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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two orders of amphibians commonly used in research?
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Urodela (Caudata) and Anura (Salientia)
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Salamander spp that don't undergo metamorphosis from a larval to adult stage demonstrate _______.
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neoteny (retention of gills and larval form as a breeding adult)
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T/F Ambystoma mexicanum and Bombina orientalis are typical neotenic species.
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F, B. orientalis is not a salamander, it is the Asiatic fire-bellied toad
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T/F Newts are the terrestrial pre-adult stage of adult eft salamanders.
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F efts are the pre-adult stage of adult newts
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Scientific name of the leopard frog, cane toad, bullfrog, tiger salamander, mudpuppy?
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Rana pipens, Bufo marinus, Rana catesbiana, Ambystoma tigrinum, Necturus maculosus
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Metamorphosis in amphibians depends on increasing levels of _____________.
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thyroid hormone
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T/F Most adult amphibian hearts have two atria and one ventricle.
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T
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T/F IgG and IgM equivalents are present in amphibians.
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T, IgM is present in greater relative and absolute concentrations than in mammals.
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What are lymph hearts?
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Muscular dilatations in the major lymph trunks that aid in return of lymph to venous circulation
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Where does hematopoiesis occur in tadpoles? adult frogs? adult salamanders?
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kidney; spleen (+bone marrow and liver); spleen
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T/F Frogs and toads but not salamanders have vocal cords.
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T
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T/F When you pick up a toad and it pees on you, it is not urine, but water stored in the cloaca.
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T
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T/F Male Xenopus can be distinguished from females by their larger body size and dark nuptial pads.
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F, females are larger than males
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T/F Bidder's organ can develop into a fully functional gonad of the opposite sex if the primary gonads are removed.
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T, it is present in both sexes (of Bufonidae and others) cranial to the primary gonads
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What are the three cells types that determine skin color in amphibians?
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iridocytes (white), lipophores (red and yellow), melanophores (black)
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The claws on African clawed frogs are actually _____.
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modified epidermal scales
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T/F Like fish, many amphibians have a lateral line sensory cell system.
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T
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Water temperature for aquatic amphibians should not be changed faster than ________________.
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1 degree C per hour
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Cages for amphibians must be large enough to allow _____________________.
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normal postural and/or swimming movements
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In once-through continuous water flow housing systems, flow needs to be high enough to keep bacterial counts low but low enough to allow ______.
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conditioning
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Cage cleaning for tadpoles should be on a irregular schedule because ______________.
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tadpole respond to regularly occurring disturbances by accumulating fat in the coelom which can delay growth or cause death
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Chlorine is lethal to most amphibians but small amounts may be tolerated by _____________.
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non-hibernating, lung-breathing adults
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Most amphibians require relative humidity to be 50-70%/>70%?
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>70% (use of low air exchange rates helps to maintain high humidity)
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Butorphanol/xylazine/flunixin meglumine gives the best and most long lasting analgesia in leopard frogs.
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xylazine
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What are three methods that can be used to identify amphibians?
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toe clipping, freeze branding, colored beads on stainless steel sutures
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Bacterial diseases in amphibians can be minimized by _______________.
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good husbandry practices and minimizing stress
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Bacterial septicemia is most often caused by _________. Other causes?
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Aeromonas hydrophila; Pseudomonas, Mima, Proteus, Flavobacterium, Citrobacter
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In addition to treatment with antibiotics what adjunctive treatments can be used for redleg?
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addition of copper sulfate (1:5000) or potassium permanganate (1:1000) to tank water or increasing salt content of water to 4%
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Mycobacteriosis is more common in urodeles/ anurans.
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anurans
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Most common mycobacterial species in amphibians?
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M. ranae, M. marinum, M. xenopi
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Lucke renal adenocarcinoma is caused by _______ and occurs in ________.
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herpesvirus; leopard frogs (no viral replication above 22 degrees)
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T/F Chlamydia psittaci causes an asymptomatic infection in Xenopus.
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F, see signs similar to bacterial septicemia, it has high morbidity and high mortality
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Capillaria xenopodis infections in African clawed frogs can be successfully eliminated with _____________.
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levamisole in the water (also thiabendazole but side effects reported)
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Trematodes belonging to what family have been found free in the body cavity of Xenopus?
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Diplostomidae
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Pigmented fungal infections caused by Fonsecaea spp, Cladosporum spp, etc are called by the general term ___________.
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chromomycosis or chromoblastomycosis
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Phycomycosis is caused by ______ or _________.
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Mucor spp (nodules in liver or spleen) and Basidiobolus ranarum (cutaneous ulcers)
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__________ spp. can be identified by cottony mycelial mats on the skin.
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Saprolegnia (also causes disease in fish)
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Failure to metamorphose may be associated with iodine deficiency or __________________.
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presence of goiterogenic substances in the diet
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What is the most (only?) important use of amphibians in research?
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FETAX
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What salamander has been used extensively for limb regeneration studies?
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Ambystoma mexicanum, also the classic model for studying the effects of the hypothalamic-thyroid axis on development
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Which of the following is NOT a class of AMphibia?
a. Gymnophobia b. Caudata c. Squamata d. Anura e. All are correct |
Answer: c
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Amphibians have how many cranial nerves
a. 9 b. 10 c. 11 d. 12 e. None |
Answer: b
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This detects changes in water pressure and currents, and function in loating preay?
a. Vomeronasal organ b. Neuromasts c. Hedonic glands d. Gills |
Answer: b
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What is the function of the vomeronasal organ?
a. Respiration b. Color sensitivity c. Reproduction d. Odor detection |
Answer: d
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Frog erythrocytic virus is found in what part of the RBC?
a. Nucleus b. Cytoplasm c. Found in WBCs d. Both nucleus and cytoplasm |
Answer: b
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How long is the FETAX tesat and what does it stand for?
a. 48 hrs, Frog Embryo Teratology Assay-Xenopus b. 72 hours, Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus c. 96 hours, Frog Embryo Teratology Assay-Xenopus d. 96 hours, Frog Embryo Teratotogenesis Assay-Xenopus |
Answer: d
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What regulates reproductive behavior in amphibians?
a. Light b. Iodine c. Bombesin d. Arginine vasotocin |
Answer: d
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You have a colony of Rana pipiens that had recently been wild caught. You notice they seem to have stunted growth, microcephaly and curved spines. What is the most likely cause?
a. Trematode infection b. Dieldrin exposure c. Cadmium exposure d. Paraquat exposure |
Answer: d
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Which parasite is the most common parasite of Xenopus laevis
a. Xenocarpus africanus b. Saprolegnia spp. c. Polystoma spp d. Entamoeba ranrum e. Pseudocapillaroides xenopi |
Answer: e
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Which test gives an indication of analgesic properties in Xenopus frogs in response to chemically induced pain?
a. Bleach test b. Iodine drop test c. Acetic acid test d. Malic acid test e. Salt water test |
Answer: c
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The best described viral pathogens of amphibians such as frog virus 3 and tadpole edema virus, belong to the genus Ranavirus. What viral family do these viruses belong to?
a. Herpesviridae b. Iridoviridae c. Adenoviriae d. Calicivirdae e. Flaviviridae |
Answer: b
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Besides iridioviruses, what etiologc agent has been associated with large-scale die-offs in frogs?
a. The digenetic treamtode Ribeiroia spp. b. The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis c. Frog erythrocytic virus d. The flagellated protozoa Oodinium spp e. The cestode Nematotaenia spp |
Answer: b
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Which amphibian belongs to the Cryptobranchidae family?
a. Hellbenders b. Mudpuppy c. Axoltol d. Bullfrog |
Answer: a
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Which order contains the true frogs?
a. Anura b. Squamata c. Caudata d. Anapsida |
Answer: a
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Xenopus is the most primitive of the advanced frogs. What family does it belong to?
a. Bufonidae b. Pipidae c. Ranidae d. Plethonidae |
Answer: b
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What filter can be used to mechanically remove ammonia from the water and what metal should be avoided for water pipes for amphibians?
a. Activated charcoal, copper b. Zeolite, stainless steel (type 316) c. Zeolite, copper d. Activated charcoal, lead |
Answer: c
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Which of the following is used to remove chloramines?
a. Aging water in an open container b. Zeolite c. Activated charcoal d. Aerating the water |
Answer: c
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What sanitizing compounds should not be used around amphibians even if aging the water?
a. Phenolics b. Quaternary ammoniums c. Bleach d. Alcohol |
Answer: a
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Xenopus makes magainins that are antibiotic in nature from what gland in the skin?
a. Mucous gland b. Parotid glands c. Granular glands d. Salivary glands |
Answer: c
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You are collecting blood from the midventral abdominal vein of Rana pipiens. Wwhat type of syringe should be used?
a. Sodium heparin b. Lithium heparin c. EDTA d. Tiger-top |
Answer: b
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What regulates reproductive behavior in amphibians?
a. Light b. Thyroid releasing hormone c. Bombesin d. Arginine vasotocin |
Answer: d
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When using the ova of Xenopus what is used to remove the jelly layer?
a. Bombesin b. Arginine c. Cysteine d. Proline |
Answer: c
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What suture was found to be the best for suturing Xenopus skin?
a. Chromic cut b. Vicryl c. PDS d. Monofilament nylon |
Answer: d
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What virus causes renal adenocarcinomas in leopard frogs?
a. Frog erythrocytic virus b. An unnamed Iridovirus c. Lucke tumor herpesvirus d. Frog cytomegalovirus |
Answer: c
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What is the likely cause of Redleg?
a. Flavobacterium b. Mycobacterium marinum c. Salmonella d. Aeromonas hydrophila |
Answer: d
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Lucke’s tumor herpesvirus replicates during ____ and is shed during _______.
a. Winter, summer b. Summer, Winter |
Answer: a
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