American Studies Final Review

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Enlightenment

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term used to describe a time during the 18th century in which reason was the main source of authority. This school of thought was one of the driving forces behind the writing of the Declaration of Independence.

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Scientific Revolution

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This period of time was one marked by great change in scientific ideals that had once been thought to be unchangeable. For example, the sun replaced earth as the center of the universe.

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Political Philosophy

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The study of questions about the city, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, and laws, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority. John Locke wrote the Two Treatises of Government in an attempt to outline a theory of political or civil society based on the natural rights of citizens.

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Thomas Jefferson

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The 3rd President of the U.S., the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the most influential founding fathers of American History. While in office, Jefferson was remembered for the Louisiana Purchase and the exploration of Lewis and Clark.

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Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom

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Written by Thomas Jefferson, was a doctrine saying citizens were free to practice whatever religions they wished.

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Notes on the State of Virginia

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Written by Thomas Jefferson, it reflected his Enlightenment interests in science and argued the American continent produced plants, animals, and people who were equal to those in Europe.

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Roger Sherman

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Early American lawyer and politician, he also served as the first mayor of New Haven, Connecticut, along with the Committee of Five. He was the only man to sign all 4 great papers of the United States.

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Robert Livingston

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Worked on the Committee of Five, also helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase

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John Trumbull

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American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War, Trumbull is famous for his realistic paintings for very prominent people or events.

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Jacksonian Democracy

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Thought up by President Andrew Jackson, this idea focused mainly on Manifest Destiny and the Laissez Faire economics.

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Brook Farm

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Utopian experimental community that allowed every citizen to do whatever work they desired, and everyone was paid equally. However, the community was never financially stable as they could never make enough money off agriculture and clothes, etc.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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American poet and philospher, Emerson is widely known as the leader of the Transcadentalist Movement. His "The American Scholar" speech is still considered the "Intellectual Declaration of Independence"

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Henry David Thoreau

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American author and philosopher, and leader in the Transcendentalist movement. His famous essay, Civil Disobedience, was an argument for individual resistance to civil government.

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Margaret Fuller

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Journalist and woman's rights activist associated with the transcendental movement. Her book "Women in the Nineteenth Century" is the first major feminist work in the United States.

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William Woodsworth

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Major English Romantic Poet who helped launch the Romantic Age in English Literature with his publication "Lyrical Ballads"

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James Fenimore Cooper

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American writer most commonly known for his stories of American Indians and the frontier life. His most famous piece of work is "The Last of the Mohicans"

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William Cullen Bryant

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American romantic poet, journalist, and long time editor of the New York Evening Post

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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Wrote the frontier thesis: "The further west you go, the more American the community is"

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Trail of Tears

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Relocation and movement of Native Americans in the United States from their homeland to Indian Territory

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George Catlin

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AMerican painter who focused on portraits of Native Americans in the Old West.

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Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition

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The telephone, typographic machine, and the first electric light were all displayed

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Gospel of Wealth

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"It is the rich man's responsibility to distribute his fortune in a way that will be put to good use" (Andrew Carnegie)

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Horatio Alger

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wrote stories of poor boys working hard to become financially stable ("Pull yourself up by your boot straps")

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Thorstein Veblen

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Sociologist and economist and founder of the Institutional Economics Movement

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The Gilded Age

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novel written to satirize greed and political corruption in post civil war America. The title became synonymous with materialism and corruption in public life.

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13th Amendment

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Abolished slavery

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14th Amendment

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Outlined the guidelines of what it means to be a citizen

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15th Amendment

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Gave black males the right to vote

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Freedman's Bureau

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Idea proposed by Abraham Lincoln for congress to aid former slaves through education, health care, and employment. This agency became key during reconstruction in helping black freedom

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Booker T. Washington

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Freed slave at age nine, became educated at Hampton Institute. Later in his life, Washington was appointed as the leader of the Tuskegee Institute, a teaching college for blacks.

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W.E.B. Dubois

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American civil rights activist, historian, and author. He was labeled the "father of pan-africism", and did everything he could to fight for equality for blacks

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Ida Wells Barnett

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Civil Rights leader and a woman's rights leader, campaigned heavily for woman's suffrage. Worked with others to help improve living circumstances for blacks and other races who were marginalized for their race or gender.

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Progressive Reform

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Came about through industrialization, was initially successful at the local level then graduated to national appeal. Progressives shared a common belief in the ability of science, technology, and disinterested expertise to identify problems and come up with the best solution.

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Lincoln Steffens

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American journalist, he was part of a famous muckraking trio that tried to unveil political corruption. He was also famous for his quote, "I have been to the future, and it works" after visiting the USSR in 1921.

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Ida Tarbell

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American teacher and writer, she was a famous muckraker. She famously wrote a 65 page report on John Rockefeller's Oil Company after he bankrupted her father.

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Upton Sinclair

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Pulitzer Prize winning author, he was famous for his investigative works on socialists views. His most famous piece is "The Jungle", a novel uncovering the problems with the meat packing industry.

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Theodore Roosevelt

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26th President of the United States, he was the leader of both the republican and socialist parties. Helped with the Spanish American War for the U.S., and helped to develop the Panama Canal.

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Tenement

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More commonly known as apartment buildings, these buildings housed families in less than sanitary conditions. They were known for the cheap rent, but often they were awful.

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Degas

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Regarded as one of the founders of impressionism, he was famous for sculpting dancers. This showed his mastery of the element, which helped boost his work to be considered among the finest in history.

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Monet

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Founder of French impressionism painting, Monet was the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movements philosophy of expressing one's philosophy before nature.

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Renoir

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French artist who was a leading painter of the impressionist style

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Armory Show of 1913

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Exhibit that houses paintings by Degas, Monet, Renoir, Van Gogh, and Picasso. It was the first international exhibit of modern art in America.

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Gertrude Stein

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Famous art collector in France

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Manhatten Project

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Project to develop the first nuclear bomb. This project began in 1942, and culminated with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The scientific research was directed by American scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer

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Albert Einstein

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German born scientist, he is best known for his theory of relativity. His equation, E=MC2, is world famous.

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J. Robert Oppenheimer

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American physicist and teacher and University of California-Berkley, he is best known for his work with the Manhattan Project.

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Norman Rockwell

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American painter and illustrator, he is widely known for creating the cover illustrations for the Saturday Evening Post for 40 years. He painted a series called "The Four Freedoms", one that showed the four rights every American should have: From Want, From Fear, Of Speech, and to Worship.

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Dwight Eisenhower

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President from 1953 until 1961, he was also the Supreme Commander for the Allied Forces in World War II. He is responsible for launching the space race and enlarging the Social Security Program.

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Joseph McCarthy

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U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, served from 1947 until 1957. he was the face of the anti-communist movement in America, and made countless claims that there were communist spies all over the American government.

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Edward R. Murrow

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American broadcast journalist, he first came to prominence when he broadcasted during World War II. He was outspoken against the communist movement, and gave a famous telecast called "See It Now" where he documented why it was wrong.

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Project Mercury

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First human space-flight program in the United States. It ran from 1959 until 1963, and its goal was to put a human in orbit around the globe. It cost the country nearly $400 million.

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Project Gemini

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The second human space-flight program in the U.S., this project sent 10 manned flights up between 1965 and 1966. Its main objective was to develop techniques for advance space travel, and it worked with extravehicular activity and docking of the ship.

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"2001, A Space Odyssey"

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1968 science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, deals with technology, artificial intelligence and extraterrestrial life. Today is recognized as one of the best films ever made, it was nominated for four Academy Awards and won one for visual effects.

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Geneva Accords

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Conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam. The accords granted Indochina freedom from France, and agreed to withdraw opposing troops from the country. (1954)

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

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In response to a U.S. Battleship being attacked in the gulf near Vietnam, President Johnson ordered immediate retaliation. This was important because Johnson said it wasn't war, it was just response.

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Domino Theory

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Foreign Policy enacted by the United States, idea that if one nation falls under communist rule, the other surrounding countries would have to as well. Idea that a small change could make a big difference later on in life. (1954)

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J. William Fulbright

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U.S. Senator from Arkansas, served from 1945 to 1975. In 1966, he published "The Arrogance of Power," in which he attacked the justification of the Vietnam War, Congress' failure to set limits on it, and the impulses that gave way to it.

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Gunnar Myrdal

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Swedish Economist, he is famous for writing "An American Dilemna." This talked about the problems with blacks and modern democracy, and helped to decide the outcome of the "Brown v. Board of Education" case.

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Emmett Till

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African American boy who was murdered by two white older men while visiting his aunt and uncle in Mississippi. His murder fueled the civil rights battle, and was the first time the NAACP became actively involved in the prosecution of White Men.

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David Reisman

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United States Sociologist, attorney, and educator. His book, "A Lonely Crowd" (1950) is a sociological study of modern conformity, and how people cared much more about what their neighbors thought after the war.

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Betty Friedan

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American Writer, Activist, and Feminist. Her 1963 book "The Feminine Mystique" brought to light the lack of fulfillment in women's lives. Friedan is remembered as the foremost leader of the women's activists actions of the 1970's.

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Allen Ginsberg

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American Poet. He is best known for his poem "Howl" (1956), which celebrated his friends who were part of the Beat Generation, and attacked what he saw as the destructive forces of materialism and conformity in the U.S.

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Richard Nixon

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37th President of the U.S., he served from 1969 until 1974. He was the only president to resign from office after the Watergate scandal of 1972. Nixon resigned two years after the incident.

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Henry Kissinger

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American politican, he served as the National Security Advisor and the Secretary of State under Nixon's terms. He famously drew up the "detente" plans for the U.S. to peacefully leave Vietnam, but it eventually failed.

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Robert Altman

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American film director. His movie "Nashville" (1975) a musical, takes a snapshot of people involved in the country and gospel businesses in Nashville, Tennessee.

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Martin Scorcese

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Award winning film director and producer. His film "Taxi Driver" (1976) follows a 26 year old Vietnam Vet as he struggles to re-enter American Society. He drives a cab at night in NYC, as he struggles to sleep from insomnia from the war.

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Sidney Lumet

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American director. His movie "Network" (1976) is a satirical film about a fictional broadcasting company, and its struggles to get good ratings.

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George Lucas

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Academy Award winning director, he is most famous for his series "Star Wars." Beginning in 1977, it is an american space opera film. It was groundbreaking in the area of special effects.

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Gloria Steinem

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American feminine activist and journalist. In 1972, Steinem became the founding editor and publisher of "Ms. Magazine", which brought feminine issues to the forefront and became the movements most influential publication.

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Judy Chicago

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Feminist artist who has been working since the 1960's. Her most famous work, "The Dinner Party" (1974-79) is an illustration artwork depicting place settings for 39 mythical and historical famous women. Chicago wanted to "end the ongoing cycle of omission in which women were written out of the historical record."

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Tony Kushner

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American playwright. He is famous for his 1992 play "Angels in America"....

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Maxine Kingston

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Chinese immigrant author, her most famous work is "Woman Warrior" (1975), a semi-biographical novel that explores ethnicity and gender roles, especially in her context as a Chinese-American Woman.

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Toni Morrison

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Nobel prize winning American author. Her most famous work, "Beloved" (1987), is loosely based on the life of Margaret Garner. Garner was famous for killing her child instead of letting her return to slavery.

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Jim Hubbard

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In the early 1980's, he created "Shooting Back", an organization dedicated to empowering children at risk by teaching the photography.

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Wendy Ewald

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American photographer and educator, her work was defined by "helping children to see" and the "camera as a tool for expression"