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49 Cards in this Set
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<u>Communal Manhood</u>
(1600-1780) |
This is where the father is the head of the household (patriarchy).
Men possess reason, which can control emotions, unlike women. Men are rational. Sense of duty to their society- Representation of family in the community Men are expected to keep their emotions restrained. This time period evmphasized social bonds and a man's place at the head of the household. This dominated colonial men's lives. <b>Significance:</b> 1) Start of separate Spheres. 2) Father was more absent in the home. 3) Leads to a more refined role of the mother as virtuous. |
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<u>Colonial Womanhood</u>
(1600-1780) |
Women did not posses as much reason as men, were submissive, and not an individual in the public realm.
Women are sinful; Eve ate the apple. In the 18th century, women's role in the household was not considered very important, in fact, they were looked down on. The woman's duties were mainly to enforce her husband's rules, or to discipline the children whenever he was away from the home. The male made all the decisions and held the moral values in the household. |
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<u>Republican Motherhood</u>
(Late 1700's- early 1800's) |
Throughout the colonial era and into the 1800's, learned women were "threats" to this arrangement.
Eventually "women took men's place as the custodians of communal virtue" This "recreated the supportive role women had always played in the colonies" This elevated the status of domesticity by giving it relevance in the public domain. This helps in creating self-made manhood. It arose durign and after the American Revolution in the late 18th, and early 19th century. The idea of republicanism came around, which stresses liberty and rights as central values and rejects inherited political power. Women needed to clearly understand and embrace these values, so that they could be transmitted to their children at a young age. Thus, women's role in the household was to instill those moral values, and role in home is more signifcant than colonial motherhood. Eventually "women took men's lace as custodians of communal virtue" (Rotundo, 18) |
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<u>Martha Ballard</u>
(1785-1812) |
She is known for her diary.
Her husband was Ephraim Ballard. She is an example of the transition from Colonial Womanhood to Republican Motherhood. She was a doctor/midwife. She had 9 children. She was a threat to the arrangement of separate spheres/ She was a prominent example of Republican motherhood. She was relatively well known (within a 50 mile radius). She was married to Ephraim who was a surveyor. <b>Significance:</b> She was very much a public figure when women weren't supposed to be. |
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<u>Self-Made Manhood</u>
Late 18th Century |
This is where Men took their identities and social status from their own achievements, not as a birthright.
It is rooted in changes such as teh birth of republican government, the spread of a market economy, and the growth of the middle class. It allowed for an economic and poltical life that was based on individual interests. It was able to flourish because of Republican Womanhood (men were more able to go out in the world) The male's role in the household practically dimished because they were at work so much. <b>Significance:</b> Self made manhood made it so the man's work role, not his place at the head of the household, formed the essence of his identity. Thus, men fulfilled themselves through personal success and the notion of public service to the community was seen as less important. Male passions were now given freer reign. This often led them to being less present in the household. "There's nothing like work to give a man self-respect"- Henrey Varnum Poor. The man was always on the go. |
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<u>Davy Crockett</u>
1786-1836 |
He was born in NE Tennessee.
He learned to read, write, and married around 18. He fought with Genreal Andrew Jackson in Creek War 1811-1813. In 1821, he was elected to state legislature in TN, reelected in 1823. He served in the US Congress. In 1835, he left Texas In 1836, he was killed at the Alamo. Davy Crockett (1786-1836) is the great "What if I never left my youth?" Folk hero famous for his wild exploits; never conformed to the normal social roll of youth, going to school and getting a job; he ran away from home and spent his days hunting in the wold. He does not follow the social pattern of becoming a man that was common in the 187th century. He had a wild boyhood with no significant father figure, no education or paprenticeship.job, and no procreation known; uncivilized, chaotic, yet powerful idea. He did not follow wild boyhood---> youth---> manhood. It was widl boyhood throughout his life. |
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<u>Davy Crocket Almanacs</u>
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They were records of "his life" and adventures produced controversy because of hid wild, "animalistic", boyhood. Americans debated over the dangers of youth. However, the Almanacs became surfaced and became famous after his death (1830s-1850s). Almanacs became well-known at the time of commercialization of America where it was becoming more loose socially; the economy was splitting fathers and sons, and commercial industry encouraged the self-man man rather than communal affairs. documents probably surfaced because of this changing trend in America, not the other way around.
<i>At a glance:</i> -Series of alamanacs -1st series out of Nashville, TN but probably NYC -Others published in Boston, NY, Philadelphia, Baltimore -Included sunrise, sunset, astronomy, weather predictions -intermixed with stories, jokes, and adventures told by Davy Crockett -Popular in the NE |
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<u>Henry Beecher</u>
(1813-1887) |
-"The most famous man in America"
-Becomes head of Plymouth Church in Brooklyn, NY (19th cent version of mega-church) -A performer mock slave sells, actual chains of John Brown -Lectures to Young Men on Various Important Subjects -1870's-went through scandal, accused of having an affair with a woman from his church -Puts his career back together as a lecturer Most famous of 12 brothers and sisters; head of Plymouth Church in Brooklyn,NY. He's unlike his father, who preached Calvanism and doctrine of self-sacrifice (wrath) and duty. Beecher preached "Gospel of Loive" (pleasure), and believed everyone's sins could be forgiven. He was an advocate of women's suffrage and Darwinism. and against slavery (did mock slave trials to demonstrate). He was effective because he based his lectures on things he experienced himself, however, he never mentions anything about relations between young men and women in his lectures, which bites him in the ass later. |
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<u><i>Beecher-Tilton Affair</u></i>
(Late 1860's) |
Tried on charges that he had committed adultery with a friend's wife.
It destroyed the reputation of Elizabeth Tilton's husband. He was fired from his job at <i>Independent</i> When Mrs. Tilton confessed to having a relationship with Henry Beecher. Both Beecher and Mr. Tilton begged for her to recant her story, which she eventually did (in writing). |
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<u>E.D.E.N. Southworth</u>
(1819-1899) |
-Wrote books, stuff about self-made manhood
-Wrote Ishmael -Wrote novels that were sort of like soap operas -Most of her books were serialized in magazines first and were very popular (1850's) -Ishmael is a portrait of self-made man, also uses qualitites to help others, came from pooor family and became successful -uses societal messages to influence her writing and support herself and her family Her husband left her so she had to support herself (it was an emergency situation) She was well educated, married to Mr. Southworth, but he deserted her early on, so she had to support herself through writing. She used language of domesticity in novels. She created a character named "Ishmael" who makes decisions for himself but is not selfish (he helps women and children) Obviously, this is the husband she wished to have, and she is motivated by the sort-comings of her husband to create a "good man." Ishmael represents ambition, self-worth that did not come from prior prominence originated from acestry. |
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<u>Progressivism Christian Soldiers
</u>Early 1820- Mid 1800's |
-Early (1820) to mid 1800's
-Purified the Law careers (seen as too agressive), and made manly the clergy (since that career path was seen as feminine before) -Progressivism was the religious fervor that both law and clergy were fighting for the right of God -Men who participated were considered Christian Soldiers <b>Significance:</b> during self made manhood era, the men were worried about feminine jobs, like the clergy, and gravitated towards the Lawyer career. Progressivism allowed the clergy to become a man's job and less feminized since the religious fervor of saving the courntry from sin wept over the U.S. |
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<u>Boyhood Culture</u>
Midd 19th Century |
-Starts at age 5-7, when they start wearing boy clothes-
-wild boyhood separe from mother and home. -Internalize morals taught by mothers. -Pulled pranks against adult men. -Model Father As a social sphere, it was seaprate from the domestic sphere of women, girls, and small children, and from the public world of men and commerce. In this pace of their own, boys were able to play outside of the rules of the home and the marketplace. A very liberating experience. Boys no longer had to wear the loose fitting gowns taht their sisters wore. Consisted of many war games, hunting, rivalries, bonds, clubs, and gang fights. Countered with the gentle world of women and domesticity with enerhy, self-assertion, competition, noise and violence. <b>Significance:</b> It gave a youngster his first exhilarating taste of independence and made a lasting imprint on his character; many boys at this time took particular interest in imitating their fathers. Boys were put in a situation where they had to accept or reject |
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<u>Sarah Hale</u>
1830-1860 |
-Editor of Ladies' Magazine from 1827-1836 and Godey's Lady's Book from 1837-1877
-Didn't want women to care about fashion but fashion plates were published in the magazine. -Had husband and brothers buy the magazine for the women in their lives -Fought for women's education and property rights -Opposed suffrage and public speaking -Example of "emergency situation" -Remained on as editor past emergency -Husband died Discussed ideas of Cult of true Womanhood: Mother whose husband died; started writing in order to support her family. She edited Godey's Ladies Book, and publication had massive circulation. The magazine was about women's fashion, gardening, and home life, and avaoided controversial topics altogether. Hale talked about ideology of separate spheres, and reinforced domestic and moral roles for women and Americanism. Also ecouraged women and higher education. However, did not agree with woman's suffrage. The peak of her influence was from the 1830's-1860's. |
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<u>Irony of Sarah Hale</u>
<b>Peak influence: 1830's to 60's</b> |
She herself did nto always live up to the ideals she tried to push onto others. She did not represent the "Cult of True Motherhood" as she defined it; she said that in times of emergencies, proper roles for women and men can be suspended.
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<u>Cult of True Womanhood</u>
1830- mid 1800's |
The Cult of domesticity or Cult of True Womanhood (named such by its detractors) was a prevailing view among upper and middle class white women during the nineteenth century.
According to the ideals of the cult of domesticity, women were supposed to embody perfect virtue in al lsenses. The women who abided by and promoted these standards were generally literate and lived in the NE, particularly NY and Massachusetts. Woemn were put in the center of the domestic sphere and were expected to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and faithful wife, and a passive, delicate, and virtuous creature. These women were also expected to be pious and religious, teaching those around them by their Christian beliefs, and expected to unfailingly inspire and support their husbands. Main beliefs: <b>Piety</b>- believed to be mroe religious and spiritual than men <b>Purity</b>- pure in heart, mind, and body <b>Submission</b>- held in "perpetual childhood" where men dictated all actions and decision |
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<u>Cult of True Womanhood</u> Continued...
1830- mid 1800's |
In the 19th century, view that upper middle class women supposed to embody perfect viture in all senses. It identified the home as the separate, proper sphere for women. Only jobs women really held was teaching because of her role with children in the home. She was to uphold moral values and domestic duties.
Barbara Welter (1966)- Wrote an article on her views of Cult of True Womanhood in "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860." According to her, women were to hold four virtues: Women must express 1) piety (spiritual), 2) purity (in heart, mind, and body), 3) submission to men, and 4) domesticity. Shift to sexless women concept: Idea of purity in women. <b>Significance:</b> Supports the idea of separate spheres. |
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<u>Barbara Welter</u>
1966 |
Wrote an article on her views of Cult of True Womanhood in "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860." According to her, women were to hold four virtues: Women must express 1) piety (spiritual), 2) purity (in heart, mind, and body), 3) submission to men, and 4) domesticity. Shift to sexless women concept: Idea of purity in women.
<b>Significance:</b> Supports the idea of separate spheres. |
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<u>Godley's Ladies Book</u>
1837-1877 |
An American magazine which was published in Philadelphia and popular among women during the 19th century. In the 1860's Godey's considered itself the "queen of monthlies".
Published by Louis Godey. Edited by Sarah Josepha Hale between 1837-1877. -Known for the intricate fashion plates printed on the cover. -Often discussed issues such as music, fashion, cooking, and home life. -Controversial topics and poltics were often left out of the magazine. |
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<u>Separate Spheres</u>
Early 19th century [1830s Ladies Magazine] |
-Evolved early in the 19th century
-Men worked farther away from home -Critique of new commercial world andblueprint for adapting to it. -<b>Susan Glaspoll</b>- writer of play that video was on where woman was accused of murdering her husband. Separate Spheres Gone Wrong wrote "A Jury of her Peers." A woman has murdered her husband, and male detectives are on the case immediately. Hale (a woman) in the houshold, however, notices clues around her home that seem to lead to the murder case. The male detectives ignore these clues because they are not familiar with the home, but the women notice. This hyperbolizes the concept of separate spheres. |
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<u>Separate Spheres</u> Continued...
Early 19th century [1830s Ladies Magazine] |
A system of symbols that middle class men and women used to order their social world and understand their mutual relations.
Men were inherently reasonable and in control of their emotions. Their sphere was the outside world, the realm of business and public life. Women were not in control of their emotions, but were moral and virtuous. Their realm was the sanctuary of the home, where men could fortify themselves against the evils of the world. Public and private spheres; the concept that women belong in the home; responsible for domestic chores, and the chidlren. The men belonged in the public, work sphere. <b>Significance:</b> Built on the idea of republican motherhood and tapped the growign cultural belief that women were the virutous sex. IDentified the new world of idividualism adn self-interest as evil. The doctrine of separate spheres offered women as a mechanism to temper this evil. Because of the increased absence of fathers, mothers had a greater role in how middle-class boys learned to c |
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<u>Susan Glaspoll</u>
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writer of play that video was on where woman was accused of murdering her husband. Separate Spheres Gone Wrong wrote "A Jury of her Peers." A woman has murdered her husband, and male detectives are on the case immediately. Hale (a woman) in the houshold, however, notices clues around her home that seem to lead to the murder case. The male detectives ignore these clues because they are not familiar with the home, but the women notice. This hyperbolizes the concept of separate spheres.
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<u>Neurasthenia and Hysteria</u>
1869 |
Middle-class men in the middle of life who overwork were likely to get neurasthenia. Usually a more "feminine" job in the arts b/c they went through a cris of being ridiculed for having a "woman's" job; sometimes men forced into another job they don't want, and it caused stress. Also caused by failure at work. Symptoms were blurred vision, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, the list goes on. Relaxation, exercise, and "vacation" from work was the treatment. The idea of Dawinism also comes in; men that cannot keep up with faster paced society will not thrive. Women who experienced the same symptoms supposedly suffered from "hysteria." Women with hysteria probably felt over-stressed from household duties and men always being away from work. Their treatment was to be confined and isolated; no moving, reading, talking, nothing. A trend even started, and sickness turned into a beauty standard: vinegar, corsets, palesness. Medicine during that time was socially constructred, so social assumptiosn with gender affected diag
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<u>Neurasthenia and Hysteria</u> Continued...
1869 |
Neurasthenia is a psycho-pathological term first used by George Miller Beard in 1969 to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, headache, neuralgia and depressed mood.
It was explained as being a result of exhaustion of the central nervious system's energy reservesm which Beard attrivuted to modern civilization. Physicians in the Beard shcool of thought associated neurasthenia with the stressed of urbanization and the stress suffered as a result of hte increasingly competitive business environemnt. Typically, it was associated with upper class people or professionals with sedentary employment. Commonly diagnosed to men. Woemn were simply considered to have hysteria and were often retained in mental institutitions. Doctors often cited female cases as being biological cases including gental/reproductive disturbances including exhaustion of childbirth as the most common cause. Doctors said men's brains have evolved faster than their bodies-social evolution |
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<u>Significance of Neurasthenia and Hysteria</u>
1869 |
<b>Significance:</b>
The sex typed interpretation if the same symptoms reflects the common medical wisdom about gender in the 19th century: 1) Men were active and created their own fates by assertsion of individual will; women were passive, imprisoned by the demands of their bodies. 2) Men were getting sick by fulfilling social expectations at work, "mental labor", and "ambition"; women were falling ill because they had med the social expecation of childbirth 3) Neurasthenia was a matter of sex-role strain. |
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<u>Romantic Friendships</u>
Early 1800's |
-Intense, wrote frequently, sincere
-Trial run/practice for marriage -Sometimes physically intimate -"fully compatible with hertersexual bonds" -Confined to youth -There was no word for homosexuality, not a concept nor an identity. -Confined to youth, which is different from women because their friendship usually continued throughout their life. Men usually stopped keeing in touch with each other after they became married. There was generally no sexual activity but intimacy and physical affection; "Did not take (the men) across any perilous social boundaries" (Rotundo, 82). Men during their youth looked to other men for romantic friendships because they shared a lot in common and were compatible. It was like a rehearsal for marriage; they had a romantic friendship where they wrote, cared, and shared their secrets with another in order to prepare for a woman in their lives. It was common for friends and apprentices to share their beds with other men. Also, they grew up sharing beds with siblings becaus |
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<u>Courtship</u>
All of 1800's |
-Women had the power to say no, could use it to boost vanity.
-Middle class and upper class men used lower class women for sexual needs. -Middle and upper class women were for marriage. |
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<u>Passionate Manhood</u>
Late 19th century into the 20th century |
<b>Reason and instinct:</b> Men used to be logical and the voice of reason; before the 20th century, women weren't thought to have much reason. However, that argument is no longer valid because women are starting to enter public world. Therefore, the trend of "passionate manhood" and strength came about in order to redefine manhood. Caused a generational tension with older men; controlled inner savage with boy scouts, battlefields, sports, etc.
In teh 20th century, "passionate manhood" was embraced (agression, masculinity, physical strength, sexual desire). This type of manhood became linked with boyhood. The "self" came to mean the unique core of someone's personality that lay beneath all teh layers of social convention. play and leisured activity, although once considered effeminate, were now acceptable activities. |
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<u>Passionate Manhood (#2)</u>
Late 19th century into the 20th century |
An elaboration on existing beliefs about self-made manjood with changes that include putting a positive value on male passions.
Also the rise of muscular Christianity. Where the religious members of society revered athleticism. Competitiveness, agression and toughness were all now admired and tenderness was a cause for scorn. Sexual desire, an expecially worrisome male passion in the nineteenth century, slowly gathered legitimacy. Stength, appearance, and athletic skill mattered more than in previous eras. The "seklf" came to mean the unique core of someone's personality that lay beneath all the layers of social convention. Play and leisured activity, although once considered effeminate, were now acceptable actibities. Inner animal. Inner child. return to boyhood. |
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<u>Passionate Manhood</u> Significance...
Late 19th century into the 20th century |
<b>Significance:</b>
The contrast between men and women blurred from opposite to merely different. The goal of marriage began to change from a union of opposites to a union of unique selves. New emphasis on the underlying similarities between men and women. |
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Four Ideal Men
1990's |
1. Team player who is competing but also working ahead in his company. Good sport.
2. Existential hero. Hogn Wane type of hero. He can't be controlled. Personal commitment. Ponder meanings. 3) Pleasure Seeker. Work hard and reap the rewards after. 4) Spiritual Warrior. The guy who is in touch with his male passions. Back to nature. |
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Sex in the early 1800's
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Since men had to suppress sexualurges, romance and the release of those urges depended upon heavy petting (no sex)
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Sex in the early to mid 1800's
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Four ways to control sexual impulse:
1) Spiritualization of love - love is not physical (carnal) 2) Using chippies (or prostitution) -Chippies were more courted, prostitution was paid for -Upper class women had sex after marriage -Lower/middle class women (or chippies) got the carnal passion of the men -Sex became common because of this. Romance was dissassociated from sex also 3) Prostitutes/chippies were dehumanized so it was ok to have sex with them and not feel guilty. 4) Married menlet women take control of sex life because it was easier, and women had to restrain their sexual passions anyway. |
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Sex in the late 1800's
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Sex becomes a union of two individuals. Separate selves, also a union of love. Intimacy comes into play.
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Marriage in the Early 1800's
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Marraige was done for duty to society. Many unhappy marriages because owmen were voice of virtue for men,"Voice of conscience is hard to love" Procreation was the embodiment of lineage, to continue family line.
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Marriage in the mid 1800's
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Power roles still held between domestic wife and business husband.
Women took control of domestic ownership, she ran the house and husband let her order. |
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Marriage in the late 1800's
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Some couples progressive, they viewed their relationship as two equals with both having a say in marital values.
Women stoppedvirtuous roles Marriage became more intimate/yet more divorce because everybody now expected fulfillment and happiness from marriage, and if it didn't happen they divorced. Increased sense of selves, no longer just a man and woman, but two individuals who are unique. Procreation was now the embodiment of love, and children were tokens of love, no more just for procreation or for lineage. |
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Boyhood in the late 1700's to 1800
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They dressed like girls.
Used as helping hands around hte house. Close to family. Overlooked heavily by mothers. |
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Boyhood in the Early to mid 1800's
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Boyculture
Rebelled Loyalties Affectionate in violent ways Competitive Mastery important Internalized mother's value Pranks |
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Boyhood in the mid 1800's to early 1900
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More accepted that boys be boys
If a boy didn't act wild/like a boy, parents were worried Development of boyscouts b/c attention of physical activity |
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Manhood in the Lat 1700's to 1800
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Communal manhood
Head of family Duty to serve Society |
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Manhood in the early to mid 1800's
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Man when one got married, and established career
Procreation Men now had urges that needed to be controlled by women |
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Manhood in the Mid 1800's to early 1900
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Passionate manood
Men internalize boyhood Primitive Furthering the individual Animalistic metaphors |
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Youth in the late 1700s to 1800
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Nonexistent because there were no markers for transition, it was just spontaneous from boy to man, nor was there leisure time for the boys to transition
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Youth in the early to mid 1800's
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No definite markers/milestones
Very vague transition Homesick Struggled between attachment and worldy ambition Emphasis on education, college like frats Organizations Romantic friendships |
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Youth in the mid 1800's to early 1900
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More defined markers of transition
Strenuous life Competiton Athleticism Generational tension between older man and youth (Until passionate manhood where men internalize boyhood) |
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Womanhood in the late 1700's to 1800
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Colonial womanhood
Had no reason Original sin Just to make babies |
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Womanhood in the early to mid 1800's
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Republican motherhood
women had virtue And near mid/cult of true womanhood |
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Womanhood in the mid 1800's to early 1900
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New woman
More educated Entered workforce Men animalized them as just baby makers (breeders) Seduction (sirens) Social Darwinism (men more developed cerebral-speaking) Separate spheres were extreme |
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Theodore Rooseelt
1859-1919 |
Example of passionate manhood
President at a time of extreme threats to and enthusiasm for national parks Wrote Strenuous life Rough Rider Progressive Asthma as a child, overcame that by sheer will Most known as a rough rider that charged on San Juan Hill. The Strenuous life argues that overcoming hardship were American ideals that bettered the nation. In short, a guy who is not lazy will succeed. Those who do not put in great effort life meaningless lives. He was a hard-working, active man despite his physical barriers; connects strong male bodies to a strong nation. Fear that America was being feminized by women becoming more and more noticed in the public spere. Spoke of "Christian Masculinity": Active pursuit of Christian ideals in combination with physical strength. Definition: The name of a speech given by Theodore Roosevelt in Chicago, IL in 1899. Significance: Helped to emphasize the role of passionate manhood in the 20th century. The speech also reflected the American spirit at the turn of the ce |
