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157 Cards in this Set
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Great Plains |
the vast grassland that extends through the central portion of North America, from Texas northwards to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. |
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Sitting Bull |
Famous for the battle at Little Bighorn River. He was a Sioux leader who greatly disliked whites. He was killed by police at Standing Rock Reservation. |
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Assimilation |
a minority group's adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture |
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Dawes Act |
a law enacted in 1887, intended to Americanize Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners |
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Battle of Wounded Knee |
the massacre y US soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890. |
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Homestead Act |
a US law enacted in 1862 that provided 160 acres in the west to anyone who was head of a household and would cultivate the land for five years |
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Exoduster |
African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post Reconstruction years. |
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Soddy |
home built of blocks of turf |
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Morill Acts |
laws enacted in 1862 and 1890 to help create agricultural colleges by giving federal land to states |
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Grange |
the patrons of husbandry - a social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of railroads in the late 19th century. |
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Populism |
a late 19th political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers |
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Bimetallism |
the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system |
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Gold Standard |
a monetary system in which the basic unit of currency is defined in terms of a set amount of gold |
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Edwin L. Drake |
successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859 |
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Bessemer Process |
cheap and effective process for making steel, developed around 1850 |
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Credit Mobilier |
construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves |
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Andrew Carnegie |
one of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune. Gave money to public libraries. In steel business. |
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Vertical Integration |
a company's taking over it's suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of it's product |
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Horizontal Integration |
the merging of companies that make similar products |
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Social Darwinism |
an economic and social philosophy - supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection - holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest |
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John D. Rockefeller |
worlds first billionaire |
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Sherman Antitrust Act |
a law, enacted 1890, intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade |
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Ellis Island |
Immigration station in New York Harbor. Mostly for European immigrants |
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Angel Island |
Mostly for Asian Immigrants, on the west coast. |
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Melting Pot |
a mixture of people from different cultures and races who blend together by abandoning their native cultures. |
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Nativism |
favoring the interests of native born people over foreign born people |
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Chinese Exclusion Act |
prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the US |
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Social Gospel Movement |
19th century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty |
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Jane Addams |
Antiwar activist, spokesperson for racial injustice, advocate for quality of life issues, and influential member of the Settlement House Movement |
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Political Machine |
an organized group that controls a political party in a city and offers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support |
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Boss Tweed |
led a group of corrupt politicians |
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Booker T Washington |
born a slave, graduated from Virginia's Hampton Institute, headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama. |
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W.E.B. DuBois |
first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard, founded the Niagara Movement. |
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Segregation |
separation of people on the basis of race |
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Plessy v. Ferguson |
an 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public accommodations was legal, thus establishing the 'separate but equal' doctrine. |
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Progressive Movement |
an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return the control of the government to the people, to restore the economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. |
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Muckrakers |
magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt sides of business and public life |
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Initiative |
a procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by the lawmakers. |
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Referendum |
a procedure by which a proposed legislate measure can be submitted to a vote of the people. |
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Recall |
a procedure of removing a public official from office by a vote of the people |
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17th Amendment |
provides for the election of Us senators by the people rather than by the state legislators |
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18th Amendment |
Prohibition repealed by Amendment 21 |
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19th Amendment |
Women's suffrage, gave women the right to vote |
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The Jungle |
Written by Upton Sinclair in 1906, revealed the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry |
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Square Deal |
President Theodore Roosevelt's program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business |
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Pure Food and Drug Act |
1906, to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling. |
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Bull Moose Party |
name given to the Progressive Party, formed to support Theodore Roosevelt's candidacy for the presidency in 1912 |
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Imperialism |
the policy of extending a nation's authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means |
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Alfred T. Mahan |
suggested the Us develop it's naval, army, establish naval bases in the Caribbean, construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, and acquire Hawaii and other Pacific islands. |
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William Seward |
Bought Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million |
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Yellow journalism |
sensational style of writing that exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers |
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USS Maine |
a US warship that mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on 4-15-1898 |
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Rough Riders |
volunteer cavalry regiment, commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, that served in the Spanish-American War. |
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Platt Amendment |
a series of provisions that, in 1901, the US insisted Cuba add to its new constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and give the US the right to intervene in the county and the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations |
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Protectorate |
a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power |
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Open Door Note |
messages sent by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan asking the countries to not interfere with US trading rights to China. |
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Roosevelt Corollary |
an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, announced the Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, under which the Us claimed the rights to protect its economic interests by means of military intervention in the affairs of Western Hemisphere relations |
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Dollar Diplomacy |
the Us policy of using the nations economic power to exert influence over other countries |
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Jingoism |
extreme patriotism |
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Sphere of Influence |
where a country has control/influence |
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Nationalism |
a devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation |
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Militarism |
the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy |
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Triple Entente/Allies |
Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Italy |
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Central Powers |
Germany, Austria-Hungary, ottoman empire |
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Trench warfare |
military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on an open field |
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Lusitania |
a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat in 1915 |
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Zimmerman Note |
a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas , New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War 1 |
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Selective Service Act |
a law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service |
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Convoy System |
the protection of merchant ships from U boat - German submarine - attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships |
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American Expeditionary Force |
the US forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War 1 |
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Propaganda |
a kind of biased communication designed to influence people's thoughts and actions |
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Espionage and Sedition Acts |
two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US participation in WW1 |
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Great Migration |
the large scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities in the early 20th century |
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Fourteen Points |
the principles making up president Woodrow Wilson's plan for world peace following WW1 |
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League of Nations |
an association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace |
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Treaty of Versailles |
the 1919 peace treaty at the end of WW1 which established new nations, borders and war reparations |
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Laissez Faire |
non restrictive government |
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Speculation |
making assumptions |
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Installment plans |
paying every/month/week/year |
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Buying on margin |
paying partial price on stocks |
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Black Tuesday |
stock market crashed |
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Dust Bowl |
drought in the midwest |
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Hoovervilles |
homeless towns |
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Lost Generation |
used to describe the generation of young men and women who came back from war |
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Fireside Chats |
FDR radio shows explaining his policies |
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Speakeasies |
Underground illegal bars |
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Harlem Renaissance |
Black arts movement in Harlem, New York |
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Fundamentalism |
belief that everything in the bible should be taken literally |
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The New Deal |
FDR's progressive reforms |
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Totalitarian |
government completely controls the citizens lives |
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Fascism |
philopshy that supports a strong, central, nationalistic government run by a powerful dictator |
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Nazism |
based on extreme nationalism, racism, and militaristic expansion by Adolph Hitler |
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Appeasement |
allowing hostiles to do what they want to keep peace |
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Non-Aggression Pact |
agreement between to nations to not fight eachother |
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Blitzkrieg |
'lighting war', sudden attack with forces both on land and in air |
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Holocaust |
genocide of Jewish people and other minority groups in Europe by the Nazis |
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Kristallnacht |
'night of broken glass' 11-9-1938 Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues in Germany |
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Genocide |
systematic extermination of a certain group or race |
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Concentration Camp |
prison camps where minorities being targeted during the Holocaust were kept, abused and killed |
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Axis Powers |
Germany, Italy, Japan |
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Lend-Lease Act |
passed in 1941, allowed US to ship arms to nations fighting the Axis Powers |
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Allies |
Great Britain, Soviet Union, US |
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Rationing |
restricting people's purchases of certain objects |
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D-Day |
June 6, 1944, Allies launched invasion on European mainland |
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Battle of the Bulge |
month long battle, Allies turn back major German offense |
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V-E Day |
May 8, 1945, Victory in Europe Day, surrender of Nazi Germany |
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Battle of Midway |
Early June 1942, Allies vs Japanese fleet near Hawaii |
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Kamikaze |
deliberate crashes of bomb filled airplanes |
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Hiroshima/Nagasaki |
cities bombed by the Us to force Japanese surrender |
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Nuremburg Trails |
Nazi leaders were tried for their war crimes |
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Internment |
confinement or restriction in movement |
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United Nations |
international peacekeeping organization founded in 1945 |
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Satellite Nations |
country dominated by another nation |
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containment |
blocking of anothers nations attempts to spread its influence |
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Iron Curtain |
imaginary line separating communist countries from others |
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Cold War |
non violent state of hostility between US and Soviet Union |
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Truman Doctrine |
policy providing aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents |
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Marshall Plan |
US supplies aid to European nations to help rebuild after WWII |
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Berlin Air Lift |
327 day operation where US + GB flew supplies into West Berlin after soviets blockaded the city |
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NATO |
defensive military alliance by US, Canada and European countries |
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38th Parallel |
where the Korean peninsula was divided |
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HUAC |
investigated communist influence in US government |
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McCarthyism |
attacks on people accused of being communist |
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Brinkmanship |
threatening an enemy with military retaliation |
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Warsaw Pact |
military alliance between Soviet Union and its satellites |
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u2 incident |
downing of a US spy plane and capture of its pilot by Soviet Union |
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Suburbs |
residential town near a city |
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Baby boom |
sharp increase in birthrate after WW2 |
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Consumerism |
preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods |
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Planned Obsolescence |
designing products to wear out quickly, in order for them to be bought again |
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FCC |
agency that regulates US communications industries |
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Beat Movement |
social/artistic movement of the 1950s, stressing unrestricted literary self-expression and non conformity |
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Civil Rights Movement |
Fight for civil rights by minority groups |
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Brown vs Board of Education |
1954, supreme court ruled separate but equal education for black and white students unconstitutional |
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Dejure Segregation |
racial separations established by law |
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Rosa Parks |
civil rights activist, refused to give up bus seat |
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Montgomery bus boycott |
boycott on buses |
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segregationist |
supporter of segregation |
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Little Rock Nine |
nine black students enrolled to a segregated school and caused an uproar |
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Sit-ins |
form of protest where black people would sit inside segregated businesses until they were served |
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Martin Luther King Junior |
Civil rights activist |
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March on Washington |
peaceful protest demonstration involving 250,000 people |
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Malcom X |
Black muslim civil rights activist |
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Black Panthers |
black power organization to fight police brutality and provide services in ghettos |
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Great Society |
President Johnson's program to reduce poverty and racial injustice and to promote a better quality in life in the US |
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Civil Rights Act in 1964 |
banned discrimination based on race, gender, national origin or religion in public spaces |
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Ho Chi Minh |
Communist leader of North Vietnam |
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Vietcong |
South Vietnam communists who fought under the government |
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Domino Theory |
if one country falls to communism, others around it will too |
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
congress signed way its constitutional power of declaring war |
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Operation Rolling Thunder |
American Air defense |
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Ho Chi Minh Trail |
network of paths used by NV to transport supplies to Vietcong in SV |
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Napalm |
gasoline mixture that sticks to its target when it burns |
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Agent Orange |
chemical spray used to kill vegetation |
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Tet Offensive |
Vietcong attack, fought even in the streets |
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War Powers Resolution |
declared the president could only commit troops to a foreign war for 60 days before seeking Congressional approval |
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Pentagon Papers |
documents published by New York Times revealing lies the White House told Congress and the people |
