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214 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Max Weber
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the Protestant practicing of self denial but the attainment of wealth from fruits of labor and your calling is a blessing from God
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William Perkins
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-God's calling is imposed on man for the common good
- Work hard, avoid idleness - idleness is a denial of the human essence |
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The Protestant Work Ethic
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working hard and being successful at one's calling is a sign one is being "saved"
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Calvinists
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Predestination
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The Capitalist Spirit (from Protestantism)
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saving and frugality are requirements of a successful capitalist business plan.
Saving and self-denial are important to both |
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How to Better One's Condition
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hard work and the Protestant personal traits (especially frugality and saving)
the metaphor was created by Adam Smith |
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The Race of Life
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Fundamental American Ideal
It is okay to lose the race of life as long as the race was fair. |
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Benjamin Franklin
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personification of puritan themes in secular terms.
methodically developed himself self-improvement through protestant ideals |
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Jonathan Boucher
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late 18th century
most important loyalist cities the ideas of Locke as the wrong ideas for America bitterly opposes disobedience towards one's government attacks the notion of government by consent glorifies traditional Christian Commonwealth respect and revere authority submission to authority is the natural tendency of people because the powers are ordained by God |
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Republican reading of the American Revolution
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Americans motivated by Republican civil interests.
saw Britain as inhibiting their right to govern themselves as a community Britain was oppressing their civic and patriotic spirit Republican imagery in nomenclature "Ithaca, Rome, Syracuse" |
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Tom Paine
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late 18th century
"Common Sense" - incredibly successful in making those on the fence of revolution join the cause Radical Egalitarian - America is great because the poor are not oppressed and the rich are not privileged Viciously attacks the monarchy Those who are worthy are self-made - people of talent and ability should lead society Government and society are separate - government is a necessary evil (from Locke) |
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The American Paradox (from the war of Independence)
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On the one hand America is the most democratic egalitarian country but its institutions restrain that spirit from legislation and public policy
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The War for Independence
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Who will rule at home? - England or Americans?
fought mostly by commercial elites and New England professionals |
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The American Revolution
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Who will rule? The elites or the masses?
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Factors contributing to traditional elites rise to power
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Changes in land ownership - land is more widely and equally distributed
- Violence: taring + feathering, lynching, and vigilantes became common democratic violence (popular sovereignty) - The War: provided a political education for the masses. The American masses defeated the British and undermined the dependence on social elites |
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The "New Men"
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new type of legislators after the American Revolution
typically moderate men like farmers |
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Articles of Confederation
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1776-1788
No president, power decentralized to the states, no senate or judiciary, states had veto power. dominance of legislators no separation of powers widely extended suffrage states in extensive debt from the war |
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Shay's rebellion
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angry farmers destroyed debt records.
sparked the constitutional convention to change the articles of confederation |
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"Government" vs "Liberty"
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seen as the power of government trumping liberty and democracy (hamilton)
creation of the president - the ultimate sign of government trumping liberty and democracy |
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Opponents of the Constitution
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Patrick Henry: saw it as a government as powerful as Louis XVI
Richard Henry Lee: "an elected despotism" Edmond Randolf: presidency as a new king |
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James Madison
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architect of the constitution late 18th - early 19th century
protégé of Jefferson drafted the bill of rights Lockean values - govt an umpire greatest lockean achievement - how to institutionalize limited government through separation of powers |
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Madison on Factions
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was worried about factions (interest groups) (fed 10) - the more factions the better so that they will all compete and no one will take a monopolized hold
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Federalists & Filtration
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elitists, anti democratic, give power to the social betters, take power from the "new men"
described the constitution as a successful "filtration" of those less qualified to run govt richer than anti-feds |
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Anti-Federalists & Mirror
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Did not want representation, wanted democracy
Representatives should "mirror" the people and the community = have the same views, not be socially superior saw the senate as "aristocratic", a repression of the common man poorer than feds, local elites |
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"Commercial Republic"
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desired by the federalists
government should keep the peace so that men could enjoy their prosperity in safety. |
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"Moral Republic"
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desired by the anti-federalists
America should be a moral government and seek the moral good of the community no religious tolerance or individuality |
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Article 6
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"no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office in the United States"
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Jefferson - Agrarian Ideal
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farmers are virtuous
America's vast untamed land = morality subdue the earth and make it productive (Lockean and Puritan) justifies Louisiana Purchase moral America = rural farming America |
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Jefferson - Egalitarian Democrat
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great faith in the people
creates the Democratic party to counter the federalist party wanted universal white suffrage wanted direct election of senators, the president, and judges opposed the supreme court advocate of direct democracy champion of the bill or rights disputed natural superiority |
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Jefferson - States' Rights
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decentralist opponent of Hamilton
wanted states be able to refuse to carry out laws they considered unconstitutional (response to alien and sedition acts) (this argument used by slave states) |
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Jefferson - Church and State
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a "wall of separation between church and state"
preoccupied with science and technology |
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Jefferson - Slavery and Racism
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wanted slavery to be abolished
never freed his own slaves even after death wanted slaves expelled from the country blacks and whites could no co-exist in America |
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Hamilton vs Madison
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Hamilton: preoccupation with the powers of each branch. Wanted an "energetic" active government to execute laws.
Madison: preoccupation with checks and balances |
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Hamilton on powers of branches
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designed a slow legislation system, the executive should be the fast system.
judiciary - has no force or will; depends on the actions of the other branches |
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Anti-Federalists
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their problems: lack of a bill of rights
rushed through the constitution necessary and proper clause gave unlimited power to govt |
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The Paradox of Jefferson
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Enlightened thinker but still racist against blacks and native Americans
Blacks: were like animals Native Americans: thought they could be educated. They were not Lockean moral individuals, they needed to be civilized. Wanted them to enjoy property and subdue nature. |
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Jackson
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significance early 19th century
a military hero, a frontiersman lived during the party system and the growth of factories A Jeffersonian democrat (except about states' rights) |
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The Whig Party and the "American System"
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whigs from the British which party which opposed the Stewart Monarchy
they opposed Jackson as a King Hamiltonian privileged economic ideals Hamiltonian statist ideals- state control of the economy business and corporations good for the economy |
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Henry Clay
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Whig party member
argued for a national tariff and internal improvement like canals and roads |
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Jackson - Energetic American Spirit
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Government should leave people alone to farm
the spirit: America as a land of equal opportunity, hard work leads to success. the dignity of labor urge for upward economic mobility an egalitarian society where everyone is preoccupied with gaining wealth no social hierarchy Americans never satisfied with their present condition, always wanting to better their condition |
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Jackson's Presidency
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active vision of presidency - wanted a strong and assertive rule
wanted to speak for the people vetoed congressional legislation that favored business created the spoils system as a democratization of govt |
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Jackson and States' Rights
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unlike Jefferson
saw the union as a unified force not a nation of states |
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George Bancroft
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power in the popular wisdom of the people
public opinion gives government power unabashed romantic populism |
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Jackson and "The People"
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voice of the people
wanted direct election of the president "the people" were the producing class which excluding the rich who did not make things |
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Jackson's Crusade Against the Monster Bank
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bank was a horrible thing which late 19th century
used bribery, favoritism, and made money without producing things (immoral) Jackson vetoed charter for the bank in 1892 argued that the bank inhibited equal opportunity and was a monopoly bankers, financiers, and corporate privileged were the new aristocracy called for limited govt - laissez-faire |
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Jackson and Indians
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fight against the indians for civilization and virtue over savagery and barbarism
they did not exhibit Lockean virtuous property owning qualifications like banks they were idle, lazy, and refused to produce anything |
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Orestes Brownson and the Laboring class
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19th century left wing Jacksonian
bitterly assaulted capitalism advocated Christian Socialism Northern wage laborers were worst off than slaves solution: workers become independent property owners there should never be a permanent working class, work until one saves up enough to own a farm/shop/etc |
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Thoreau
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19th century
wrote about resisting government relates to Jacksonian radical individualism slavery must be ended by individual morality individuals should not pay taxes anti-statist anarchist attacked Jacksons view of bettering one's condition and materialism people should spend their lives peacefully in nature |
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Paradox of Slavery
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the American ideal of Lockean freedom and rights to property were incompatible with the institution of slavery
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Slavery and the American Revolution
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Revolutionaries feared that GB would make Americans into slaves
thought only black people were deserving of such a status claimed that GB sought to enslave them |
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Slavery and the Constitution
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no mention of slavery in the constitution
Northerns wanted southerners to be taxed for slaves as property Southerners saw them as people and wanted to use them to get more votes for representatives 3/5 compromise |
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Anti-Slavery and Women's Rights
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in the north free blacks had the same status as women
both were widely discriminated they went hand in hand before the civil war used Lockean rhetoric from the Declaration of Independence their alliance would break down after the civil war |
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The Declaration of Women's Rights
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19th century (1848) in Senenca Falls
language and a direct application of the Declaration of Independence |
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Abolitionists
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first great American reform movement based on moral passion
primarily whites in the north slavery a moral crime which offended religion and Lockean ideals of liberalism usually led by deeply religious people |
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Theodore Wells
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Abolitionist
three main arguments: it was a sin against God, it violated human rights, and it was an inhumane system |
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William Chaney
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abolitionist
slavery denied the moral essence of the self |
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Frederick Douglas
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late 19th century
The Declaration of Independence is meaningless to slaves |
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Wendall Philips
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Abolitionist
argued that when government interferes with the natural rights of people the people were justified to rebel; the blacks could revolt |
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Abolitionist
single major organizing force though his magazine - the liberator called the slavery in the constitution "the covenant of death" was opposed to political action to end slavey - it supported the constitution which he hated called for a moral crusade to immediately end slavery the northern states should succeed from the south if they did not abolish slavery non-violence philosophy |
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David Walker
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Abolitionist: Malcolm X style violence
very militant about freeing blacks opposes non-violence wanted a slave uprising to end slavery |
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Political Abolitionists
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wanted the government to end slavery
sent millions of petitions to congress to end it worked through northern politicians Abraham Lincoln was among them |
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Nat Turner slave uprising in 1831
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turning point for southern slave owners. Before they had been embarrassed about slavery but now in response to this and abolitionists, they angrily defended it
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Slavery Defenders - from Scripture
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Both the old and new testament assume slavery
Christ never disapproved of slavery both Paul and Peter advocated slavery |
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Slavery Defenders - Social Theory
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it was the ideal form of social order
it provided social stability it provided the proper place and rank Aristotle: some people are slaves by nature |
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Mud Sill Theory
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James Henry Hammond
in every society there is always a group of people required to do the drudgeries of life. the blacks were the perfect race that was adapted to that purpose every great civilization needs slaves to make the mud sill that society is built upon |
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Slavery Defenders - Medieval Romanticism
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recreating the organic hierarchical feudal world
everyone knew his place and was happy |
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George Fitzhugh
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Defender of Slavery 19th century
single most developed repudiation of Lockean Ideals attacked northern wage laborers free society has failed and should be replaced by slavery everything went wrong with Locke and his notions of equality Jefferson made the mistake of including human rights in the declaration of independence rejects the American spirit |
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George Fitzhugh - Free Society
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was a bitter and immoral competitive struggle
marked by constant conflict to win the race of life means to pull others down free society results in the exploitation of workers |
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George Fitzhugh - Feudalism
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feudalism was better than free society
kings loved and protected the poor condemns Puritan roots of America it is closer to the ideal of a family - no rivalry or competition slaves are well fed and have no dread of the future slaves were like children that needed to be cared for (they could not read or write) |
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John Calhoun
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19th century
defender of slavery saw the south as a happy family and community the north was too competitive and sought to undermine each other |
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John Calhoun - Federalists #10
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followed Madison's ideals that Government needed to be limited and restricted in power
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John Calhoun - Concurrent Majority
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the government should not take the majority as the numerical majority - should see the community as one unit with one common interest
Government should take the will of each community's interest into account No one interest should be able to dominate society an extreme version of Madison's checks and balances the South is an oppressed minority |
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Hamiltonianism
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late 18th century
centralized power elitist, privileged, wealth, social superiority economy characterized by government direction republic as an urbane and manufacturing America |
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Hamilton - Human Nature
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grim, bleak, realistic, pessimistic: wrote of the folly and wickedness of mankind
similar to Burke's view considered the people "a great beast" society should be run by social superiors |
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Hamilton - The Constitution
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Hated the Articles of Confederation
he wanted a highly un-democratic government wanted a president and senate that would serve for life president to have absolute veto virtual elimination of state government |
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Hamilton - The Presidency
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to be the heart of the American State
a sign of strength, vigor, and energy wanted the State to be all-encompassing and lead people to virtuous life (not just limited) he wanted an intervening institution (hence the standing army) |
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Hamilton - State Building
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needed: a strong president, a strong national army, a strong commercial industrial economy
wanted to create a financial infrastructure for a capitalist industrial economy did not want laissez-faire a capitalist order run by the central government |
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Jefferson vs Hamilton
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J: farmers at the heart, laissez-faire limited gov, strong states weak central "strict constructionist"
H: factories at the heart, imposing active gov, weak states strong central "loose constructionist" |
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The Great Struggle of Jefferson
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the National Bank
the central govt has no authority to create a corporation like the national bank, Hamilton points to the necessary and proper clause |
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The Mythic Lincoln (2 Components)
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The Democratic Myth - the quintessential American common man
The Christian Myth - Christ-like persona, atoned for the sins of the nation |
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Lincoln - Views on Slavery
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late 19th century
attacked it as morally repugnant violated fundamental liberal Lockean ideals about human life |
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Lincoln - The Declaration of Independence
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America should draw its ideals from the Declaration of Independence and not the Constitution
slavery violates the right of men to govern themselves Jefferson did not mean for the DOI to immediately make all people free but it was a maxim or a standard that should be realized steadily over time |
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Dread Scott Case
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late 19th century
found that the doctrine "all men created equal" did not apply to slaves. was meant to end the debate over slavery but sparked national resentment |
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Lincoln - The Expansion of Slavery
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Lincoln did not want to abolish slavery in the south
he wanted to prevent slavery from spreading to the western territories and to the north if he could stop it from spreading, it would eventually die out |
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Lincoln - The Relationship of the Races
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Did not see blacks and whites as equal
Did not think they should mix Thought blacks should be sent to Central America or Liberia They, like women, had the fundamental natural rights to be free and independent but no more. No political rights |
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Lincoln - Work and Free Labor
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slavery was a violation of his work ethic - slaves were not able to enjoy the fruits of their own labor (like wage laborers)
Slave owners were idle and benefitted from work they did not do America should rid itself of the two groups that don't subscribe to this ideal - Indians and slave owners |
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Lincoln - Work
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A person should work in a factory and through frugality and thrift save up enough money to buy his own property. Then he could start his own business and hire others to work for him.
No one should work for wages forever, that means something is wrong with the person, not the system If slavery extended to the Western states, people could not realize this ideal there |
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The Civil War
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1861 - 1865
More about the North defending the Lockean Puritan values of work that the slave-owning south had abandoned to preserve the competitive race of life more about preserving the union, the moral meaning of work, bettering one's condition, and free labor than the immorality of slavery |
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Social Darwinism
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develops late 19th century - early 20th century
used to justify American Imperialism (It's God's will) Only the fittest nations survive in the competitive struggle Their victory serves progress and development |
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Racism and Anglo-Saxon Superiority
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late 19th - early 20th century
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James Hosner
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late 19th century
The English speaking race would grow and spread all over the new world Only Anglo-Saxons were capable of political organization |
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Josiah Strong
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19th century
wrote "Our Country" America was destined to dominate the world linked together social darwinism, anglo-saxon racism, and the American ideal |
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Josiah Strong - Two Great Needs of Mankind
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(1) Pure Christianity
(2) Civil Liberty America is the best representative of those two ideals Saw America as the last great frontier to be occupied |
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Imperialism at Home - Indians
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late 19th century
Indians were seen as an inferior unfit race they should be conquered so that America could be civilized |
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Imperialism at Home - Blacks
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late 19th entury
The South passes Jim Crow laws which made blacks inferiors to whites Voting laws made it nearly impossible for blacks to vote |
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Plessy v Ferguson
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1896
"Separate but equal" |
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Imperialism at Home - Chinese
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late 19th century
they were a major source of labor especially for the railroads they were inferior to whites as well halted immigration from China |
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Anti-Immigration League
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late 19th century
Robert Ward, Charles Warren, Prescott Hall believed the Anglo-Saxon race to be superior and threatened by immigrants wanted Congress to pass a literacy test to be admitted into the US |
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Populism - Historical Context
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late 19th century early 20th century
a populist revolt against politicians ordinary folk against intellectual elites during this time weak presidents allowed the government to be virtually run by business both Republican and Democratic parties were run by business |
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Populism - Farmer Discontent
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before the civil war they played a dominant role in American life
now they were inferior to business railroads could charge outrageous fees to transport goods government tariffs passed for businesses not farmers |
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The Controversy - Inflation vs Deflation
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Populists wanted inflation to expand the money supply so that debts were easier to pay off. They fought for the coining of silver, soft money at a low value
Corporations: wanted deflation to control the money supply. They wanted hard money and stable currency to preserve their wealth. |
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Populism - Farmer Conspiracy
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Farmers believed there was a vast conspiracy against them by businesses.
believed they could improve themselves by expelling businesses relived the mood of Jefferson and Jackson - the people against the elite businesses |
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The People and the People's Party
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1891
attacked the early trade union movement made of farm groups and the knights of labor |
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Ignacious Donnelly
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most powerful voice of the populists
published "Caesar's Column" - a utopian novel set in America railroad and party bosses had deceived and exploited them all |
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James B Weaver
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Populist presidential candidate
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Populist Party Platform
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demanded the free unlimited coinage of silver at 16:1 rate
wanted graduated income tax Nationalization of railroads, telephones, telegraphs, and land A single term for presidents, direct election of senators, referendum and recall a more direct democracy |
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Populist Rhetoric
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hatred of the city and the foreigner
nostalgic appeal to the American agrarian pst strong use of nativism (KKK was part of this) |
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The Election of 1896 (Bryan vs McKinley)
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Republican party - McKinley
Democratic & Populist: William Jennings Bryan Populists merged with democrats to have federal regulation of trusts and railroads and for the coinage of silver |
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William Jennings Bryan
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voice of the American Midwest
very religious opposed Darwinism opponent of Imperialism (it only benefitted financiers and corporations) reject corporate aristocracy small producers be restored to their former sstatus |
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Henry Lloyd
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Late 19th-Early 20th century
"Wealth Against Commonwealth" repudiated social darwinism for its idealization of competitive individualism and self-interest critiqued the vast size of corporate entities civilization should resist the strong and protect the weak advocate of socialism advocated a "cooperative commonwealth" where factories democratically governed by workers |
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Edward Bellamy
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late 19th century
The Socialist Utopia "Looking Backward" created the Nationalist movement |
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The Nationalist Movement
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late 19th, early 20th century
created by Edward Bellamy fought for the national control of industry wanted socialism in America though peaceful evolution, not revolution was open to people of all classes (not just working class) Wanted a collectivist economy, a utopia where everyone had equal shares |
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Looking Backwards
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Utopian Novel by Edward Bellamy
Protagonist Julian West America had one employer, one great corporation owned by the people there was no violence, everyone supported this regime Work was compulsory and everyone worked according to their aptitudes No money nor need for exchange Repudiated the American Ideals of frugality and thrift Repudiates Social Darwinism - people should work together |
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Lester Ward
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late 19th, early 20th century
used the leftist view of social darwinism Humans transcend animals and plants though intelligence. People can use their intelligence to cooperate and further society and civilization |
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Lester Ward - "Misarchy"
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America's instinctive dislike for government
Thought it must be abandoned to advance in society Government must be strengthened as the social went of the people, to protect the people Misarchy must give way to sociocracy |
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Lester Ward - "Sociocracy"
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Society running the government for society's sake.
Misarchy must give way to sociocracy America suffered from under-government |
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Mugwumps
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closest thing to American aristocracy
late 19th early 20th century they were opposed to the "new men" of money and wealth for them wealth came from families and the old money despised the potential power of corporations focused on religion and history overtly anti-semetic |
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Progressive "Mood"
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sucessor to populism
early 20th century never set up a national organization like populism intellectuals, politicians, religions officials, citizens, social workers worked outside politics |
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Progressive Reforms
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reacting to the growth of industrial capitalism and the unchecked growth of cities and its poverty
Wanted to restore the ideals of the past without sacrificing the material gains of the present |
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The Progressive Movement
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nostalgia for the past when single individuals and not corporations made the important decisions in American life
political democracy, competitive capitalism, and property rights - Lockean consensus called for the extension of government control but were enemies of socialism growth of government to restore individual freedom great faith in democracy and the individual wanted to lessen the gap between government and people |
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The Progressives - Economy
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wanted it focused on the individual
revision of capitalism through checking monopolies and trust the government should penalize those who play dirty |
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The Progressives - Ideals
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Individualist America - good people, good government, honest business
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Muckrakers
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Name given to progressive writers by Teddy Roosevelt
they wrote about the evils of American life - money monopolies, city corruption, political corruption - these were all called by bad men reform should replace the bad men with good men |
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Lincoln Steffan
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early 20th century Muckraker
"The Shame of Cities" even good men became bad because of city corruption the businessman was the special culprit |
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Upton Sinclair
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Early 20th century Muckraker
wrote "the Jungle" was a socialist - the American economy was responsible wanted to expose bad men so they could be replaced |
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Early Progressive Reforms
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enemies of boss rule
successful urban and state reforms sought to destroy the machine and boss rule by enabling the people to directly choose candidates direct election of senators is achieved |
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Difference between the Populists and Progressives
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progressives were less committed to turning the government over to the ordinary plain people
progressives had less faith in the people - wanted to get rid of corruption in politics and end big business from dominating politics wanted experts and professionals to run the government, not ordinary people |
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Progressives - Urban Reform
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first modern welfare reform
workman's comp, child labor laws, minimum wage etc. Developed the settlement houses |
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Florence Kelley
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late 18th early 19th century
works at Jane Adam's settlement houses gets legislation passed for limited hours children and women could work |
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Walter Rauschenbusch
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late 19th early 20th century
wrote "Christianity and the Social Crisis" Social Darwinism and Capitalism violated the fundamental ideals and principles of Christianity Christian was against materialism, against treating people like objects individual should value their soul |
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Monsignor John Ryan
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late 19th, early 20th century
wrote "A Living Age" the state should not be indefinitely small or large impact on social welfare and children labor laws |
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Teddy Roosevelt
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best representation of progressivism
image of ceaseless activity the steward of the people - like Jackson an active president that would lead congress and his own party inspired by the teachings of Herbert Croly |
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Herbert Croly and "New Nationalism"
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late 19th early 20th century
advocated national interest and not corporate interest accepted big business but countered it with big government move away from individualism and towards nationalism |
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"New Nationalism" - Hamilton and Jefferson
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Hamiltonian concept of public policy - large central state controlling the nation that should be given extensive authority over the lives of citizens but to a Jeffersonian end - equal benefits for all
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National Public Interest
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a notion invented in the early 20th century by the progressives
a repudiation of social darwinism - defeating the natural laws of free unrestrained action a restoration of purpose to politics - a moral end of the state, public life should have a purpose Government should have a national purpose and national interest |
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Roosevelt's Foreign Policy
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embodied Croly's Nationalism
Imperialism fit well into their policy Imperialism used to further the national interest (like the Panama Canal) |
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Woodrow Wilson
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A moral man (rather than rational) convinced he was one of God's chosen few
approved of Imperialism to benefit the conquered people Disapproved of businessmen Highly inspired by the writings of Louis Brandeis |
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Wilson - the Presidency
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as an Anglophile he saw the British Parliamentary system as far better than America's checks and balances
hated the rivalry between congress and the presidency |
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Louis Brandeis
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His philosophy "New Freedom"
rejected corporate industrial big business Trusts had corrupted the government and needed to be broken Aid to small business and crushing big business Opposed big government as a counter to big business Government should be small and limited - the economy should be fragmented |
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Louis Brandeis - Nostalgia
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Plea for the return to old America - small business units, free competition, small town America
recreate the opportunity for new enterprise allow the small man to succeed |
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Wilson's "New Freedom" and a Moral World
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foreign policy was moralism
political issues could only be solved morally moral evaluation of governments for public policy wanted to establish the League of Nations after WWI |
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Progressives - Science
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endorsed scientific approach to more subjects - especially social science
intelligent students should lead America social scientists - free of bias repudiation of social darwinism |
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Progressives - Pragmatism
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invented by the progressive movement
Empirical facts over natural laws or metaphysical truths Social Darwinism meant nature controlled man No higher truths just factual results experimentation, change, and political reform |
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Victoria Woodhull
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late 19th early 20th century
advocate of women's rights ran for president in 1872 proposes a 16th amendment to Congress which would allow women to vote |
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Victoria Woodhull - Free Love and Sexual Satisfaction
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she celebrated women's sexuality - pointed out the double standard
advocated free love and the sexual emancipation of women |
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Emma Goldman
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Late 19th early 20th century
American Anarchist "Red Emma" subversive radical opposed women's suffrage championed women's sexuality as "women's puritanism" the enemy: government, religion, and tradition which imposed restraints on natural sexual desires |
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Victoria Woodhull
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late 19th early 20th century
advocate of women's rights ran for president in 1872 proposes a 16th amendment to Congress which would allow women to vote |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman
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Late 19th early 20th century
An intellectual not an activism conventional views on sexuality as intended only for procreation explained women as subordinate |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman - Economic Subordination
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women subordinate to men in economic terms
Economic value provided to men by wives A "sexual division of labor" - wanted to sever the ties of cleaning and cooking to just women, it should be a communal profession |
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Victoria Woodhull - Free Love and Sexual Satisfaction
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she celebrated women's sexuality - pointed out the double standard
advocated free love and the sexual emancipation of women |
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Victoria Woodhull
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late 19th early 20th century
advocate of women's rights ran for president in 1872 proposes a 16th amendment to Congress which would allow women to vote |
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Emma Goldman
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Late 19th early 20th century
American Anarchist "Red Emma" subversive radical opposed women's suffrage championed women's sexuality as "women's puritanism" the enemy: government, religion, and tradition which imposed restraints on natural sexual desires |
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Victoria Woodhull - Free Love and Sexual Satisfaction
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she celebrated women's sexuality - pointed out the double standard
advocated free love and the sexual emancipation of women |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman
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Late 19th early 20th century
An intellectual not an activism conventional views on sexuality as intended only for procreation explained women as subordinate |
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Victoria Woodhull
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late 19th early 20th century
advocate of women's rights ran for president in 1872 proposes a 16th amendment to Congress which would allow women to vote |
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Victoria Woodhull
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late 19th early 20th century
advocate of women's rights ran for president in 1872 proposes a 16th amendment to Congress which would allow women to vote |
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Emma Goldman
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Late 19th early 20th century
American Anarchist "Red Emma" subversive radical opposed women's suffrage championed women's sexuality as "women's puritanism" the enemy: government, religion, and tradition which imposed restraints on natural sexual desires |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman - Economic Subordination
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women subordinate to men in economic terms
Economic value provided to men by wives A "sexual division of labor" - wanted to sever the ties of cleaning and cooking to just women, it should be a communal profession |
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Victoria Woodhull - Free Love and Sexual Satisfaction
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she celebrated women's sexuality - pointed out the double standard
advocated free love and the sexual emancipation of women |
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Victoria Woodhull - Free Love and Sexual Satisfaction
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she celebrated women's sexuality - pointed out the double standard
advocated free love and the sexual emancipation of women |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman
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Late 19th early 20th century
An intellectual not an activism conventional views on sexuality as intended only for procreation explained women as subordinate |
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Emma Goldman
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Late 19th early 20th century
American Anarchist "Red Emma" subversive radical opposed women's suffrage championed women's sexuality as "women's puritanism" the enemy: government, religion, and tradition which imposed restraints on natural sexual desires |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman - Economic Subordination
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women subordinate to men in economic terms
Economic value provided to men by wives A "sexual division of labor" - wanted to sever the ties of cleaning and cooking to just women, it should be a communal profession |
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Emma Goldman
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Late 19th early 20th century
American Anarchist "Red Emma" subversive radical opposed women's suffrage championed women's sexuality as "women's puritanism" the enemy: government, religion, and tradition which imposed restraints on natural sexual desires |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman
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Late 19th early 20th century
An intellectual not an activism conventional views on sexuality as intended only for procreation explained women as subordinate |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman
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Late 19th early 20th century
An intellectual not an activism conventional views on sexuality as intended only for procreation explained women as subordinate |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman - Economic Subordination
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women subordinate to men in economic terms
Economic value provided to men by wives A "sexual division of labor" - wanted to sever the ties of cleaning and cooking to just women, it should be a communal profession |
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Victoria Woodhull
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late 19th early 20th century
advocate of women's rights ran for president in 1872 proposes a 16th amendment to Congress which would allow women to vote |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman - Economic Subordination
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women subordinate to men in economic terms
Economic value provided to men by wives A "sexual division of labor" - wanted to sever the ties of cleaning and cooking to just women, it should be a communal profession |
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Victoria Woodhull - Free Love and Sexual Satisfaction
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she celebrated women's sexuality - pointed out the double standard
advocated free love and the sexual emancipation of women |
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Emma Goldman
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Late 19th early 20th century
American Anarchist "Red Emma" subversive radical opposed women's suffrage championed women's sexuality as "women's puritanism" the enemy: government, religion, and tradition which imposed restraints on natural sexual desires |
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Louis Brandeis - Nostalgia
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Plea for the return to old America - small business units, free competition, small town America
recreate the opportunity for new enterprise allow the small man to succeed |
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Wilson's "New Freedom" and a Moral World
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foreign policy was moralism
political issues could only be solved morally moral evaluation of governments for public policy wanted to establish the League of Nations after WWI |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman
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Late 19th early 20th century
An intellectual not an activism conventional views on sexuality as intended only for procreation explained women as subordinate |
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Victoria Woodhull
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late 19th early 20th century
advocate of women's rights ran for president in 1872 proposes a 16th amendment to Congress which would allow women to vote |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman - Economic Subordination
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women subordinate to men in economic terms
Economic value provided to men by wives A "sexual division of labor" - wanted to sever the ties of cleaning and cooking to just women, it should be a communal profession |
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Progressives - Science
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endorsed scientific approach to more subjects - especially social science
intelligent students should lead America social scientists - free of bias repudiation of social darwinism |
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Progressives - Pragmatism
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invented by the progressive movement
Empirical facts over natural laws or metaphysical truths Social Darwinism meant nature controlled man No higher truths just factual results experimentation, change, and political reform |
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Victoria Woodhull
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late 19th early 20th century
advocate of women's rights ran for president in 1872 proposes a 16th amendment to Congress which would allow women to vote |
|
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Victoria Woodhull - Free Love and Sexual Satisfaction
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she celebrated women's sexuality - pointed out the double standard
advocated free love and the sexual emancipation of women |
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Emma Goldman
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late 19th early 20th century
American Anarchist "Red Emma" subversive radical opposed women's suffrage championed women's sexuality as "women's puritanism" the enemy: government, religion, and tradition which imposed restraints on natural sexual desires |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman
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Late 19th early 20th century
An intellectual not an activism conventional views on sexuality as intended only for procreation explained women as subordinate |
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Charlotte Perkins Gillman - Economic Subordination
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women subordinate to men in economic terms
Economic value provided to men by wives A "sexual division of labor" - wanted to sever the ties of cleaning and cooking to just women, it should be a communal profession |
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Herbert Hoover
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early 20th century
embodied progressive ideals "rugged individualism" repeating the social and political ideals of the social darwinist movement tampering with economic freedom will limit individual freedom |
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Franklin Roosevelt - Platform
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personification of the New Deal
government must act to end the Great depression - no plan, just experiment with different things until something worked political representation of pragmatism |
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Hoover - American Individualism
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different from others
pulls together Locke and Adam Smith for the race of life solution: frugality, thrift, protestant living, limited government intervention |
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The New Deal
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mix of New Freedom and New Nationalism
greater government control of the economic system during WWI (without resistance) no nostalgia for the past advocated workers' rights (free of conspiracy) structural defects in the system the cause of bad government, not bad men lack of an ideal image of society corresponding to some past applies pragmatism |
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Keynseanism
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to rid the depression there should be more money in the system
stimulus packages - government putting people to work government had to manipulate the economy to save capitalism |
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Debate Over Planning
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early-mid 20th century
government pledges to end unemployment though public works, development of welfare repudiation of social darwinism human control and management of society for the government |
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Lillenthall
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main planner of the Tennessee Valley Association (TVA)
democracy could control economic life without becoming dictatorial restatement of progressive ideals in terms of national purpose, common interest, and national interest echo of the civic republican ideal called the "Great Plan" |
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Tugwell
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theoretical creator of planning during the New Deal
part of FDR's brain trust repudiated government as a policeman wanted laissez-faire planning repudiates Adam Smith belief in self-interest people could set aside individual interest for government interest |
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Critics of the New Deal - Walter Lippmann
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argued against planning and the new deal
approved of government control in time of war but not in time of peace - an intrusion into personal freedoms free society impossible with planned economy |
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FDR's Democratic Coalition
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combined labor, trade unions, farmers, and the south
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FDR's Corporate Liberalism
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big business okay if combated by big government, big labor, bi agriculture.
Corporate Liberalism from massive competing bodies |
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FDR's Democratic Consumerism
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The New Deal meant to redistribute consumerism
consumption of goods to be more democratic government expect to limit unemployment and enhance American consumerism allow the poor to run the race of life |
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1960s
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a reaction to the 1950s
reaction to the 4 C's Complacent, Conservative, Christian, and the Cold War rejection of the conformity |
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Student Political Thought - 4 convictions
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1. The working class was not an agent of change in America - young intellectuals were
2. the Soviet Union and Marxism was not the wave of the future 3. The problem in America: America had lost their democratic participation 4. Materialistic lifestyle of the 1950s was useless and hallow |
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Tom Hayden
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1960s University of Michigan student
The Manifesto of the New Left Participatory democracy encourage democratic participation of individuals to make decisions that affected their lives and not leave it to others decentralize the American system effort to organize the poor and train them to make higher decisions |
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Counter-Culture
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repudiation of American materialism and middle-class values
generational revolt alternative music and sexual liberation rejected fundamental work ethic envisioned communities over corporatism |
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The Feminine Mystique
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repudiation of the gendered roles of women
women were victims of sexism Betty Friedan |
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Consciousness Raising
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occurred during the mid 60s where women would get together and share their stories of discrimination
helped mold the ideas of women's rights |
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The Red Stockings Manifesto
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1969 created to reach women all over and to organize them together for equal rights
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Liberal feminism
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NOW (National Organization of Women)
called for laws prohibiting sexual discrimination and offering maternity leave etc taps into American equal opportunity in the race of life takes on the legal restraints of women emphasis on rights and individualism locates female inequality in the Political institutions and laws |
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Radical Feminism
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changing laws noes not address the deeper sources of oppression
women are the victim of male psychology of supremacy sexual conditioning leads us to believe men are superior calls for a cultural revolution to replace traditional gender assumptions |
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Separatism
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black self-help achieved through turning inward away from white america
offered for less educated African Americans and the black masses. A populist non intellectual style |
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Integrationism
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strategy of inclusion - integration through inclusion, merging with white America
often articulated by well educated members |
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Booker T Washington
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willing to accept political inequality, white southern dominance, and second class citizenship for blacks
advocated vocational education in agriculture |
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W.E.B Dubois
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rejects Booker T Washington
the negro race would be saved by exceptional and talented men equality though black college leadership ounds the NAACP |
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Marcus Garvey
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separatist position
Founder of United Negro Improvement Association emphasizes black racial identity and black pride reverse the ideals that made white good and black evil advocated economic nationalism - blacks support black business total separatism - blacks return to Africa |
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Why Civil Rights in the 50s and 60s
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WWII is a war against racism but there is racism in America
Blacks benefit from the post war era great migration - blacks clustered in cities can form coalitions and share stories Television shows the brutality of racism The Cold War |
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Bayard Rustion
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pacifist
organizes the Montgomery bus boycott organizes the great march on washington wanted white allies |
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Stokely Carmichael
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from SNICK
spokesman of the black power movement blacks should remove whites from their organizations |
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Martin Luther King
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inspired by Ghandi and Christ
nonviolent but not non confrontational cites Christ as his justification break the law but suffer the consequences |
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Malcolm X
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Black Nationalism
militant appeal Separatist advocates violence as a response to violence |
