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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inescapable Foreign Connections (Aftermath of WWI)
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1. Foreign Debt
2. New Government in Germany (and Austria-Hugrey) 3. The Russian Revolution 4. Germs (The Influenza Epidemic kills 25 million people worldwide) |
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The Russian Revolution/The Red Scare
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2 Phases March (Constitutional) November (Lennin replacing Dem. with communists)
j Mitchell Palmer (mail bomb, 200 deported) |
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Warren J Harding
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Withdrawing from progressivism
-not heroics but healing -Americans welcome this -Republicans camp out in national government ------progressivism has gone too far -Doesn't want to be know for great intitiative -Too tied in with political friends and cronnies -------Federal gov=money, corruption --------Teapot Dome Scandel ------------Sec. of interior allowed oil companies access to an oil reserve for $ -Harding dies in 1923 of Food Poisoning after 2/2 1/2 years in office |
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Calvin Coolidge
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-On vacation when Harding dies
-Sworn in by his father -1924 runs in his own right -Policies=ideals -The presidents job is to preserve laws ----encourages buisness, commerse -Buisness Loans -Disarmnent ----Kellogg-Briand Pact -------Outlaws awr -------Signed by 14 european countries, japan, etc. |
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Inagrual Adress-Calvin Coolidge
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-what does he want Gov't to be?
----A peacetime army can be strong without #s ----Tax Reform (down) ----Smaller government ----Balanced budgets ----no interference with foriegn gov'ts except to relieve human suffering and S. America ----Defend current Go'c (maintain Rep. Government) ----Rule of Law |
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Role of women in society (1920s)
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1920, right to vote, guarenteed by the 19th amendment
-people see how dedicated women have been -increasingly large portion of electorate -The new women (flapper) ---results from war, working, incomes, higher education, seperated from parents. |
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Prohibition
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-Constitutional Amendment #18
-Seen as high water mark of moral reform -Volstead Act-implimenting legislation for prohibition -Practically not a dry nation -Lots of money fighting prohibition ----enter Al Capone, gang culture ----Kennedy Family -Ultimetely doesn't work ----some states (counties) remain dry -always unpopular in democratic party -repealed after FDR, 21st Amendment 1933 |
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Immigration
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-immigration acts passed to limit
-Immigration act of 1924 --quota of people allowed to come yearly --#s differ from country to country -suspition lends itself to a trial |
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Saccot & Vanzetti
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-results from a double murder
-trial becomes the first "trial of the century" -Persecution of immigrents? -Historians still divided -found guilty, are executed in 1927 -defended by ACLU |
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The Scopes Trial
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1925
-teacher tried for teaching Evolution -prosecuted by Williams Jennings Bryan -Made WJB look like an idiot -a battle of two leaders, a specticle -inherit the wind -scopes in convicted -biased jury? Probably -Dorrow lost battle, won war |
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1920s development of a new urban culture vs. rural (Shown in art and literature)
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-Modernism
-Art-Picasso -Books-books that question, F Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemmingway -Poetry-T.S> Eliott (wasteland) Jazz-either amazing or horrible |
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The Rise of Liesure
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-Automobile (Model T ford)
-Radio -Organized sports -movies-The Jazz Singer -Dance -Pole Dancing |
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1928 Election
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-Coolidge decides not to run again
-Herbert Hoover is a mild progressive ----believes gov't can encourage cooperation -Democrats choose to run Al Smith ---Catholic (first ever nominated) ---Strongly opposes prohibition -Smith Soundly defeated Hoover becomes president, many people have invested in stock market, becomes really over-inflated |
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Causes of Depression
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Oct. 29 1929-Black Thursday
-Day sell-off of stocks begin -only first step, send ripples through economy 1930 things going badly -stock market falls by half 1928-1930 -1/4-1/3 of all americans out of work |
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Hoover's small responses
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1. Doesn't want federal welfare
2. Encourages private help 3. The Bonus Army ----group of WWI vets asking for bonuses ----Hoover denies bonuses ----sends army in to clear them out 4. Economic Discussion --Keynesianism demand-side ----public spending to encourage demand ----borrow from future for economy in present 5. Work Programs ----Large Dam in NV ----Not enough to create difference 6. RFC (reconstrution finance coorperation) ----doesn't work ----hoover gets blamed for problems ----hoovervilles (shantytowns), hoover blankets (newspapers) |
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Meaning of Liberal
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Changed with FDR
-Before-freedom from gov't after-gov't should have role to give liberty |
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1st New Deal
FDIC SEC AAA CCC WPA NRA |
-begins as soon as FDR takes office
Banking-savings have been lost, all money taken out, forced to close. FDIC-Federal Deposit Insurence Coorperation -----regulates banks, insured up to 5,000$ SEC-Securities Exchange Commission -----takes country off gold standard AAA-Agricultural adjustment Act -----pays farmers not to produce CCC-Civillian Conservation Corps -----parks, building projects WPA-works Progress Administration -----artists, literary, slave narratives NRA-National Recovery Association -----sets wages, prices, direct interference with economy, Blue Eagle, struck down in 1935 |
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Huey Long
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"Every Man Should be a King"
appealing to the little man "share our wealth"-attempt to equalize income -governer of Louisiana -Assasinated before he's able to run for president -All the Kings Men |
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Francis Townsend
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-Doctor from CA
-Main issue-poverty among elderly -Gov't should write checks to elderly -very popular in mid 30s -Townsend Clubs spring up |
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Father Charles Caughlin
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-Catholic priest living in Detroit (radio priest)
-sermons turning anti-FDR, Anti-semetic -Admires Facist Italy |
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Second New Deal
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Social Security
-government funded retirement fund -people pay in, government spends it -Generalized government safety net -FDR knew there was no way out |
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1937
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Economy slips back into deep depression (Roosevelt Recession)
New Deal loses momentum Roosevelt attempts to stack Supreme Court -grow court, require retirement -most people think he pushes things too far |
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1930s Film
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-Charlie Chaplin-"the little tramp"
-production codes -black/white-color |
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1930s Labor
Wagner Act CIO AFL/CIL |
NRA-provision for unions to organize
-NRA declared constitutional Wagner Act-National Labor Relations Act 1935 ------continues protection for unions CIO-Congress of industrial organizations AFL/CIL-American Federalization Labor More strikes begin to merge ethnic group, involved with the new deal |
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Communism 1930s
HOAAC |
Communist Party USA
-takes orders from Moscow -Confident, bold -some intellectuals joining (many leave later) -"the red romance" -House on American Activities Comiteee |
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African American Community 1930s
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-The great migration south-north
---largely settling in Urban areas ---african americans find jobs ---find persistant racism is North ---joining new deal coalition |
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Farmers in 1930s
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confronting the Dust Bowl OK, CO, NB, TX, NM
-northern farming struggles with debt -migration ----farmers moving west ----"the grapes of wrath" ----many people are sticking ----consider character of people moving (protestent work ethic, fundamentalism) |
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Religion in 1930s
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contrast of mainline vs fundamentalism
church attendence in large denominations down the religious great depression |
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Radio
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-FDR fireside chats (political use)
-widespread, controlled by national networks |
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Consumption
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-A Consumer's Republic-A economy built around consumption, politics, culture,
citizen consumer vs purchaser consumer -Citizen Consumer ---responsible for safeguarding the nation ---safety for purchaser ---fair treatment of individual consumers -continuation of progressivism -Purchaser Consumer ---exersize purchasing power ---less political |
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Japan before WWII
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-began expansion earlier then Germany or Italy
-Japanese army comitting War Crimes in Nan Kine -under an emperor Hero Hino ----emperor seen as divine ----emperor has absolute power -military very important ---has taken dramatic stance -ToJo military leader becomes premier -makeing connetions with Berlin ----Berline-Tokyo axis |
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Italy before WWII
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Facism-Mousalini
---nationalistic ---not an inherent racist ideology ---celebrates strong leader -Moussalini 1922 prime minister 1926 dictator ---starts life as socialist ---newspaper editor ---organizes facist clubs ---loads march to rome ---black shirts |
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Germany Nazism before WWII
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race-arianism
-produces culture (Kultur)-highest development -Jews (lowest race) --antithesis of a healthy state --destroy culture -Eastern Europeans (slovic) Space -Lebensraum "because they are superior they have the right -killing people to take over their land Adolf Hitler -born in Austria -wants to be a painter -signs up with German Army -asks him to infiltrate National Socialists ----great means for political agenda ----means play for power -hitler arrested, put on trial, broadcasted ---gets his ideas out there ---sentenced to prison ---mien kamf -elections of 32, plurality of seats -becomes chancellor 1933 -rieghtstog set on fire, enableing act (absolute power) -nazism only accepted ideology -opposision parties silenced |
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Europe-1935
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Germany pulled out of league of nations
-Hitler rearming -institutes draft -announces air force |
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Europe-1936
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-moves into rhineland
-France doesn't respond |
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Europe-1938
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-Annexes Austria
-Hitler begins to demand west part of chezchlovakia ---chezch doesn't want to give it up -conference called of great powers to meet in munich (Britain, Germany, Italy, France) ----consent to Hitler's demand ----Neville Chainberlin "peace in our time" -Hitler sends army into rest of Chezch ----Finally there is outrage ----proves Hitler is not a man of his word -Britain and France offer security to Poland |
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Europe-1939
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-Pact between Germany and Soviets
---agree soviets will invade other half of poland, soviets can grab baltic states -western powers declare war on Germany |
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Europe-1940
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Germany takes over Netherlands, Belgium
-The french collapse -chaimberlin replaced with churchhill -1000s of men saves off darkeur -Hitler looking at Britain ---war waged in air (english channel) |
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Europe-1941
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Britain is not going to fall
-Hitler too ambitious Hitler turns attention to East -invates soviet union |
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US 1934
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Americans disengaging from Europe
-NYE-commission for WWI "merchants of death" makes Americans less likely for war |
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US 35-36-37
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Pass neutrality acts
-aimed at americans -keeps american ships out of warzones |
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US 37-38
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Tension growing in Europe
FDR begins looking at possiblity "Cash and Carry" food and supplies offered to warring nations on cash and carry basis |
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US 1940
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"Lend and Lease"-outdated ships to britain for long-term leases on navel bases.
peacetime draft ---2007-great move for FDR ---1940-what is FDR doing? no war!!! |
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Four Freedoms of Norman Rockwell
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1. Speech
2. Religion 3. Want (economic understanding) 4. Fear (worldwide reduction of arms) |
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US-1941
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Pearl Harbor
-A day that will live in infamy-FDR -Aiming to cripple US Pac. fleet ----fails (US battleships sunk, AZ ok) ----didn't get any aircraft carriers, ship repair ----Didn't hit oil or Gas Supplies -US declairs war on Japan -Europe declares war on US (Honoring Japan alliance) |
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US-May 1942
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-Phil. Fall to Japanese
-Greater East Asia Prosperity sphere-japan says -Japan heads towards Australia, met by navel crew at Coral Sea ----first time no visual contact between sides ----draw, US looses Carrier ----Japanese Retreat |
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US June 1942
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Midway Island
-key strategic point (half-way) -we cracked Japanese code -Sink all four Japanese code Attention turns back to Europe |
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Late 1942
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Operation Torch-into North Africa
-Rommel -Defeated by Bernard Montgomery -N Africa captured by Allies |
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US 1943
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Try to head up through ITaly
-soft underbelly of Europe -Sicily, South go easy, Rome more difficult |
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US June 6 1944
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D-Day
-deception code name "fortitude" -tons of messages -saying 89 allies divisions, scotland -troops in place throughout -element of suprise essencial -daylight to avoid confusion -----crossing at night, landing in day -attacked 76,000 tons of bombs on railroad -bad weather caused Germans to abandon western front -The German Army had to call superiors and ask what to do |
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What is the Battle of the Buldge?
May 8 1945 |
Offensive by Hitler
Berlin falls to the Soviets Americans discover concentration camps -hardened soldiars were weeping -labor camps-western -Extermination camps-east -VE Day-Victory in Europe |
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Island Hopping
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-Battle of Layte Gulf (liberates phillipeans)
-Battle of the Coral sea -Battle of Midway -Chester Nimitz -Douglas MacArthur -Iwo Jima -Okanawa-the closest we get ----Kamakazie mission |
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1945
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-Yalta
-FDR Dies -Harry Truman takes over -Hiroshima August 6 1945 -Nagasaki August 9 1945 -Final Conclusion Signed Sep 2 |
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Results of WWII
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-US out of great depression
-Federal Gov't grows -Holocaust -----changes the way people think about the world -----Creates desire for Jewish Homeland (1948) |
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Stalin
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Starvation
Political killings Labor camps in Siberia |
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Homefront War stuff
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-Rationing
-Price Controls -----OPA office of price administration ------temptation for black market -------saving out of necessity -Truce between citizen and purchaser consumers |
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Soviet Union
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The soviet union was an ideological enterprise and empire and should not be understood as a normal state. Hence, the goal of the Soviet Union was not nation intrest but the international triumph of communism.
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Yalta (45)
Potsdam (45) Churchhill (46) |
Churchill, FDR, Stalin
-zones of occupation -----france great britian soviets US -----friendly to the soviet union ---------poland (2 gov'ts) free polish gov't/soviet polish gov't -soviet doesn't want buffer states but havens for soviets POTSDAM -Truman apply Stalin ----clear soviets not keeping word 1946-Churchill gives important speech at Fulton MO "soviets don't desire war but fruits of war" |
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Marshall Plan
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(George C Marshall, Truman's secretary)
Financial infusion from US to Europe -----Germany, Italy, France, Great Britain Checkeslovakia almost took money |
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Berlin Airlift
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1948-1949 Success
-Allies decide to merge zones of occupation -1948 blockade roads and railroads -decide to ship all needs by air into West Berlin -1949 Stalin opens roads and railroads again |
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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Communists take over China (1949)
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Nationalists, communists (Mao Zedong)
Nationalists go to Tiawon, claim only real China |
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Soviets develop nucleur bomb of thier own (1949)
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-soviets stole Nazi scientists and American info
----Ex Ethel and Julius Rosenburg -----Julius worked with Atomic Bomb Project -----Arrestted for treason, executed |
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NSC-68
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National Security Council
-containment needs to be expanded throughout the world -ties into American decision to go into Korea |
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Korea, 1950-1951
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N Korea descends into S Korea
N Korea outsmarted by US Stage 1-led by McArthur stage 2-Amphibeous landing on inchan (Army goes to yalu river) stage 3-Chinese begin to invade, push americans back (chinese have #s) McArthur asks Truman for Atomic Bomb on battle field ----Truman says NO ----McArthur tries to take case to American people ----Truman relieves him of duty -1951-Creation of demilitarized zone (still exists) |
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Fear of Nucleur War
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School bomb drills (duck and cover)
People build bomb shelters in backyards |
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Congressional investigation of Hollyworrd
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-Some people plead the fifth (blacklisted)
-Ronald Reagan committed to rooting out communists |
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Joseph Mcarthy
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Argues he has a list of spys
# keeps growing can never prove it claims agents in the army |
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Whittiker Chambers
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Admitted to communism in the 30s
somewhat involved in active spying main contact, Richard Nixon Takes comitee to pumpkin patch and brings back microfilm Alger Hiss-state dept (GUILTY!) Chambers writes "Witness" |
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Eisenhower
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General in WWII (d-day), NATO
European resettlement Philosophy fit better with republicans Runs against Adalaide Stevenson (accused of being an intellectual, not able to connect w/american people) Eisenhower wins convincingly 1956 rerun, Eisenhower wins again |
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Richard Nixon (1952)
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accused of financial inproprieties
sept. Nixon adresses american public on TV "The Checker Speech" dog disarming speech |
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Eisenhower in Office
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Does very little (believes in limited Gov't)
economy goes well |
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Foreign Policy
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Ends Korean War
Continued arms race -----hydrogen bomb -----worried about missle gap 1956-soviet repression in Hungary ----rising tension between soviets and us ----Warsaw pact (1950) opposite of NATO UZ spy plane shot down Suez canal crisis (Britain, Egypt, France) -----American pressure ends it Cuba falls to communism (Fidal Castro) |
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Eisenhower
Interstate Highway system |
---before, only two-lane roads
---largest public works project ever ---largely destroys railroads ---shapes settlement patterns ---creates a more mobil citizenery |
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Eisenhower
Civil Rights |
GI benefits don't work for African Americans
---fight back with economic protests ---participation in consumer matters=citizenship growing calls to look at rights ----armed forces intefrated ----1947 jackie robinson ----1954 Brown v Board ----------education is a right ----------14th amendment |
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1955
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Montogomery bus boycott (victory)
-----Rosa Parks -----Organization in Montgomery, total bus boycott -Martin Luther King Jr (Dexter Baptist Church) ------becomes national figure |
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1957
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Arkansas' Governer Orvil Faubus Fights Integration
-----Eisenhower calls out the national guard |
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1950's culture----influenced by Baby Boom, GI Bill
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-Defined by neuclear families
----Ozzy & Harriet, Honeymooners, I Love Lucy etc. ----children very important (Leave it to Beaver) --------families become more child-centered TV ---pulls the country together Buisness ---Many people employed by big buisness ---organizational structure transfered from Army Culture of conformity ----living spaces ----new suberbs ----Levittown |
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Voices of Challenge-Beatniks
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-Poets, Allen Ginsberg
-questioning conformity -Arthur Miller "Death of a Salesmen" |
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Voices of Challenge-Neo-Evangelicalism
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-Underground, reentering public life
1942-national association of Evengelicals Ockenga (pastor in Boston) Carl Henry (intellectual voice) Billy Grahm ---originally an evangelist for "Youth for Christ" ---President for NWC 1948-1952 ---------youngest college pres. in country ---------want to be out preaching -becomes figurehead for Neo-Evengelicals "Christianity Today" Fuller Seminary |
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Early 1960s
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much more in line with 50s
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Later 1960s
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-Much more pessimistic (disillusionment)
-rebellion, change, hippy movement -foreign affairs not positive -WWII moving to positions of leadership -Baby boomers high schoolers/college student |
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Election 1960s
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Eisenhower (nixon)-Republicans
JFK-Democrats ----war hero (pt boat 109) ----roman catholic ----moves secularism forward ----has new medium of TV --------first televised debates -squeakes out wins in illinois and texas Kennedy wins |
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1961 JFK gives inagruel address
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-JFK recognizes generational switch
-continued comittment to containment -Cold War & kennedy ----1961 krushev gives order for Berlin Wall --------symbol of Cold War --------"I am a Jelly Donut" -JFK supports invasion of Cuban refugees @ bay of pigs |
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October 1962
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-Oct 1962-cubans have started to construct missle sites (Nucleur warheads)
-cuban missle crises -----blockage of island -----nuclear war real possibility -----13 days -----Ships turns around @ last moment ----------US warheads taken out of Europe, Cuba |
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Nov. 1963
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Assasinated by Lee Harvey Oswald
--Kennedy more pop. in death then in life -------Myth of camelot |
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Robert McNamara (The Fog of War)
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#1 Empathize with enemy
"Kennedy trying to keep us out of war." #2 Rationality will not save us "Nucleur power and Human fallibility=destruction of nations #3-There's somthing beyond one's self #4-Maximize efficiency #5-proportionality should be a guideline in war -----huge amounts of cities were firebombed (57%) "we were behaving as war criminals" "What makes it immoral if you lose and not immoral if you win?" #6 Get the data #7 Belief and seeing are both often wrong Tonkin Gulf Resolution (gave president power of war) #8-be prepared to reexamine your reasoning ----if we can't convince nations of similar values of reasoning, we should be ready to rexamine them #9-in order to do good you may have to engage yourself in evil #10-Never say never |
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Watergate, Gerald Ford becomes President
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-confronted with negatives nation/post-Nixon
-pardons nixon -----people hated that -----Nixon hadn't been convicted yet -inflation ------whip inflation now (WIN) |
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1976 Defeated by James Earl Carter
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-not much experience beyond governer of Georgia
-economic problems -----gas rationing -----"stagflation" -----goes on tv to say "crises of confidence" |
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Carter-Foreign Problems
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Foreign problems
-----weak stance towards soviets -----afganisten vs. soviets 1980 summer-boycotts olympics ----weakness in Iran -Revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini -Iranian student radicals take hostiges ------one now president of Iran ------attempts one rescue mission ------held for over a year |
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1980 Reagan Wins Handily
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Iranians return hostages
----returns sense of optimism ---------optimistic about country (American people) ----Suspitious of liberalism ----attacks great society -symbolized ascent of conservative movement |
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Reagan Domestic Policy
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-Tax Cuts
-----supply-side economics -more people out of work 83-84 economy going well 84 "it's morning again" |
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Foreign Policy
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-Money in military
-strong stance against soviets ----focus of evil in modern world ----visits Germany "Tear down this wall" ----sends marines to Granada ----Funds contras in Niceragua ----spends money on "star wars" SDI (strategic defense initiative) -Bankrupts soviet union ----fulfillment of policy of containment HUGE CHANGE OF ATTITUDE FROM 1980-1988 |
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George HW Bush
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oversees disinigration of Eastern block (1989)
Berlin Wall Falls the Velvet Revolution End of the Cold War |
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Desert Storm
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-Sadaam invades Kuiwait
-100 hours offense Army stops (war ends, peace treaty) -recession hits, bush gets blame -----lost support of base -----"read my lips, no new taxes" -----------signs tax increase into law |
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Bill Clinton
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Runs on "It's the economy, stupid"
entrence of Ross Perot only wins 46% of public vote 90% similar to 1920s (vacation from history) ----enjoy tech boom ----lack of seriousness |
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September 11, 2001
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-Americans forced to confront Nation's responsiblility
-Retalliation against Al Queda -------afghanistan -------Iraq |
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GW Bush
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-Foreign looks like Woodrow Wilson
-Reagan's optimism |
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US has changed many ways, still continuity
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-rights and liberty
-role of religion -place of individual -americans palce in world |
