American History Test 2

Front 1

Richard Henry Lee (VA)

Back 1

“That these united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent” 1776. Speech started official route to Dec. of Ind.

Front 2

Thomas Jefferson: VA

Back 2

Monticello Red Hair, 3rd President of US Democratic Republican; Inaugural address called for ‘no entangling alliances, we are all federalists, we are all republicans”. Favored States’ powers, a narrow interpretation of Constit.
Opposed Bank of US, federal funds for internal improvements and tariffs for revenue only. Friendly with France. South, emerging West, farmers, debtors, mid/lower classes LA purchase.

Front 3

John Locke

Back 3

English Philosopher, wrote “Two Treatises on Govt.” 1690. Jefferson borrowed heavily from his writing.

Front 4

John Hancock:

Back 4

Signed Dec. Of Ind. with large signature so the king could see without his glasses.

Front 5

Battle of Saratoga (NY)

Back 5

1777 Turning point of war, convinced France to ally with colonies

Front 6

Carlisle Commission 1778-

Back 6

Committee sent to colonies with permission to grand everything colonies wanted, except independence. Too little, too late

Front 7

General George Rogers Clark-

Back 7

American soldier who lead fight against the British in the ‘west’—OH, IN, IL

Front 8

General Lafayette, Rochambeau and Admiral De Grasse:

Back 8

Three French military leaders who helped Washington insure Britain’s defeat at Yorktown.

Front 9

Francis Marion (Swamp Fox)-

Back 9

Military leader in the south who lead General Tarleton on chases through southern swamps.

Front 10

Lord Cornwallis-

Back 10

General defeated at Yorktown

Front 11

Treaty of Paris 1783—

Back 11

Official surrender, Franklin, John Adams and John Jay represented US. Insured fishing rights off Canadian waters, US independence from Britain, Western boundary set at Miss. River.
**War quadrupled France’s natl. debt, fueling its own revolution.

Front 12

Abigail Adams/ Women Rights—

Back 12

Encouraged husband when signing Treaty of Paris, “Don’t forget the Women”.

Front 13

Articles of Confederation 1777-1789 First US Government

Back 13

Unicameral Congress
1 vote per state/ all states equal
If delegates from a state didn’t agree with each other, state couldn’t vote
2/3 vote to pass anything of importance
Unanimous vote needed for amendments (none were passed)
No federal power to tax/ states could tax
Congress had to request $$$ from states
No President
No Federal Courts

Front 14

John Hanson (MD)

Back 14

presiding officer of congress of US at Articles of Confederation, signed petition, ‘President of US’.

Front 15

Robert Morris (PA)

Back 15

Supt. of Finance at Articles of Confederation

Front 16

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 16

—passed by Articles of Confederation Congress, divided the ‘northwest’ (OH, IN, IL), into 640 acre parcels with 1 acre reserved for public education.

Front 17

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Back 17

passed by Articles of Confederation Congress, divided up land into three-five states (OH, IL, IN, WI, MI) and spelled out requirements for admission. Slavery was not allowed.

Front 18

Shay’s Rebellion 1786

Back 18

—Daniel Shays (MA) a farmer in debt had banks threatening to foreclose. Brought a group of men to rebel against govt. MA had to put down the rebellion as congress had no army. It made property owners realize that nat’l gov. needed law enforcing body.

Front 19

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Back 19

: 4 years after the revolution, 55 delegates (not Jefferson, Adams or Patrick Henry) to write constitution. RI refused to send delegates.

Front 20

Constitutional Convention Delegates

Back 20

Geo. Washington : Chairman of Constitutional Convention
William Few (GA) : Delegate to Constitutional Convention, a poor farmer
Edmund Randolph: Presented the Virginia Plan, a lawyer, favored strong gov’t.
James Madison: “Father of the Constitution”, drew up Virginia Plan that was presented by Edmund Randolph.
Gouverneur Morris (PA) physically wrote the constitution himself
Jonathan Dayton: Youngest Delegate to the Constitutional Convention, later tried for treason in the Aaron Burr conspiracy.
Delaware: First State to ratify the constitution; NY, VA, RI and NH did not ratify it at first.

Front 21

Virginia Plan: VA Plan (large state plan)

Back 21

 James Madison drafted it prior to convention, presented by Edmund Randolph
 Bicameral Congress
 Both houses based on population (ergo, large state plan)
 Power to tax/ regulate commerce/inter state traffic
 Congress chooses the President and federal judges
 Strong central govt./weak states

Front 22

NJ plan (small state plan)

Back 22

 proposed by William Paterson (NJ)
 Unicameral Congress
 Based on equality (ergo; small state plan)
 Power to tax
 No president/federal judges
 Weak central govt./ strong states

Front 23

CT/Great Compromise

Back 23

 Proposed by Roger Sherman (CT)
 Bicameral Congress
House of Rep. (population)
Senate (equality)
 Congress has power to tax, regulate commerce between states, impose tariffs, post office, declare war
 Enumerated powers-17 general areas (build roads…)
 Implied Powers, included ‘Necessary and proper clause’ (elastic clause) giving
leeway to do whatever was needed later.
 Separate President (chosen by electoral college)
 (Electoral College is based on total number of Reps and Sens. per state)
 Separate Federal judiciary
 One Supreme Court/ congress to decide on others.

Front 24

“Supreme Law of the Land

Back 24

Constitution gives itself this power to supersede all other laws

Front 25

Terms of office
House of Representatives

Back 25

(25 years or older)
Leader of House is ‘Speaker of the House’
2 year term
elected by ‘the people’ (white male property owners)
All up for election every 2 years

Front 26

Terms of office
Senate

Back 26

(30 years or older)
VP is President of the Senate
6 year term; chosen by state legislators (now the people 17th amendment)
1/3 elected every 2 years; started terms by drawing lg, med, short straws)
Today 100 senators; 33 up for reelection
US Senators first chosen by State Legislatures

Front 27

Terms of office
President

Back 27

(35 yrs. or older, natural born US citizen)
Elected by electors chosen by state
No political Parties
Majority voted needed
President (majority)
Vice-President (runner-up)
Can be re-elected indefinitely,
22nd amendment limits to 2 terms/10 years
President appoints cabinet and ambassadors, senate must confirm
Is commander in chief of the army

Front 28

Terms of office

Federal Courts

Back 28

Supreme Court
Some Appellate
Courts of Appeal
Several District Courts
Judiciary Act of 1787
All appointed by Pres., must be confirmed by Senate majority vote
All serve for life

Front 29

Electoral college

Back 29

President is chosen by this, passed on total number of representatives and senators per state.

Front 30

Separation of Powers

Back 30

-System of govt. that allows checks and balances between each faction of government.
President can veto (no item veto)
Congress can override veto by 2/3 vote
Supreme Court can declare acts unconstitutional

Front 31

3/5 Compromise

Back 31

Seeds for the civil war; southern states wanted slaves counted as equal in population numbers, northern states didn’t want to include any. Compromised and counted each slave as 3/5 of a person

Front 32

Federalists

Back 32

Proponents of the constitution; took the initiative to promote constitution by printing “The Federalist Papers (Madison, Jay, Hamilton). Anti Federalists: Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, George Mason, George Clinton.

Front 33

Federalist Papers

Back 33

Pro Constitution treatise written by James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton

Front 34

Bill of Rights

Back 34

First 10 amendments added to the constitution that the Federalists promised to add at the First Congress of 1791. Proposed by James Madison, each was passed and voted on separately. Speech, press religion, assembly, trial by jury, bear arms, speedy trial, no double jeopardy, legitimate bail, reserved powers to the states (10th).

Front 35

Hector St. John de Crevecoeur

Back 35

Frenchman who wrote “Letters from An American Farmer” and said, “What then, is this American—this new man?”

Front 36

Election of 1788

Back 36

Washington is elected unanimously and again in 1792 John Adams was VP

Front 37

First Cabinet

Back 37

Sec’y State-Jefferson
Sec’Treasury-Hamilton
Sec’y War: Henry Knox
Atty. Gen.-Edmond Randolph

Front 38

John Jay

Back 38

First Chief Justice

Front 39

Alexander Hamilton

Back 39

Sec’y of Nat’l treasury, favored a strong central gov’t, constitutional monarchy. Wanted Nat’l bank in Philly to allow people including foreigners to buy stock. Wanted to pay off Rev. war debts of states and fun nat’l debt by passing tariffs, excise taxes. This plan led to the rise of the first 2 party system. Killed by Aaron Burr in duel.

Front 40

Three US Capitol Cities

Back 40

NYC 1789-1790 Hamilton wanted North
Philly 1790-1800
Washington, D.C. 1800-present Jefferson wanted South and proposed to accept state debts if capitol was moved to the south

Front 41

Democratic Republicans

Back 41

Stronger power to states)
Madison, Jefferson
Opposition to Bank of the US
federal $$ for internal improvements
tariffs for revenue only
Friendly/commercial foreign policy with France
South and Emerging West’s support; farmers, debtors
middle and lower
classes

Front 42

Federalists (Political Party)

Back 42

(Stronger National Govt.)
Adams, Hamilton
Broad, Loose interpretation of Constit.
Bank of US
Internal Improvements
Tariffs
Friendly/commercial foreign policy with England
New Englanders, merchants, bankers, wealthy, investors
Had Washington’s unspoken backing

Front 43

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Back 43

Washington sent General Anthony Wayne to
drive out Indians from OH and into IN

Front 44

Treaty of Greenville 1795

Back 44

With Indians to agree to move from Ohio into Indiana

Front 45

Whiskey Rebellion1794 (PA

Back 45

Western PA farmers didn’t like excise tax on whiskey.
Washington led army from Philly to crush rebellion.

Front 46

Jay’s Treaty w/ England 1795

Back 46

Washington sent John Jay to England to negotiate removal of English troops from forts in Western America. British refused to cooperate/ left the matter unresolved.

Front 47

Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain: 1795

Back 47

Thomas Pinckney, federalist from SC, was sent
to Madrid. Since Spain got France’s territory after the war, Pinckney negotiated
US free navigation rights along the Mississippi River for both countries.

Front 48

Washington’s Farwell address: 1796

Back 48

Deciding not to seek reelection. Warned against “permanent alliances and the baneful effects of partisanship’

Front 49

XYZ Affair

Back 49

3 french diplomats demanded a bribe prior to negotiation with 3 American representatives. President Adams referred to them as Mssrs. X, Y and Z. After negotiations failed, Adams sent American ships into the Atlantic for an undeclared (“Quasi War”) naval war with France. Talleyrand was French foreign minister.

Front 50

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

Back 50

The attempt by the Federalists to curb the increasing number of immigrants and ‘westerners’ from joining the Democratic Republican party.
-15 years prior to citizenship
-fines/jail terms for highly derogatory statements against the President or Congress regarding the war for both persons and media.

Front 51

VA and Kentucky Resolutions

Back 51

Written by Madison (VA) and Jefferson (KY), in response to the Alien/Sedition Act, calling for the state’s right to declare acts of congress unconstitutional adopting a policy of interposition and nullification.

Front 52

Aaron Burr

Back 52

Vice President of the US, Shot Alexander Hamilton in duel in NJ.

Front 53

John Adams

Back 53

: Sought re-election in 1800 with Pinckney as VP on Federalist ticket against Thomas Jefferson and Pinckney. Election was tied, and house of Reps had to break the vote. Alexander Hamilton put the country above his party and voted for Thomas Jefferson, because he distrusted Burr.

Front 54

12th Amendment:

Back 54

In response to tied election of 1800, Congress passed an amendment providing for separate ballots for President and Vice President.

Front 55

John Marshall/ Marbury v. Madison

Back 55

First court case before the supreme court that John Marshall declared unconstitutional. Marbury felt he was entitled to a commission, but case was tossed due to unconstitutionality of the law.

Front 56

Meriwether Lewis/ William Clark exploration

Back 56

Jefferson sent them to explore the territory that he’d just bought in LA purchase. Sacagawea was their guide

Front 57

James Madison

Back 57

4th President of US, and second president of what was dubbed The VA dynasty, (wife Dolly), wrote KY and VA Resolution with Jefferson in response to the Alien /sedition acts, declaring them unconstitutional.

Front 58

Francis Scott Key

Back 58

Wrote “Defence of Ft. McHenry” in 1814 after seeing the battle in the War of 1812.

Front 59

Prophet and Tecumseh

Back 59

Shawnee Indian brothers who were both defeated by William Henry Harrison: Prophet at Battle of Teppecanoe, Tecumseh at Battle of the Thames.

Front 60

Oliver Hazard Perry

Back 60

Battled British on Lake Erie and won “The Battle of Lake Erie” in 1813.

Front 61

Andrew Jackson

Back 61

Sent into FLA to rout out Seminole Indians, beat British in New Orleans, (1815) but peace treaty was already signed. Was elected president in 1828 in a landslide against JQ Adams. He never forgave Henry Clay for slanderous campaign against his wife, Rachel. His home was “The Hermitage”, the first President from ‘the west’, born in a log cabin, a president of the people, had “kitchen cabinet”, indulged in the spoils system and increased the powers of the office of the presidency.

Front 62

Treaty of Ghent, 1814

Back 62

Marked the end of the war of 1812, John Q. Adams (MA), Henry Clay (KY), Albert Gallatin (PA) went to Belgium to sign end of war. No concessions were made except that both go back to ‘status quo antebellum’.

Front 63

Hartford Convention

Back 63

Federalists met in CT to write new proposed constitutional amendments in opposition to the war. (which had already ended)
2/3 vote to declare war
2/3 vote to admit new states
Single term for President/no 2 presidents from the same state in succession.

Front 64

James Monroe:

Back 64

(elections of 1816 and 1820): The third president of the VA dynasty, he was elected president in ’16 and ’20, ushering the era of good feelings, due to the federalist party dying out, leaving the country with only one political party.

Front 65

Adams-Onis/Transcontinental Treaty of 1819

Back 65

When emissary was sent to Spain to buy FLA, this drew the transcontinental line declaring that everything to the North was the US, everything to the south was Spain

Front 66

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Back 66

MO asked for permission to enter the union as a slave state. It was agreed to allow Maine to enter as a free state to maintain the equal balance between slave and free states in congress. the 36˚30’ line was drawn as the demarcation between slave and free states.

Front 67

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Back 67

Written by JQ Adams, the British approved President Monroe’s State of the Union Message enumerating the following:
1.US to stay out of European affairs
2.American continents (N &S) closed to further European colonization (Aimed at Russia)
3.US would view Spain’s attempt to reconquer its lost new world colonies as hostile act

Front 68

Samuel F.B. Morse

Back 68

inventor of telegraph and some kind of code thingy…

Front 69

Robert Fulton

Back 69

Inventor of the steamboat. “Clermont” was the first.

Front 70

Eli Whitney

Back 70

Invented cotton gin, increasing the need for slaves as more cotton could be grown, farmed and processed.

Front 71

Manifest Destiny

Back 71

Coined by journalist John O’Sullivan, stated that the U.S. was destined form the beginning to extend from sea to sea to ‘serve as a beacon of light of democracy for the rest of the world.’

Front 72

Herman Melville

Back 72

Author of Moby Dick 1851

Front 73

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Back 73

1850 Author; The Scarlet Letter

Front 74

Denmark Vesey

Back 74

Led a slave rebellion in SC in 1822 against their masters.

Front 75

Nat Turner

Back 75

Led a slave rebellion in VA, first time people were killed. Indicative of brewing trouble.

Front 76

Harriet Tubman

Back 76

An escaped slave, ran Underground Railway along the Ohio river, rescuing slaves from the south and sending them into IL, IN, and OH.

Front 77

Elijah P. Lovejoy

Back 77

: (1837) Newspaper editor/abolitionist, pro-slavers broke into office, killing him, destroyed printing press and set fire to the building

Front 78

William Lloyd Garrison (MA)/ “The Liberator"

Back 78

abolitionist, started the Liberator which helped waverers to become abolitionists.

Front 79

King Cotton

Back 79

What the crop was called in the South for its influence on the entire southern economy

Front 80

Joseph Smith

Back 80

: Mormon guy, New York, thought polygamy was a good thing. Book of Mormon, murdered after being taken out of a prison cell

Front 81

Brigham Young

Back 81

took over and led mormons into Utah, then Spanish territory, where polygamy could be practiced.

Front 82

Alexis de Tocqueville

Back 82

A Frenchman, wrote, “Democracy in America”, predicting that the US and Russia would be the 2 world superpowers in the 20th century

Front 83

Robert Owen

Back 83

Scottish Transcendentalist, established New Harmony, IN community

Front 84

Ralph Waldo Emmerson

Back 84

Poet and Founder of Transcendentalism, Established Brook Farm, MA

Front 85

Dorothea Dix

Back 85

A nurse who started a social reform movement for both the insane and prisoners.

Front 86

Emma Willard: (VT)

Back 86

1st Advocate for women’s higher education, started Middlebury Female Seminary. 1814

Front 87

Oberlin College

Back 87

(OH): The first college to become coeducational, 1833

Front 88

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848: Seneca, NY

Back 88

a gathering of women who wrote the ‘Declaration of Rights of Women’

Front 89

Sojourner Truth

Back 89

Singer, orator, freed slave, preacher. Delivered “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech in Akron, OH, 1851.

Front 90

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Back 90

Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, fanning flames for the Civil War

Front 91

Horace Mann

Back 91

Called for public ed. Reform, longer hours, longer year, addt’l curriculum, higher quality of teachers.

Front 92

Martin Van Buren

Back 92

The Little Magician”, first statewide political machine. (NY) Second VP to be elected president, then immediately had to deal with the panic of 1837. Whigs: “Van, Van’s a used-up man”.

Front 93

Candidates for president 1824

Back 93

William Crawford (GA), Sec’y of Treasury

John C.Calhoun (SC) Sec’y of War

John Q. Adams (MA) (Sec’y of state)

Henry Clay (KY) Speaker of the House

Andrew Jackson (TN), US Senator

Front 94

John Quincy Adams

Back 94

Member of the Democratic Republicans, elected president in 1824 by decision of House of Reps. Andrew Jackson had more electoral votes. He favored the American system, a loose broad construction of the constitution. His administration marked the end of ‘the era of good feelings’, and the democratic congress blocked all presidential bills Adams tried to pass.

Front 95

John C. Calhoun (SC)

Back 95

The “War Hawk”, withdrew from the 1824 election with the proviso that he would be selected vice president.

Front 96

1824 Election/House of Representatives

Back 96

First time people went to polls to vote. No one had a majority, so House had to decide election., Declaring John Q. Adams the winner. Beginning of the Caucus system.

Front 97

Election of 1828

Back 97

Andrew Jackson/ Inaugural celebration, Rachel Jackson Spoils system, Kitchen Cabinet. Of the people.

Front 98

Nicholas Biddle

Back 98

President of the 2nd US Bank. Joined with Henry Clay to try and save bank.

Front 99

Anti-Masonic Party

Back 99

1st third party and inspired the idea of selecting delegates to attend a convention to vote on platform and candidates.

Front 100

Roger B Taney

Back 100

Chief Justice, 1836-1864; Treasury sec’y from MD, was appointed to succeed John Marshall after his death. Swore in Abraham Lincoln.

Front 101

Martin Van Buren

Back 101

elected in 1836, had to deal with panic of ’37.

Front 102

William Henry Harrison

Back 102

: President elect in 1841, at 68, others felt he was too old, died after 30 days in office after contracting pneumonia due to delivering the longest inaugural address in history in the rain.

Front 103

Chairman of Constitutional Convention

Back 103

George Washington

Front 104

William Few (GA)

Back 104

Delegate to Constitutional Convention, a poor farmer

Front 105

Edmund Randolph

Back 105

Presented the Virginia Plan, a lawyer, favored strong gov’t.

Front 106

James Madison

Back 106

Father of the Constitution”, drew up Virginia Plan that was presented by Edmund Randolph.

Front 107

Gouverneur Morris (PA)

Back 107

physically wrote the constitution himself

Front 108

Jonathan Dayton

Back 108

Youngest Delegate to the Constitutional Convention, later tried for treason in the Aaron Burr conspiracy

Front 109

First State to ratify the constitution;

Back 109

Delaware

Front 110

4 states that did not ratify Constitution at first.

Back 110

NY, VA, RI and NH