tissue include the following types

Back 169

fibroblasts
macrophages
leukocytes, or WBCs
plasma cells
mast cells
adipocytes or fat cells

Front 170

macrophages

Back 170

wander through connective tissue where they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles, and dead or dying cells of our own body. they also activate the immune system when they sense foreign matter called antigens

Front 171

leukocytes or WBCs

Back 171

travel briefly in the bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels and spend most of there time in the connective tissue

Front 172

neutrophils

Back 172

wander about attacking bacteria

Front 173

lymphocytes

Back 173

dense patches of tiny WBCs which react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents

Front 174

fibroblasts

Back 174

they produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue

Front 175

the mucous membrane often exhibit dense patches of tiny WBCs called

Back 175

lymphocytes

Front 176

most of them are neutrophils

Back 176

leukocytes or WBCs

Front 177

certain lymphocytes turn into_______ when they detect foreign agents

Back 177

plasma cells

Front 178

plasma cells are rarely seen except in

Back 178

the walls of the intestines and in inflamed tissue

Front 179

plasma cells synthesize

Back 179

synthesize disease fighting proteins called antigens

Front 180

mast cells are found

Back 180

specially alongside blood vessels

Front 181

mast cells secrete

Back 181

heparin and histamine

Front 182

heparin

Back 182

-inhibits blood clotting
-is secreted by mast cells

Front 183

histamine

Back 183

-increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels
-is secreted by mast cells

Front 184

adipocytes (fat cells)

Back 184

when they dominate an area the tissue is called adipose tissue

Front 185

3 types of protein fibers found in fibrous connective tissue

Back 185

collagenous fibers
reticular fibers
elastic fibers

Front 186

form a spongelike framework for such organs as the spleen and lymph nodes

Back 186

reticular fibers

Front 187

tendons ligaments and and the deep layer of the skin (the dermis) are made mainly of

Back 187

collagenous fibers

Front 188

account for the ability of the skin, lungs and arteries to spring back after they are stretched

Back 188

elastic fibers

Front 189

ground substance usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency reulting from 3 classes of large molecules

Back 189

glycosaminoglycans,
proteoglycans
and adhesive glycoproteins

Front 190

it absorbs compressive forces and like the styrofoam packing in a shipping carton, protects the more delicate cells from mechanical injury

Back 190

ground substance

Front 191

is a long polysaccharide composed of unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid

Back 191

glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Front 192

play an important role in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues

Back 192

glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Front 193

are negatively charged thus tend to attract sodium and potassium ions, which in turn cause them to absorb and hold water. play an imp role in electrolyte balance of tisues

Back 193

glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Front 194

the most abundant glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Back 194

chondroiton sulfate

Front 195

chondroiton sulfate

Back 195

is abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage

Front 196

this gel slows the spread of pathogenic organisms through the tissues

Back 196

proteoglycans

Front 197

they create a strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules and help to hold tissues together

Back 197

proteoglycans

Front 198

are protien carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane proteins to collagen and proteoglycans outside the cell

Back 198

adhesive glycoproteins

Front 199

they bind all the components of a tissue together and mark pathways that guide migrating embryonic cells to their destination in a tissue

Back 199

adhesive glycoproteins

Front 200

2 categories of fibrous connective tissue

Back 200

loose and dense

Front 201

loose fibrous connective tissue

Back 201

areolar
reticular
adipose

Front 202

dense fibrous connective tissue

Back 202

dense regular
dense irregular
elastic

Front 203

loose connective fibrous tissue

Back 203

much of the space is occupied by ground substance, which is dissolved out of the tissue during histological fixation and leaves empty space in prepared tissue section

Front 204

dense connective tissue

Back 204

fiber occupies more space than cells and ground substance, and appears closely packed in tissue sections

Front 205

areolar loose fibrous connective tissue

Back 205

exhibits loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels and alot of seemingly empty space

Front 206

tissue is found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body

Back 206

areolar tissue

Front 207

tissue that possesses all 6 cell types

Back 207

areolar tissue-
fibroblasts
macrophages
leukocytes WBCs
plasma cells
mast cells
adipocytes

Front 208

this tissues fibers run in random directions and are mostly collagenous

Back 208

aerolar tissue

Front 209

is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts

Back 209

reticular tissue
the space amid the fibers is filled w blood cells

Front 210

it forms the structural framework (stroma) of such organs as the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

Back 210

reticular tissue

Front 211

dense connective tissue

Back 211

less ground substance between fibers

Front 212

loose connective tissue

Back 212

more ground substance between fibers

Front 213

dense regular connective tissue is named for 2 properties

Back 213

1 the collagen fibers are closely packed and leave relatively little open space
2 the fibers are parallel to each other

Front 214

the only cells in dense regular connective tissue

Back 214

fibroblasts- visible by there slender, violet staining nucei squeezed between bundles of collagen

Front 215

this type of tissue has few blood vessels so tendons and ligaments are slow to heal

Back 215

dense regular connective tissue

Front 216

elastic tissue

Back 216

densely packed collagen fibers
branching elastic fibers
and more fibroblasts

Front 217

the fibroblast have larger more conspicuous nuclei than seen in most dense regular connective tissue

Back 217

elastic tissue

Front 218

has a thick bundle of collagen and relatively little room for cells and ground substance, but the collagen bundles run in random directions

Back 218

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 219

this arrangement enables dense irregular connective tissue to resist unpredictable stress

Back 219

collagen bundles run in random directions

Front 220

this tissue constitutes most of the dermis, where it binds skin to the underlying muscle and connective tissue

Back 220

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 221

aerolar tissue microscopic appearance

Back 221

-loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers
-scattered cells of various types
-abundant ground substance
-numerous blood vessels

Front 222

reticular tissue microscopic appearance

Back 222

-loose network of reticular fiber and cells
-infiltrated with numerous leukocytes- especially lymphocytes

Front 223

dense regular connective tissue microscopic appearance

Back 223

-densely packed
-parallel
-often wavy collagen fibers
-slender fibroblasts nuclei compressed between collagen bundles
-scanty open space (ground substance)
-scarcity of blood vessels

Front 224

dense irregular connective tissue microscopic appearance

Back 224

-densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions
-scanty open space (ground substance)
-few visible cells
-scarcity of blood vessels

Front 225

how is areolar tissue diferentiated from dense irregular tissue

Back 225

a relatively large amount of clear space suggests areolar tissue and thicker bundles of collagen with relatively little clear space suggest dense irregular tissue

Front 227

cartilage principle cell
that are housed in cavities called

Back 227

chondrocyte
lacunae

Front 228

lacunae

Back 228

a small cavity or depression in a tissue houses chondrocytes

Front 229

3 types of cartilage

Back 229

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

Front 230

dorsal body cavities include

Back 230

cranial and
vertebral canal (spinal)

Front 231

ventral body cavities include

Back 231

thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
and diaphragm seperates thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 232

membranes

Back 232

a combo of a layer of epithelium and its underlying connective tissue

Front 233

intercellular junctions

Back 233

the connections between one cell and another

Front 234

tight junctions

Back 234

is a region in which adjacent cells are bound together by fusion of the outer phospholipid layer of there plasma membranes

Front 235

intercellular junction

Back 235

attach cells to each other
(cells with the exception of blood and metastatic cancer cells must be attached to each other and to the matrix if they are to grow and divide normally)

Front 236

tight junctions

Back 236

zipperlike
seal off the space between cells

Front 237

desmosomes

Back 237

snap- or weldlike
connect cells at patches rather than continuous zones of attachment

Front 238

gap junctions

Back 238

have pores that allow substances to pass directly from cell to cell

Front 239

pricipal types of intercellular junctions

Back 239

tight, gap and desmosomes

Front 240

prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting the underlying connective tissue

Back 240

tight junctons

Front 241

the seve to keep cells from pulling apart and thus enable a tissue to resist mechanical stress

Back 241

desmosome

Front 242

the basal cells of an epithelium are linked to the underlying basement membrane by half desmosomes called--------
so an epithelium cant easily peel away from the underlying tissue

Back 242

hemidesmosome

Front 243

in embryo nutrients pass directly from cell to cell through

Back 243

gap junctions

Front 244

are found between the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle and between the cells of most smooth muscle

Back 244

gap junctions

Front 245

endocrine glands include

Back 245

pituitary
thyroid
adrenal

Front 246

endocrine glands secrete

Back 246

hormones

Front 247

hormone function as

Back 247

chemical messengers to stimulate cells elsewhere in the body

Front 248

are secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecratory can be endocrine or exocrine

Back 248

unicellular glands

Front 249

the connective tissue framework of a gland is called its
and includes

Back 249

stroma
a capsule and internal septa

Front 250

stroma

Back 250

support and oraganize the glandular tissue

Front 251

the cells in glandular tissue that perform the task of synthesis and secretion are collectively called the

Back 251

parenchyma

Front 252

parenchyma is composed of

Back 252

epithelial secretory cells and ducts

Front 253

*how are simple glands shaped

Back 253

a single unbranched duct

Front 254

*how are compound ducts shaped

Back 254

branched ducts

Front 255

*how are tubular glands shaped

Back 255

have ductile and secretary portions of uniform diameter

Front 256

*how are acinar glands shaped

Back 256

have dilated sacs (acini) os secretory cells at the end of a duct

Front 257

glands are if there ducts do not branch

Back 257

simple

Front 258

glands are if there ducts branch

Back 258

compound

Front 259

tubuloacinar

Back 259

if they have secretory cells in both the acinar and tubular regions

Front 260

are unicellular mucous glands

Back 260

goblet cells

Front 261

glands are classified not only by their structure but also by the nature of there secretions

Back 261

serous glands
mucous glands
mixed glands
cytogenic glands

Front 262

glands that secrete thin runny fluids
ex sweat, milk, tears

Back 262

serous glands

Front 263

glands that secrete viscous mucus

Back 263

mucous glands

Front 264

glands that secrete both mucus and thin runny fluids

Back 264

mixed glands

Front 265

glands that release whole cells
ex testes and ovaries which produce sperm and egg cells

Back 265

cytogenic glands

Front 266

glands are classified as merocrine or holocrine depending on

Back 266

how the produce their secretions
merocrine or eccrine- release their secretions by exocytosis
holocrine- break down to become the secretion

Front 267

merocrine gland ex

Back 267

tear glands, pancreas and gastric

Front 268

holocrine gland ex

Back 268

oil producing gland of the scalp, and certain glands of the eyelid are thicker than merocrine

Front 269

are specialized glands w a merocrine mode of secretion but different histological appearance ex armpit sweat and mammary glands

Back 269

apocrine glands

Front 270

largest membrane of the body

Back 270

cutaneous membrane

Front 271

2 principle kinds of internal membranes

Back 271

mucous and serous membrane

Front 272

serous membrane is composed of

Back 272

a simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

Front 273

serous membrane produce

Back 273

watery serous fluid

Front 274

the circulatory system is lined with simple squamous epithelium called

Back 274

endothelium

Front 275

the simple squamous epithelium of the serous membrane that lines the pleural pericardial and abdominal cavities is called

Back 275

mesothelium

Front 276

some joints of the skeletal system are lined by fibrous----
made only of---

Back 276

synovial membranes
connective tissue

Front 277

synovial membranes span the gap of one bone to the next and secrete------
into---

Back 277

slippery synovial fluid
the joint

Front 278

the study of the intergumentary system

Back 278

dermatology

Front 279

a system that includes the skin, hair, nails, nad cutaneous glands

Back 279

intergumentary system

Front 280

the skin is composed of

Back 280

a superficial epidermis of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
and a deeper dermis of fibrous connective tissue

Front 281

beneath the dermis is a connective tissue which isnt part of the skin called

Back 281

hypodermis

Front 282

skin ranges from

Back 282

less than .5mm to 6mm thick

Front 283

thick skin is named for

Back 283

a thick, heavily keratinized epidermis not necessarily for the thickness
(stratum corneum is a very thick layer of dead cells)

Front 284

thick skin is found

Back 284

on the palms soles and corresponding surface of the digits and it is hairless

Front 285

most of the body is covered in

Back 285

thin skin, in which the epidermis is more lightly keratinized

Front 286

functions of the skin

Back 286

-resistance to trauma and infection
-water retention
-vitamin d synthesis
-sensation
-thermoregulation
-nonverbal communication

Front 287

the epidermal cells are packed with the tough protein ______ and linked by strong _______ that give epithelium its durability

Back 287

keratin
desmosomes

Front 288

bacteria and fungi colonize the surface of skin but there numbers are kept in check by its--------and --------- this protective------- is called the-----

Back 288

relative dryness
slight acidity (ph 4-6)
acidic film
acid mantle

Front 289

resists and recovers from trauma better than other organs

Back 289

skin

Front 290

barrier functions

Back 290

-prevents body from absorbind and losing excess water
-barrier to ultraviolet radiation (UV rays)
-barrier to many potential harmful chemicals
-permeable to several drugs and chemicals

Front 291

vitamin d synthesis

Back 291

the skin carries out the first step in vit d synthesis, which is needed for bone development and maintenance
liver and kidneys complete the process

Front 292

most extensive sense organ

Back 292

skin

Front 293

equipped w a variety of nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration and tissue injury

Back 293

the skin

Front 294

thermoregulation

Back 294

in response to chilling the skin helps to retain heat

Front 295

the dermis has nerve endings called ----- that transmit signals to the brain, and the brain sends back to the dermal blod vessels

Back 295

thermoreceptors

Front 296

vasoconstriction

Back 296

narrowing of blood vessels, reduces the flow of blood close to the skin surface and thus reduces heat loss

Front 297

vasodilation

Back 297

widening of dermal blood vessels,
increases cutaneous blood flow and increases heat loss, if this is not enough to restore normal temp the brain also triggers sweating

Front 298

the epidermal cells are packed with a tough protein

Back 298

keratin

Front 299

like other epithelia the epidermis lacks----- and depends on

Back 299

blood vessels
the diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue

Front 300

most sensations of the skin are due to

Back 300

nerve endings in the dermis

Front 301

the epidermis has 5 types of cells

Back 301

stem cells
keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile sites
dendritic sites

Front 302

layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial

Back 302

stratum basal
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
stratum corneum

Front 303

epidermis

Back 303

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 304

stratum corneum

Back 304

dead,
keratinized cells of the skin surface

Front 305

stratum lucidum

Back 305

clear, featureless,
narrow zone seen only in thick skin

Front 306

stratum granulosum

Back 306

-two to five layers of cells with dark- staining keratohyalin granules
-scanty in thin skin

Front 307

stratum spinosum

Back 307

many layers of keratinocytes

Front 308

layer typically shrunken in fixed tissues but attached to each othe by desmosomes, which give them a spiny look

Back 308

stratum spinosum

Front 309

layer progressively flattened the farther they are from the dermis

Back 309

stratum spinosum

Front 310

layer
dendric cells are abundant here but are not visible in routinely stained preparations

Back 310

stratum spinosum

Front 311

stratum basale

Back 311

single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells resting on basement membrane

Front 312

layer
site of most mitosis

Back 312

stratum basale

Front 313

layer
consists of stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells, but these are dificult to distinguish with routine stains

Back 313

stratum basale

Front 314

melanin is conspicuous in keratinocytes of this layer in black to brown skin

Back 314

stratum basale

Front 315

dermis

Back 315

fibrous connective tissue, richly endowed with blood vessels and nerve endings

Front 316

sweat glands and hair follicles originate here and in

Back 316

dermis
hypodermis

Front 317

superficial 1/5 of dermis

Back 317

papillary layer

Front 318

composed of areolar tissue, often extends as dermal papillae

Back 318

papillary layer

Front 319

deeper 4/5 of dermis, dense irregular connective tissue

Back 319

reticular layer

Front 320

hyperdermis

Back 320

areolar or adipose tissue between skin and muscle

Front 321

the majority of epidermal cells

Back 321

keratinocytes

Front 322

keratinocytes originate by-------of--------- in the-------- and push the older keratinocytes upward

Back 322

mitosis
stem cells
stratum basale

Front 323

keratinocytes flatten and produce

Back 323

membrane coated vessicles and keratin filaments as they migrate upwards

Front 324

in stratum granulosum, the keratin filaments are bound into coarser bundles by the protein

Back 324

filaggrin

Front 325

filaggrin

Back 325

binds the cytoskeletal keratin filaments together into coarse tough bundles

Front 326

the epidermis lacks-------- and depends on -

Back 326

blood vessels
the diffusion of nurtients from underlying connective tissue

Front 327

stem cells

are found

Back 327

undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to the keratinocytes
found only in the deepest layer of the epidermis stratum basale

Front 328

cell named for there role in synthesizing keratin

Back 328

keratinocytes

Front 329

are the great majority of epidermal cell

Back 329

keratinocytes

Front 330

in ordinary histology nearly all of the epidermal cells you see are

Back 330

keratinocytes

Front 331

cells that occur only in stratum basale, amid the stem cells and deepest keratinocytes

Back 331

melanocytes

Front 332

they synthesize the brown to black pigment melanin

Back 332

melanocytes

Front 333

tactile merker cells

Back 333

few in #
receptors for sense of touch
found in basale layer of epidermis

Front 334

dendritic (langerhans) cells

Back 334

found in stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum
macrophages that originate in bone marrow
stand gaurd against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens
alert immune system so body can defend itself

Front 335

the dermis is ------ thick

Back 335

.2-4mm

Front 336

keratinocytes are produced deep in the epidermis by ----
in----

Back 336

the mitosis of stem cells
in the stratum basale

Front 337

injured epidermis regenerates more rapidly than any other tissue in the body. mechanical stress from manal labor or tight shoes----

Back 337

accelerates keratinocyte multipication and results in calluses or corns

Front 338

in the stratum granulosum 3 imp developments occur

Back 338

1. the keratinocyte nuclei and other organelles degenerate and the cells die
2. the keratohyalin granules release a protein called filaggrin that binds the cytoskeletal keratin filaments together into coarse, tough bundles
3. the membrane coated vessicles release a lipid mixture that spreads out over the cell surface and waterproofs it

Front 339

an epidermal water barrier forms between

Back 339

the stratum granuloum and
stratum spinosum

Front 340

the membrane coating vessicles (lamellar granules)
release lipids that help to render the cells--------- and the cells

Back 340

water resistant
die
cells above the water resistant barrier die bc they are cut off from the nutrients below

Front 341

dermis is composed

Back 341

mainly of collagen, but also includes elastic and reticular fibers and other cell types
also contains
sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerve endings, hair follicles, nail roots, smooth muscle and in the face , skeletal muscle

Front 342

upward projections of the dermis are called

Back 342

dermal papillae

Front 343

dermal papillae interdiginate with downward epidermal ridges to form a

Back 343

wavy boundary

Front 344

the papillae form

Back 344

the friction ridges of the fingertips

Front 345

the boundary between the dermis and epidermis is

Back 345

histogically conspicuous and usually wavy

Front 346

the upward waves are fingerlike extentions of the dermis called

Back 346

dermal papillae

Front 347

the downward waves are extensions of the epidermis called

Back 347

epidermal ridges

Front 348

the dermal papillae produce the raised areas between the furrows on the-----------. this wavy boundary forms the---------that leave

Back 348

fingertips
friction ridges
finger prints

Front 349

2 zones of the dermis called

Back 349

the paillary and reticular layer

Front 350

papillary layer-
this loosely organized tissue allows for--------

Back 350

thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae.
mobilty of leukocutes and other defenses against organisms that introduced through breaks in the epidermis

Front 351

reticulary layer

Back 351

deeper than papillary and much thicker
consists of dense irregular connective tissue
collagen forms thicker bundles with less room for ground substance

Front 352

hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue

Back 352

beneath the skin

Front 353

hypodermis is composed of

Back 353

more areolar and adipose tissue than the reticular layer of the dermis

Front 354

pads the body and binds the skin to underlying muscle or other tissue

Back 354

hypodermis

Front 355

in areas composed mostly of adipocytes hypodermis is called

Back 355

subcutaneous fat

Front 356

drugs are introduced to into the hypodermis by injection because

Back 356

the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular and absorbs them quickly

Front 357

subcutaneous fat serves as a

Back 357

an energy reservoir and thermal insulation

Front 358

the most significant factor in skin color is

Back 358

melanin

Front 359

is produced by the melanocytes but accumulates in the keratinocytes of the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

Back 359

melanin

Front 360

2 forms of melanin

Back 360

eumelanin- brownish black
pheomelanin- redish yellow sulfur containing pigment

Front 361

people of different skin colors have

Back 361

essentially the same # of melanocytes, but in dark-skinned people, the melanocytes produce greater quantities of melanin

Front 362

uv rays stimulate melanin synthesis

Back 362

and darken the skin

Front 363

red pigment of blood imparts reddish to pinkish hues as blood vessels show through the skin

Back 363

hemoglobin

Front 364

is a yellow pigment axquired from egg yolks and yellow and orange veggies

Back 364

carotene

Front 365

a blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood

Back 365

cyanosis

Front 366

is abnormal redness of the skin. occurs in situations such as exercise, hot weather, sunburn anger and embarrassment. caused by increase blood flow in dilated cutaneous blood vessels

Back 366

erythema

Front 367

is a pale or ashen color that occurs when there is little blood flow through the skin that the white color of the dermal collagen shows through. results from stress, low blood pressure, ciculatory shock, cold temperatures or severe anemia

Back 367

pallor

Front 368

is a genetic lack of melanin that usually results in milky white hair and skin, and blue grey eyes. melanin is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. people w this have inherited a recessive, nonfunctional tyrosine allele from both parents

Back 368

albinism

Front 369

yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood. bilirubin is a hemoglobin breakdown product. occurs in diseases where liver is not well enough to bilirubin.
ex hepetitis and cirrhosis

Back 369

jaundice

Front 370

or bruise is a mass of clotted blood showing through skin. it is usually due to accidental trauma

Back 370

hematoma

Front 371

are the markings on the fingertips that leave distinctive oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch

Back 371

friction ridges

Front 372

form during fetal development and remain unchanged for life. everyone has a unique pattern not even the same in identical twins

Back 372

friction ridges form finger prints

Front 373

are the lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows, and other places. they mark sites where skin folds during flexion of the joints, the skin is tightly bound to deeper connective tissues along these lines

Back 373

flexion lines (flexion creases)

Front 374

tan to black aggregations of melanocytes.
are flat melanized patches that vary with heredity and exposure to the sun

Back 374

freckles

Front 375

an elevated patch of melanized skin, often with hair

Back 375

mole

Front 376

are patches of discolorated skin caused by benign tumors of blood capillaries

Back 376

birthmarks or hemangiomas