An Sci 301 Exam 1

Front 1

Alimentary canal definition

Back 1

A tube beginning with the mouth and ending at the anus in which digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs

Front 2

Lumen and digesta are _ to the body

Back 2

Exterior (inside of alimentary canal)

Front 3

Mucosa (limentary canal structure)

Back 3

Interface with lumen

Absorption and secretion here

Front 4

Submucosa (alimentary canal structure)

Back 4

Structural and immune cells

Front 5

Muscularis (alimentary canal structure)

Back 5

Muscle for motility

Front 6

Serosa (alimentary canal structure)

Back 6

Interface with body

Front 7

Prehension

Back 7

Taking up of food

Mechanisms vary with behavior and diet

Importance of incisors integrity in some animals

Front 8

Mastication

Back 8

Physical reduction of food

Especially important in nonruminant herbivores

Front 9

Salivation- three main glands

Back 9

Parotiod-serous (watery)-water, enzymes, ions

Sublingual-mucous-mucus (mucin)

Submaxillary-Mixed-mucus, ions, enzymes, water

Front 10

Functions of saliva

Back 10

Moisten food (ions and water)

Lubrication (aids in swolling)

Starch digestion (anylase)

Rumen pH buffering

N recycling (urea)

Specialized functions

Front 11

Deglutition

Back 11

Reflex initiated by presence of food in pharnyx

Stops respiration

Propulsion of food to stomach by espphageal peristalsis

Front 12

Major functions of gastric digestion

Back 12

Mixing and mechanical breakdown of feed

Hydrolytic digestion by acid enzymes (especially of protein)

Reservoir for controlled release of digesta to small intestines

Front 13

Stomach (general)

Back 13

Lined by nonglandular or secretory epithelium

Limited absorptive capacity (alcohol and certain drugs)

Front 14

Four section of the stomach

Back 14

Esophageal

Cardiac

Fundus

Pyloric

Front 15

Esophageal region of stomach

Back 15

Non-glandular

Front 16

Fundus region of stomach

Back 16

Covered with gastric pits

2 types of cells:

1. chief/peptic cells (proteolytic ernzymes ex pepsinogin)

2. Parietal cells (secrete HCL- decreased by pepcid)

Front 17

Pyloric region of stomach

Back 17

Mucus secreting cells

Endocrine G cells secrete gastrin which stimulates HCL production by parietal cells

Front 18

Control of gastric secretion

Back 18

1. Cephalic phase

2. Gastric phase

3. Intestional phase

Front 19

Cephalic phase

Back 19

vagal reflex, increased gastric motility, enzyme and HCL secretion

Front 20

Gastric phase

Back 20

Local reflex depends on presence of food in stomach

reinforced by gastrin (peptide hormone secreted by stomach)

Increases HCL and pepsinogen secretion

Front 21

Intestinal phase

Back 21

Stimulated by duodenal distension, H+, osmolarity, nutrients

Decrease HCL secretion and gastric motility

Secretin, CCK

Front 22

Gastric motility

Back 22

Aids mixing mechanical and hydrolytic reduction of feed to chyme

Front 23

Gastric emptying

Back 23

Stimulated by distension of antral wall (the region near the pylorus) and presence of liquid chyme

Front 24

Bile salts

Back 24

Stored in gallbladder

Made in liver from cholesterol

Front 25

Pancreas endocrine functions

Back 25

Enzymes to digest fat protein nucleic acids

Bicarbonate

Front 26

Sections of the small intestines

Back 26

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Front 27

Types of celling in SI

Back 27

Absorptive

Mucus secreting

Endocrine

Stem cells

3-6 day turn over rate

Front 28

Duodenum

Back 28

Addition of many digestive juices includeing pancreatic juice (enzymes and bicarbonate), bile secretions (bile salts) and secretions from enterocytes (lactase and sucrase)

Front 29

Jejunum

Back 29

Absorption of simple compounds

Further digestion if needed

Folds, villi and microvilli increase absorptive area in all regions of small intestines

Front 30

Ileum

Back 30

Less absorption

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) AKA intestinal immune system

Peyer's patches- immunological tissue which samples contents of GI tract and protects host

Front 31

Hindgut size

Back 31

Herbivores have greater total capacity than omnivores or carnivores

Front 32

Function of large intestine

Back 32

High capacity for water absorption

LIttle enzyme or hormone secretion

Fermentation (growth of microbes-high in cecum and colon)

Absorption of VFAs

Front 33

Swine digestive tract

Back 33

Most similar to humans

Very long SI

Moderate colonic fermentation

Front 34

Avain digestive tract

Back 34

Crop

Proventriculus

Gizzard

SI

Ceca

Cloaca

Front 35

Dog digestive tract

Back 35

Short SI

Limited fermentation

Front 36

Cat digestive tract

Back 36

Short SI

Limited fermentation

Front 37

Sheep digestive tract

Back 37

Large pre-gastric fermentation

Moderate hindgut fermentation

Ruminant

Front 38

Type of animal with the largest stomach and GIT as % of body weight

Back 38

Ruminants

Front 39

Reticulum

Back 39

Honeycomb structure

Mixing and regurgitation

No enzymes secreted (microbes do it)

Front 40

Rumen

Back 40

Main compartment

Main site of VFA production and absorption

Surface covered with papillae for absorption

Front 41

Rumen environment

Back 41

Anaerobic

pH 5.5-6

Body temp affected by heat of fermentation (101.5 F)

Wet (10-15% dry matter)

Continuous mixing

Continuous end product removal (VFA and gases)

Front 42

Rumen microbe types

Back 42

Bacteria (majority)

Archaea

Protozoa

Fungi

Front 43

Classification of a fat or oil

Back 43

>50% lipid

Front 44

Classification of a mineral

Back 44

<20% organic

Front 45

Classification of a forage/roughage

Back 45

>20% fiber, <70% TDN

Front 46

Classification of a concentrate

Back 46

<20% fiber

Front 47

Classification as an energy concentrate

Back 47

< 20% fiber, <20% CP

Front 48

Classification as a protein concentrate

Back 48

< 20% fiber, >20% CP

Front 49

Examples of forages

Back 49

Alfalfa

Corn silage

Hay

Hint 49

3

Front 50

Examples of energy

Back 50

Corn

Wheat

Barley, rolled (exception)

Oats (exception)

Hint 50

4

Front 51

Examples of protein-

Back 51

Soybeans

Distillers grains

Brewers grains

Corn gluten meal

Blood meal

Fish meal

Pork meat & bone meal

Hint 51

7

Front 52

Examples of fats/oils

Back 52

Tallow

Megalac

Hint 52

2

Front 53

Examples of minerals

Back 53

Dicalcium phosphate

Salt

Limestone

Front 54

6 major classes of nutrients

Back 54

Water

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Fats/oils

Minerals

Vitamins

Front 55

3 sources of water

Back 55

Drinking

food

metabolic processes

Front 56

Factors affecting water needs

Back 56

Dry matter intake

moisture of feed

ambient temperature

stage of production

sodium intake

Hint 56

5

Front 57

Functions of water

Back 57

Transporting nutrients

Maintenance of cell shape

Biochemical reactions

Regulation of body temp

Lubrication

Aqueous environment for enzyme activity

Hint 57

6

Front 58

Carb chemical structure

Back 58

1:2:1

C:H:O

Front 59

Carbs typically make up what portion of animal rations

Back 59

70-75%

Front 60

In the rumen cards are converted to

Back 60

Acetate

Propionante

Butyrate

All are VFAs

Front 61

Amino acid sources for ruminants

Back 61

Undegraded feed sources (RBP)

Microbial

Front 62

Function of fats

Back 62

Energy

Insulation

protection of vitals

fat soluble vitamins

palatability

FA for hormone synthesis and membrane integrity

Front 63

Mineral functions

Back 63

Skeletal

Protein synthesis

O2 transport

Fluid regulation

Metabolism regulation

Front 64

Vitamin functions

Back 64

Coenzymes

Front 65

Proximate analysis

Back 65

Always on DM basis

Will determine protein fat fiber organic matter nitrogen free extract

Front 66

Protein requirements with age

Back 66

young animals need higher % protein due to rapid tissue growth and low feed intake

Front 67

NFE

Back 67

Includes starch soluble fiber and sugars

=DM-CP-CF-EE-Ash

Includes hemicellulose

Front 68

ADF

Back 68

Fiber without hemicellulose

Front 69

Digestibility coefficient

Back 69

(initial-after)/initial

Front 70

Papillae

Back 70

Structure on interior of rumen

Length in important for VFA absorption

Length decreases with low pH

Front 71

What does ruminent provide microbes with

Back 71

Warm,wet, anaerobic env.

Feed

Mixing

Removal of waste (gas and VFAs)

Saliva (buffer,ions)

Front 72

What do microbes provide ruminent with

Back 72

Digestion of cellulose/hemicellulose

Synthesis of protein

Synthesis of vitamins

Front 73

What benefits of fermentation do hindgut fermenters not recieve

Back 73

Protein synthesis

Vitamin synthesis

Front 74

Down sides to ruminents due to microbes

Back 74

Microbes get sugar and starch

Ruminant absorb little glucose (hypoglycemic)

Glucose made in liver (propionate)

Front 75

Cellulolytic bacteria

Back 75

Like higher pH

Digest cellulose and hemicellulose

Produce acetate

Front 76

Amylolytic bacteria

Back 76

Digest starch and simple sugars

Produces propionate

Front 77

Acetate is important for

Back 77

Milk synthesis

Front 78

Propionate is important for

Back 78

Milk sugar

Front 79

What type of bacteria is more energy efficient

Back 79

Amylolytic bacteria

Front 80

Rumen archaea

Back 80

Produce methane (energy loss)

6-12% total energy

Front 81

Bacteria vs archaea

Back 81

Visually similar

Archaea cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan

Archaea more similar to eukaryotes

Front 82

Rumen protozoa

Back 82

Up to 40% of microbes

Slow turnover

Consume large particles

Front 83

Rumen fungi

Back 83

Digest tough fiber

Front 84

Fat in rumen

Back 84

Biohydrogenation by microbes

Can be toxic to some microbes

Can inhibit fiber digestion

Front 85

Omasum

Back 85

Water absorption

Residual VFA absorption

Front 86

Abomasum

Back 86

True stomach

Secretes HLC and pepsin

Front 87

Displaced abomasum

Back 87

LDA- common after calfing, rumen near empty, gas causes it to rise

RDA- gas in abomasum, rises, blockage of digesta

Hint 87

2 types

Front 88

Pseudo-ruminant

Back 88

Less complex

3 compartments (c1,c2,c3)

Llamas and alpacas

small hindgut

Front 89

Hippo

Back 89

2 fermantation compartments

small hindgut

Front 90

Kangaroo

Back 90

Nonglandular upper portion of stomach (fermentation)

Small hindgut

Front 91

Colobus monkey

Back 91

Pergastric fermentation

Small hindgut

Front 92

Hoatzin

Back 92

Bird with fermentation in stomach

Front 93

Horse

Back 93

Colonic fermenter

Moderate SI

Front 94

Elephant

Back 94

Colonic fermenter

Simple SI

Front 95

Rabbit

Back 95

Cecal fermenter

Coprophagy

Front 96

Rat

Back 96

Cecal fermenter

Standard SI

Front 97

Capybara

Back 97

Largest rodent

Cecal fermenter