Analytical Chem

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Qualitative method

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Yields information about the identity of atomic or molecular species or the functional groups in the sample;

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Quantitative method

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provides numerical information as to the relative amount of one or more of these components.

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Miniaturation

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Is the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices

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Chemometrics

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chemical discipline that uses mathematical, statistical, and other methods employing formal logic to design or select optimal measurement procedures and experiments, and to provide maximum relevant chemical information by analyzing chemical data.

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precipitation, extraction, or distillation.

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Separation of analytes by

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Precipitation

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creation of a solid from a solution.

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Extraction

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Separation process consisting in the separation of a substance from a matrix

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Distillation

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the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.

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Gravimetric Methods

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The mass of the analyte or some compound produced from the analyte was determined

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Titrimetric methods

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the volume or mass of a standard reagent required to react completely with the analyte was measured.

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Instrumental Methods

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Measurements of physical properties of analytes, such as conductivity, electrode potential, light absorption, or emission, mass to charge ratio, and fluorescence, began to be used for quantitative analysis of a variety of inorganic, organic, and biochemical analyte.

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Detection and quantitation

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Instrumentation categories

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• Data Domain – information encoded • Non-electrical Domains (scale, number, chemical) • Electrical Domains – (volts, current, charge) • Analog Domains – continuous quantities (volts, current) • Time Domains– (pulses, slopes) • Digital Domains – (Hi/Lo)

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Analitical signals

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Spectrophotometry

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Measurement of light transmitted (indirectly proportional to the light absorbed) = concentration of unknown substance

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Flame photometry

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Measurement of amount of light emitted as ions are excited by the flame = concentration of unknown substance

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Atomic absorpsion spectophotometry

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Determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state

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Ion-selective electrode

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is a transducer (or sensor) that converts the activity of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electrical potential.

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Mass Spectroscopy

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is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions into a spectrum based on their mass-to-charge ratio

a mass spectrum measures the masses within a sample.

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Fluorometry

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a beam with a wavelength varying between 180 and ∼800 nm passes through a solution in a cuvette

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Fluorometry

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measure – from an angle - the light that is emitted by the sample

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Turbidimetry

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is the measurement of light-scattering species in solution by means of a decrease in intensity of the incident beam after it has passed through the solution

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Nephelometry

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Is the measurement of amount of light scattered at 90 degrees angle of the sample holder