American Government

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527 committee

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Named after code 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, a political organization that promotes certain issues, and, as long as it is not formally affiliated with a political party and does not specifically endorse a candidate, its political advertisements are not taxed.

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Acting president

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The person who assumes the powers and duties of the President if he becomes incapacitated - the Vice President.

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Activist government

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A government that creates work, employees people, and produces tax funded benefits, which u.s. President Franklin D Roosevelt argued for during the early years of the Great Depression.

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Ad hoc committee

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Like a select committee, a congressional committee that is organized to deal with a particular, temporary manner.

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Administrative discretion

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The freedom of government agencies to set policies according to guidelines provided by congressional legislation.

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Administrative discretion

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The interpretation of laws, policies, and court decisions that bureaucrats in leadership positions have.

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Administrative law

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Rules and regulations formulated by government agencies.

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Admiralty courts

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Established by the Sugar Act, British courts in which smugglers were tried without the benefit of a jury of their peers.

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Advise and consent

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An expression in the Constitution that allows the Senate to restrict the President's powers of appointment.

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Affirmative action

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Programs that seek to compensate for past discrimination by giving special attention in hiring, and in college or university admissions, two people from the groups discriminated against.

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Affirmed

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The action of the Supreme Court or another Superior Court that accepts a previous court's decision.

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Agostini vs Felton

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A Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that the 1st amendment to the Constitution requires only government neutrality toward religion, which allowed public school teachers to teach remedial, non religious classes at religious schools at taxpayers expense.

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American Bill of Rights

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The first ten amendments to the US Constitution.

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Amicus curiae brief

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"friend of the court" brief, often submitted in a case by an interest group to persuade the court that it should decide a case a certain way.

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Anti - incumbency

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A sentiment against elected officials currently in power.

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Appropriations Committee

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The committee in each chamber of Congress that is concerned with the spending of federal money.

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Appropriations Committee

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Committees that have to approve the funds authorized by congressional authorization committees before they were spent in the decades following World War II.

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Approval ratings

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Regular polls that show the extent to which the public approves of the performance of the President or other politicians.

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April 15th

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The date on which annual tax returns are due to the government.

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Articles of Confederation

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The National Constitution written before independence had been formally declared, adopted by the second National Congress 1777, and ratified by all the states by 1781.

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Athens

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The Greek city state that has the first known direct democracy, in which free male citizens debated and voted on every law.

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Attack ad

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An ad design to create negative feelings about a candidate's opponent.

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Attentative policy elites

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People who pay close attention to political matters.

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Australian secret ballot

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The model of the method by which people vote privately, first introduced in Australia in the late 1800s.

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Authorization committees

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Various committees in Congress that authorized spending on different projects (such as upgrading dams in Midwest) in the decades following World War II.

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Baby Boomers

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Americans who were born between 1946 and 1964.

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Balanced Budget Act

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A 1997 law, signed by President Bill Clinton, that led not only to a balanced budget, but also to a budget surplus for the first time since the end of the 1960s.

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Ballot

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The method by which a person cast a vote in an election.

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Barron vs Baltimore

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The 1883 Supreme Court case in which the Court determined that the Bill of Rights applied to the federal government and did not find the state governments.

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Bicameral

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Refers to a Congress with two houses; in the United States, the House of Representatives and the Senate.

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Bill

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Any proposed piece of legislation introduced by a member of the House or Senate in response to an issue that needs to be addressed.

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Bimodal distribution

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Respondents are divided most evenly.

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Bipartisan campaign reform acts (BCRA)

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A law passed in 2002 that attempted to control the influence of money on political campaigns for federal office; better known as the mccain-feingold

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Bipartisanship

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Cooperation among politicians in the major parties.

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Black Codes

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Practices that insurance segregationist practices and state laws; also called Jim Crow laws.

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Block grants

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Federal grants that have fewer strings attached to them then categorical grants.

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Blogs

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Internet logs through which anyone can act as a journalist.

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Blue Dog Democrats

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Democrats who advocate fiscal restraint.

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Bond

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Fixed interest financial asset issued by a government to help manage its deficit.

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Boston Tea Party

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A 1773 act of political and economic protest against the authority of the British government to impose taxes upon American colonies, in which a mob of colonists cast British Tea into Boston Harbor.

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Bowers vs Hardwick

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A 1986 Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that a person did not have a private right to engage in homosexual acts, which were illegal in Texas.

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Broad construction

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An approach taken by (liberal) judges 10 - interpret the Constitution in light of its underpinning principles of involving moral and cultural standards.

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Broadcast media

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Radio, television, and the Internet.

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Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka

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May 1954 case, and an enduring symbol of the Supreme Court's power to override state laws, that begin the process of desegregation in the southern and some Midwestern states.

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Bryan, William Jennings

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The best known presidential candidate of the People's Party who actually was the Democratic Party nominee in the US presidential elections of 1896 and 1900.

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Budget and accounting act

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A 1921 law requiring the President to prepare a national budget and seek congressional approval of it.

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Budget and impoundment control act

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A 1974 law that governs the role of Congress in the federal budget process.

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Budget authority

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The amount of money that certain government agencies will be authorized to spend.

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Budget committees

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Congressional committees that he oversaw the still political and complicated budgeting process that existed after the passage of the Budget Inn and Control Act 1974.

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Budget enforcement act (BEA)

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Hey 1990 lava define two types of federal spending.

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Budget outlays

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How much money does Herman agencies are actually expected to spend.

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Budget

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Plan of the expected revenues and expenses of the government.

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Bureau of Engraving and Printing

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The federal agency that produces the nation's paper currency.

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Bureau of Indian Affairs

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Established in 1824, this agency under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior and provides various services to Native Americans.

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Bureau of Indian education

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A federal agency that provides educational services to Native American students.

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Bureau of the budget

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Established in 1921 President Harding, a federal agency said Play Store more restrictions on the spending of government funds.

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Bureaucratic imperialism

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The pilot is a shin of bureaucrats when their responsibilities overlap and they compete for turf and protect the interests of their own agencies, invest their own careers.

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Burlington industries v. Ellerth

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A 1998 Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that the employers are responsible for setting up safeguards against sexual harassment in the workplace.

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Busing

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A solution to segregation, employed until the 1980s, requiring the transportation of white students to schools attended mainly by black students and vice versa.

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Cabinet

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The secretaries who preside over the various federal government agencies who offer advice on vital issues.

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Campaign finance

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According to US law, to receive federal funds for elections a political party must receive at least 5% of the popular vote nationally and must appear on at least 10 state ballots.

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Candidate characteristics

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Personal qualities of politicians, such as weather if they are knowledgeable, serious, and trustworthy.

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Cap

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Upper limit on spending.

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Capitol Hill

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The place in Washington, DC, where the US Congress meets.

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Caucus

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An alternative to a primary use buy some states in which local people select delegates to county; delegates support a certain candidate and and select delegates to represent them at 4 level, with the nominee with the most delegates winning.

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Censure

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In politics, a formal congressional reprimand.

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Census

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An official and periodic government count and demographic analysis of the population, taken every 10 years in the United States.

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Chain of command

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A clear system of knowing who is in charge of whom( one of the five characteristics that German sociologist Mark Weber suggested that bureaucracies share).

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Chief justice

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The judge of the Supreme Court who manages the court itself and presides over the federal court system, as well as the Judicial Conference.

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Chief of staff

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A member of the president's key personnel, who, depending on the President, may or may not be empowered to closely manage warehouse operations.

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Civil liberties

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Freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Hell on that for babe discrimination on the basis of race, color, gender, religion; it put into place the right of equality in employment; and made discrimination illegal and restaurants and hotels because their business affected interstate commerce.

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

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A law that outlawed discrimination of most kinds of housing.

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Civil rights

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The privileges and powers granted to the people as equal under the law.

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civil service

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Government employment for which people qualify based on merit rather than on political patronage.

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Clear and present danger test

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A standard for judging when freedom of speech can be suppressed.

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Clientele

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In government, patrons of a bureaucracy, such as lobbyists and interest groups.

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Hillary Rodham Clinton

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A very strong candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008, although she lost the nomination to Barack Obama; subsequently appointed as Secretary of State by President Obama.

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William Clinton

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The second of only two US presidents to be impeached, in 1998, for lying to a grand jury about his affair he had with an intern and for obstruction of justice.

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Closed primary

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A primary and which party members can go only for candidates in their own party.

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Cloture

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A method of bending at debate, especially a filibuster, in the Senate by means of a petition signed by at least 16 senators and voted for by at least 60 senators, 2 days after the petition is offered.

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Coercive Acts

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1774 British laws, passed in response to the Boston Tea Party, that imposed greater British control of the government of Massachusetts presented by British officials accused of crimes from being tried in Boston, and provided for the housing of British soldiers in private homes; also called Intolerable Acts.

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Commander - in - chief

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The president, who presides over all US military forces.

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Commerce clause

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A statement in the Constitution that Congress has the power to regulate commerce that takes place between the states.

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Communism

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Can iDology that emphasizes not home the government directed equalization of wealth and government control of Industry, but also the elimination of private property.

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Communities

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Groups that can significantly influence people's political views.

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Compromise of 1820

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The resolution of the crisis between southern, pro slavery States and non southern states that occurred when Missouri entered the Union has a slave state, Maine entered the Union as a free state, and equality was maintained in the Senate; also called the Missouri Compromise.

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Concurring opinion

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A statement in which a justice of the Supreme Court who argues with a decision for reasons different from those stated in the majority opinion explains those reasons.

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Conference committee

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Take a select committee, a temporary congressional committee that his form to work out differences between Senate and House versions of a bill.

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Congress of the Confederation

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The successor to the Second Continental Congress, which included delegates appointed by the legislatures of the states.

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Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

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The federal agencies that assisted the Budget Committee after passage of the budget and impoundment Control Act of 1974.

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Congressional delegate

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A member of the House of Representatives who can vote meh DS but who may not vote for or against final passage of legislation.

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Congressional globe

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The record of proceedings of Congress, as required by the Constitution, from 1833 to 1873.

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Congressional Record

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A publication, begun in 1873, the record proceedings of Congress, as required by the Constitution.

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Constituency

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Colors are residents of a district who are represented by an elected official.

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Constituent service

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Help the nation that paid staff members of incumbent members of Congress provide to their constituents.

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Constituents

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The citizens represented by an elected official.

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Contract with America

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The promise by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich(R-Georgia) in 1994 of" a detailed agenda for national renewal, a written commitment with no fine print."

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Consensus opinion

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The favor of a large majority of Americans on an issue.

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Contrast ad

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An ad the drawers distinctions between opponents.

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Cooperative federalism

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The view that emphasizes the point that the responsibilities of the state government and the federal government overlap and into account the state and federal governments often share responsibilities.

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Council of Economic Advisors

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A panel of three economist who advise the president on economic matters.

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Tracking

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Hey practice where by US District designers break opposition party of voters into has many districts as possible.

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Crisis management

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A program that a president should have in place that immediately begins the machinery of arriving at a solution to a crisis.

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Critical election

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An election associated with a major political realignment in the United States that persist through subsequent elections.

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C-SPAN ( cable/satellite public affairs network)

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A television network that broadcast political events from all political parties(! For extreme friends groups) without commentary.

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Cynicism

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Distrust or skepticism about the motives of others; hey Bri so that others are motivated by selfishness.

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De facto segregation

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Segregation resulting from the fact that people of different colors live in different areas and therefore go to different schools.

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De jure segregation

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Segregation as a matter of law.

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Dealignment

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The trend in the late 20th can 21st century which more and more US citizens have become disenchanted with major parties.

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Debates and proceedings in the Congress of the United States

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The record of proceedings of Congress, as required by the Constitution, from 1789 to 1824.

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Eugene Debs

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The socialist US presidential candidate with the greatest drawing power, who ran in the election of 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920.

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Declaration of Independence

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A statement primarily written by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by delegates from the American colonies in 1776 that declared that the 13 American colonies then at war with Britain regarded themselves as independent states and no longer a part of the British Empire.

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Declare war

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A power of Congress.

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Defendant

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A party who is sued or accused of a crime in a court of law.

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Deficit

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In a given year, the spending of the federal government of more money than it takes in.

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Delegation of powers

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The act of Congress granting the president Prada thority to act in response to a crisis.

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Democratic republic

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A form of government that does not have a monarch, but instead operates on democratic principles.

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Department of Commerce

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Pay federal agency that handles details about u.s. trade with other nations and overseen by Congress.

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Deregulation

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The lessening of government oversight and allowance of greater freedom to private enterprise.

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Descriptive representation

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The belief that Congress should resemble the nation in terms of gender and ethnicity.

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Desegregation of the military

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In order by President Harry S Truman in 1948.

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Devolution

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The turning over of functions formerly carried out by the federal government to the States.

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Direct democracy

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A form of government in which citizens vote directly on political issues and the majority wins.

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Direct election of senators

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Established by the 17th amendment to the Constitution, which was ratified in 1913.

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Discretionary spending

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Government spending that can change from year to year.

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Dissenting opinion

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A statement in which a justice of the Supreme Court who disagrees with the majority States why he or she disagrees.

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Dissident

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A person who opposes the current government.

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Divided government

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One in which a president of one-party faces one or two congressional houses in the hands of the other party.

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Divided opinion

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Disagreement among Americans on an issue.

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Dixiecrat

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Another name for members of the states rights Democratic Party.

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Dual citizenship

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A person who is a citizen of two countries at the same time.

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Dual federalism

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The view that the national and state governments have absolute authority in their own distinct Spears - - view that seeks clear distinctions between the governments.

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Duties

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Taxes on goods imported into the United States; also call tariffs.

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Earmarks

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Federal funding for projects that serve the interests of the constituents of certain members of Congress circumven a direct allocation process by being attached to bills - - and often buried in the language of the bills - - that frequently have nothing whatsoever to do with those projects.

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Easy issue

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A political issue that is easily stated and often linked to high emotions.

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Economic protest party

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A political party at the focuses on some aspect of the economy.

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Economic status

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A factor that can significantly influence a person's political views.

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Education

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X Factor the concern definitely influence a person's political views.

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Election every two years

Back 140

A requirement for seats in the House of Representatives that is based on the intention of framers of the Constitution that the House of Representatives has to be the federal government body that is closest to the people.

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Electoral college

Back 141

The body, in which each state's representation is the equivalent of the number of State's Senate and House members, the cast the actual votes for the President of the United States.

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Electoral realignment

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Resulting from a critical election, a sharp change and issues, Geographic our bases of Republicans and Democrats, and party leaders, & a long lasting replacement of the dominant party by the other party.

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Electoral votes

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He vote cast in the Electoral College of the United States by each representatives of every state in a presidential election.

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Electronic voting

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A paperless method of voting in which voters may press a button or touch a choice on a computer screen.

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Elite theory

Back 145

The idea that no matter how to vote turns out, a small group of police who profess to believe in popular sovereignty run for office, pay for campaigns, scratch their friends backs, and accumulate political power.

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Eminent domain

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The government's right to acquire private property for the public interest.

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Engel v Vitale

Back 147

A 1962 Supreme Court case that struck down a brief prayer said in New York Public Schools.

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English Bill of Rights

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A 1688 British document requiring that freedom of speech be allowed in parliamentary proceedings and that excessive bail on not to be required for excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted; this document influence the American colonists in framing the Constitution.

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Entitlement

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A government program that guarantees and must provide benefits to a particular group.

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Enumerated powers

Back 150

The powers explicitly stated in the Constitution that Congress has to carry out its responsibilities.

Front 151

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(EEOC)

Back 151

Federal agencies that sets policies to carry out civil laws and has the power to investigate whether the laws have been broken.

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Equal opportunity

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The concept that all citizens should have an equal chance to succeed in life.

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Equal Pay Act

Back 153

A 1963 law requiring equal pay for women whose work is substantially the same as that of men.

Front 154

Equal pay for equal work

Back 154

A goal of the National Organization for Women (NOW), which was founded in 1966, that women should receive the same wages as men for performing the same jobs.

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Equal Protection Clause

Back 155

A clause in the Fourth Amendment on which the Supreme Court relied and its decision in I'm versus Board of Education of Topeka to strike down segregation and state laws that have been built on the foundation of the doctrine of separate but equal.

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Equal Rights Amendment(ERA)

Back 156

Heikki goal that was first proposed in Congress in 1923; it passed by 2/3 majorities in both chambers of Congress in 1972, but by the deadline for ratification 10 years later, 2035 state legislators had approved it - - 3 short of the 38 needed to meet the conditional requirement of hey three quarters majority.

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Quality of outcome

Back 157

An approach that strives to ensure that everybody( all races and economic classes, for example) enjoys equality.

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Establishment Clause

Back 158

The statement in the Constitution that "Congress may not found an official religion."

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State tax

Back 159

A progressive tax that is levied against property left by people who have died; sometimes called the death tax.

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Ethnicity

Back 160

A factor that can significantly influence a person's political views.

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Ex post facto laws

Back 161

Laws that make an act illegal after it has been done.

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Exclusionary rule

Back 162

Hey rule stating that evidence obtained illegally cannot be used against a defendant.

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Executive agreement

Back 163

An agreement made by the President of the United States with another government without senatorial approval, with such an agreement is not binding on future presidents and Congress made client to provide monies to execute the agreement.

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Executive department

Back 164

Hey federal bureaucratic organization in the executive branch.

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Executive Office of the President

Back 165

The top agencies and advisors of the president, the president's aids and their staff( White House operations).

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Executive order

Back 166

An act by the president that has the force of law and creates or shapes policies without congressional approval.

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Executive power

Back 167

The authority of the President to supervise the many governmental bodies created by Congress.

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Expertise

Back 168

The adeptness of bureaucrats at navigating the world of the bureaucracy and learning more about their areas of specialization.

Front 169

Explosion

Back 169

In politics, the Houston of a member of Congress has the most severe form of discipline.

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Factional party

Back 170

A party that breaks away from another party and often centers on individual who has left a majority party.

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Faithless elector

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A member of the Electoral College who votes for a candidate other than the one that he/she is pledged to.

Front 172

Faragher v Boca Raton

Back 172

A 1998 Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that the employers are responsible for setting up safeguards against sexual harassment in the workplace.

Front 173

fast-track Authority

Back 173

A form of congressional delegation of powers to the president, which expired in its most recent form in 2007, to empower the President to make trade deals that Congress can either approve or disapprove but not amend.

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federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Back 174

The primary government agency responsible for regulating the media, particularly radio and TV.

Front 175

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

Back 175

The government agency that oversees campaign financing.

Front 176

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Back 176

An agency of the Department of Homeland Security that focuses on controlling emergencies and minimizing related losses.

Front 177

Federal register

Back 177

Records of every rule that government organizations make.

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Federal Reserve Banks

Back 178

12 banks that are located in the Federal Reserve System.

Front 179

Federal Reserve System

Back 179

An independent government agency that distributes money into the economy.

Front 180

Federalism

Back 180

A system of government that divided government responsibilities between state and federal governments.

Front 181

Federalist No. 10

Back 181

The most cited Federalist paper, written by James Madison, in which he discusses his concerns about factions, or groups that push their own interest to the detriment of the nation as a whole; it also notes that it was unlikely that one faction could impose its will on the United States has a hole because of its diversity and regional interests.

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Federalist No. 51

Back 182

Federalist paper, written by James Madison, in which he argues that the nation envisioned by the framers of the Constitution, competing interests would prevent groups from trampling on the rights of others.

Front 183

Federalist Papers

Back 183

The volume that includes the 85 Pro Constitution articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that were published in New York newspapers, primarily the Independent Journal and The New York packet; also known as the Federalist.

Front 184

Feminists

Back 184

Women who advocated for the right to vote, beginning in the 1840s in the United States.

Front 185

Fighting words

Back 185

Words that indicate a breach of the peace.

Front 186

Filibuster

Back 186

Hey Methodist played by senators to speak for however long they want so as to kill a bill, or debate it into oblivion.

Front 187

Finance Committee

Back 187

The Senate committee the considered the president's proposed budget information on tariffs, taxes, and other sources of income in the decades following World War II.

Front 188

Finance military operations

Back 188

A power of Congress.

Front 189

Fireside chats

Back 189

Radio addresses to the nation made by President Franklin D Roosevelt in which he explained his policies.

Front 190

Continental Congress

Back 190

A 1774 Convention in Philadelphia of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies ( Georgia was the exception) in response to the Intolerable Acts; among the delegates were some of the names most associated with the nation's formation: Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry.

Front 191

First-past-the-post election

Back 191

An election in which the candidate can win with less than 50% of the vote.

Front 192

FISA Court

Back 192

Established by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 1978, a court that grants the federal government the power to place surveillance on suspected spies.

Front 193

Fiscal policy

Back 193

The use of taxes and expenditures to shape the US economy.

Front 194

Fiscal year

Back 194

For purposes of the federal budget, the period from October 1st through September 30th.

Front 195

4th branch of government

Back 195

An expression that describes the power of the media, which collectively provide the public with most of its knowledge about the government.

Front 196

Franchise

Back 196

The right to vote; also called suffrage.

Front 197

Franking privileges

Back 197

The freedom that members of Congress have to deliver office mail at government expense.

Front 198

Free Exercise Clause

Back 198

The statement in the Constitution that individuals have the freedom to engage in religious practices.

Front 199

Free - expression clause

Back 199

Language in the Constitution that scholarly consensus views as having to do with the open discussion of public affairs.

Front 200

Gaffe

Back 200

Famous steak, careless statement, or mark that is easy to take out of context.

Front 201

Gag order

Back 201

An order imposed by a judge that prevents news about a trial from being published or disseminated.

Front 202

Gallup poll

Back 202

A representative sample of public opinion or public awareness about a particular political issue.

Front 203

Gatekeepers

Back 203

Media editors and producers who decide what will be seen or read.

Front 204

Gender gap

Back 204

Political differences between men and women; where as men and women hold basically similar views on abortion rights, women are more likely than men to believe the government should supply jobs to people.

Front 205

General election

Back 205

An election in which candidates are elected at most or all of the national, state, county, and local levels.

Front 206

General jurisdiction

Back 206

The authority of a court to hear whatever type of case-criminal, civil, family, probate and so on - to come up with in the geographical area over which its power extends.

Front 207

Generational effect

Back 207

The fact that certain events shape a particular generations outlook.

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George III

Back 208

The King of England from 1760 to 1820; his changes in English policies created many conflicts with American colonists, which eventually led to the American Revolutionary War.

Front 209

Gerrymandering

Back 209

A practice in which districting for the purpose of making districts politically safe, or ringing districts in favor of one party or another, is done intentionally.

Front 210

Gideon v. Wainright

Back 210

A 1963 case in which the Supreme Court required legal counsel to be available to all defendants.

Front 211

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Back 211

A justice of the Supreme Court who was appointed in 1993.

Front 212

Glass ceiling

Back 212

An analogy used to describe the prevention of women from advancing in the workplace.

Front 213

Goals

Back 213

A term that means the same as quotas but is preferred by supporters because it does not have the same negative connotations.

Front 214

Gold standard

Back 214

The latter part of the 19th century, the sole monetary standard in the United States, opposition to which was the Populists key issue of the presidential election of 1896, who called for the unrestricted coinage of silver - the poor man's currency.

Front 215

Govern the District of Columbia

Back 215

A constitutional power of Congress.

Front 216

Gramm- Rudman Act

Back 216

Halo and acted in 1985 that required annual reductions in the annual deficit with the final goal being an elimination of the national debt by 1991.

Front 217

Grand Old Party (GOP)

Back 217

The Republican Party of the United States.

Front 218

Grassroots

Back 218

Refers to non professional lobbyist and concerned citizens.

Front 219

Great compromise

Back 219

The compromise on how to balance the power of the American states that provided for a House of Representatives to be based on the population of each state and a Senate in which each state would have an equal number of senators.

Front 220

Great Society

Back 220

A set of domestic programs in the United States promoted by President Lyndon B Johnson and fellow Democrats in Congress.

Front 221

Green Party

Back 221

A third party that is 4 to the political left and focuses on environmental issues.

Front 222

Greenback Labour Party

Back 222

A third party with support primarily in royal parts of the United States that ran presidential candidates in the elections of 1880 and 1884 on the platform that the government should print more money, regulate railroads and corporations, undertake political reforms that would end rampant corruption, and conserve the environment.

Front 223

Gridlock

Back 223

The inability of government to accomplish things in a divided government.

Front 224

Griswold v. Connecticut

Back 224

A 1965 Supreme Court case in which I barely enforced a law against contraception was declared unconstitutional.

Front 225

Groupthink

Back 225

A situation in which people close to the president come to the same conclusion but without thorough analysis.

Front 226

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Back 226

The 1964 congressional resolution and empowered President Lyndon B Johnson to involve the United States in the Vietnam War.

Front 227

Hard issue

Back 227

A complicated political issue.

Front 228

Hard money

Back 228

Contributions given directly to the candidates for political office.

Front 229

Hard news

Back 229

News about serious issues.

Front 230

Head of State

Back 230

The chief public representative of a nation and leader of the nation's government; in the United States, the president.

Front 231

Hidden taxes

Back 231

Taxes and fees there few people know about.

Front 232

High-stimulus election

Back 232

An election for an influential office or on an important issue that gets substantial media coverage and features attractive candidates and stiff competition.

Front 233

Homestyle

Back 233

The intentionally crafted appeal of a politician, especially in incumbent, specifically to his or her district or state constituents.

Front 234

Horse race journalism

Back 234

News stories with a fixation on who's winning, who's losing, and the gamesmanship of campaigning.

Front 235

House Rules Committee

Back 235

A uniquely powerful Standing Committee in the House of Representatives establishes rules, procedures, and debates for legislative matters, including the length of debate that will be allowed for a bill in the kind of amendments that may be offered.

Front 236

Human interest story

Back 236

A media story that presents a person or people in an emotional way.

Front 237

Ideological party

Back 237

A party that expresses views that go beyond mainstream opinion.

Front 238

Ideology

Back 238

A factor that can significantly influence a person's political views.

Front 239

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (INA)

Back 239

Halo signed into law by President Lyndon B Johnson that dramatically increased the number of immigrants legally allowed into the United States each year, and led to the great shift in the origins of most immigrants, with many fewer coming from Western Europe and many more coming from Latin America and Asia.

Front 240

Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)

Back 240

The agency, established in 1933 and absorbed into the Department of Justice in 2003 the protected and enforce the laws of naturalization and handled issues related to illegal entry into the United States.

Front 241

Immigration Reform Act

Back 241

A 1986 law designed to penalize employers who hired illegal immigrants and giving amnesty to most of the undocumented illegal immigrants in the country.

Front 242

Impeachment

Back 242

The power granted by the constitution to the House of Representatives to make a kind of political accusation that is roughly hack into an indictment in the criminal legal system: a person can be indicted for a crime but not found guilty.

Front 243

Implied powers

Back 243

The pursuit powers that are not explicitly stated in the Constitution that Congress has the responsibility to carry out.

Front 244

Income

Back 244

A factor that can significantly influence a person's political views; in general, the higher the person's income, the less favorable the person is to a government that interferes with the economy, either through taxation, regulation, or welfare programs.

Front 245

Income tax

Back 245

Tax levied on sources of financial income.

Front 246

Incumbent

Back 246

An elected official currently holding office and running for reelection.

Front 247

Independent regulatory commission

Back 247

Hey government entity that writes and enforces laws that regulate some element of Industry; also called a regulatory agency.

Front 248

Independent

Back 248

A politician who is not affiliated with any political party.

Front 249

Inflation

Back 249

An ongoing increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money.

Front 250

Infotainment

Back 250

Information - based media content that includes entertainment content so to enhance popularity with audiences.

Front 251

Inherent power

Back 251

I implied power.

Front 252

Initiative

Back 252

The proposal by a specific number of voters of a statute, constitutional amendment, or ordinance to compel a popular vote on its adoption; also known as a proposition.

Front 253

Intellectual property rights

Back 253

Exclusive rights that people or businesses have to use their own plans, ideas, or other creations of their minds.

Front 254

Interest group

Back 254

A group of people acting together in support of common concerns that often seeks to influence politics.

Front 255

Internet voting

Back 255

A method of voting on line that is currently being considered, although it would be difficult to ensure privacy and voter authenticity.

Front 256

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Back 256

Created in 1887 and abolished in 1995, its primary purpose was to regulate railroads that move goods and services from one state to another.

Front 257

Iron Triangle

Back 257

The relationship in which political interest groups lobby members of Congress to pass laws that they want, and members of Congress in turn encourage the bureaucracy to implement the laws in ways favorable to the lobbyist.

Front 258

Issue framing

Back 258

The manner in which a topic is presented to the public by political leaders.

Front 259

Issue network

Back 259

A network in which groups with a particular interest in a particular issue been together to head with Kate that issue.

Front 260

If you party

Back 260

A party that focuses on one topic and that tends to be small and short-lived.

Front 261

John of Salisbury

Back 261

An English philosopher (1115-1176), who's argument that love was a gift from God and that if a monarch placed himself above God given law, then his subjects could revolt against him, and even kill him, influence in the American revolutionaries in framing the Constitution; although the revolutionaries did not call for the execution of England's King, they suggested that the King had placed himself above the laws of nature and of nature's God.

Front 262

Andrew Johnson

Back 262

The first of only two US presidents to be impeached, in 1868, for acting against the 10 year and Office Act, which required a president to get Senate approval before removing cabinet members, but which was later found to be unconstitutional.

Front 263

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Back 263

A group of senior military leaders, including the chief military officers of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, who advise the president and certain members of the cabinet about military matters.

Front 264

Joint committee

Back 264

A committee that includes members of both houses and is primarily responsible for fact finding and for raising awareness of particular problems and issues.

Front 265

Judicial activism

Back 265

Federal judges acting as legislators and making policy as they see fit.

Front 266

Judicial implementation

Back 266

How and whether court decisions are translated into actual policy.

Front 267

Judicial restraint

Back 267

Federal judges narrowly deciding constitutional matters and not using the power of the other branches of government.

Front 268

Judicial review

Back 268

A federal judges power to determine what is and what is not constitutional.

Front 269

Judicial temperament

Back 269

Judges fairness, even - headedness, and adherence to the Constitution.

Front 270

Jurisdiction

Back 270

The authority of a court to hear a case.

Front 271

Martin Luther King Jr

Back 271

The leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the civil rights movement, King advocated a nonviolent approach in the quest for civil rights and made powerful statements against racial segregation in his famous letter from a Birmingham jail and his I have a dream speech, in Washington DC, in 1963.

Front 272

Land ordinance of 1785

Back 272

Halo providing land in the Northwest Territory (which would later become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois) be sold so that the funds game by the sale be used to help pay off the national debt; and that townships be organized and the territory, with a portion of each Township set aside for a school.

Front 273

Land ordinance of 1785

Back 273

Halo providing land in the Northwest Territory (which would later become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois) be sold so that the funds game by the sale be used to help pay off the national debt; and that townships be organized and the territory, with a portion of each Township set aside for a school.

Front 274

Lawrence v. Texas

Back 274

A 2003 Supreme Court case and watch the Court overturned its earlier decision in bowers v. Hardwick, stating that consenting adult homosexuals did have a right to privacy.

Front 275

Layer - cake federalism

Back 275

A metaphor that employs the powers of the central and state governments are separate and distinguishable, but overlapping - - realistically speaking, a bit messy.

Front 276

Leaders

Back 276

People who can significantly influence people's political views.

Front 277

Left

Back 277

Political liberalism

Front 278

Legislative liaison staff

Back 278

Presidential aides who discuss legislative topics with members of Congress and simultaneously keep the president informed on the Status of bills.

Front 279

Legislative Reorganization Act

Back 279

A 1946 law that requires lobbyists to state clearly who their clients are and what their policy positions are; also called the federal Regulation of lobbying act.

Front 280

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Back 280

An important 1971 Supreme Court case that provided courts interest groups with a Lemon test to determine whether they're religious activities were constitutional.

Front 281

Lever voting machine

Back 281

A mechanical device by which voters indicate their choices by pulling a lever.

Front 282

Libel

Back 282

The defamation of a person in writing.

Front 283

Libertarian Party

Back 283

The third party in the United States, it favors minimally regulated markets, strong civil liberties, minimally regulated migration across borders, and none interventionism in foreign policy.

Front 284

Library of Congress

Back 284

The National Library of the United States.

Front 285

Lifestyle effect

Back 285

The tendency for people at different stages of life to take certain viewpoints.

Front 286

Living Constitution

Back 286

Refers to the idea that the Constitution continues to have relevant meaning and the ability to change over time.

Front 287

Lobbies

Back 287

Interest groups attempt to influence public policy.

Front 288

Lobbying Disclosure Act

Back 288

A 1995 law that attempted to control lobbyist by, among other things, defining a lobbyist as anyone who spends at least 20% of his a hard time lobbying government officials, and requiring reports to be filed twice a year stading for what clients and on what legislative bills the lobbyist worked.

Front 289

Lobbying

Back 289

The practice of attempting to influence government leaders to create legislation or acting the interests of a particular group.

Front 290

Lobbyists

Back 290

One more representatives of interest groups.

Front 291

John Locke

Back 291

An English philosopher ( 1632 - 1704) whose work was probably the greatest single philosophical influence on American leaders who advocated the break with England.

Front 292

Bug Cabin Republicans

Back 292

Republicans who favor marriage rights for homosexuals.

Front 293

Loopholes

Back 293

Legal ways of reducing a text bill.

Front 294

Lynch v. Donnelly

Back 294

A 1984 Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a Christmas manger display, along with a depiction of Santa, on public property was constitutional.

Front 295

James Madison

Back 295

A political theorist and the fourth President of the United States, who wrote during debates about how to frame the Constitution so that factions ( his word for interest groups) could put their own causes a head of the National good.

Front 296

Magna Carta

Back 296

813 century British document that limited the English monarchs powers and set forth three important principles: (1) the king could not live in taxes without his council's consent, (2) a person could be imprisoned only after being tried by a jury under due process of law, and (3) the king himself was under the law; this document influenced the American colonists in framing the Constitution.

Front 297

Mail - in voting

Back 297

The method by which registered voters fill out and mail balance that have been mailed to them, often used in an attempt to raise the level of voter participation.

Front 298

Majoritarianism

Back 298

The theory that government should do what most people in the country wanted to do.

Front 299

Majority Leader

Back 299

The second most powerful member of the majority party in the House of Representatives, after the Speaker of the House, who generally works to advance the goals of the majority party.

Front 300

Majority opinion

Back 300

A statement of why most of the justices of the Supreme Court arrived at their decisions.

Front 301

Mandate

Back 301

A majority of the popular vote.

Front 302

Mandatory spending

Back 302

Required federal spending for entitlements such as social security.

Front 303

Mapp v Ohio

Back 303

The 1961 Supreme Court case in which the Court determined that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in criminal prosecution in a court of law.

Front 304

Marble - cake federalism

Back 304

A metaphor for a system in which the powers of the state and federal governments are mixed and swirled, like vanilla and chocolate marble cake.

Front 305

Marbury v. Madison

Back 305

The 1803 case that set judicial review in place.

Front 306

Market - driven journalism

Back 306

The presentation of stories that are intended to attract consumers by means of riveting details rather than to inform them of more serious matters.

Front 307

Mass media

Back 307

Many hundreds of information sources, including town, city, and regional newspapers, blogs, local and national radio shows, and local and national TV news programs.

Front 308

Mayflower Compact

Back 308

An agreement whereby the Puritans aboard the Mayflower, who intended to land in territory under the Virginia Company jurisdiction but instead came ashore at Plymouth and Massachusetts, agreed to live under the hat colonies recognized authority and wait for real charger similar to Virginia's. In the Mayflower Compact, two important concepts emerged: (1) government by consent and (2) a woman is to live under the rule of law.

Front 309

McCullough v. Maryland

Back 309

An important 1819 k so once the Supreme Court ruled that Marilyn's attempt to diminish that influence of the National Bank that Congress has established by tax in the bank sessions was unconstitutional, because state government could not pass laws that were at cross-purposes with legitimate federal laws.

Front 310

Media events

Back 310

Events that are so big that media will have to pay attention in this give a candidate some free advertising.

Front 311

Medicaid

Back 311

A federal program of medical assistance for the poor.

Front 312

Medicare tax

Back 312

The portion of taxes that is assessed on earnings and used to provide medical benefits for certain individuals when they reach age 65.

Front 313

Medicare

Back 313

A federal program of medical assistance for the elderly.

Front 314

Minority Leader

Back 314

The leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives, who should be prepared to step into the speakers position should his or her party gained a majority in the election.

Front 315

Miranda v. Arizona

Back 315

The Supreme Court's interpretation that the Fifth Amendment guarantees that no person "shall be compelled it in any criminal case to be a witness against himself," to mean that a person who has been arrested should be advised of his or her rights; also known as Miranda rights.

Front 316

Mission goal

Back 316

Angle of a bureaucratic department to perform duties for the good of the public.

Front 317

Mobocracy

Back 317

Government by the mob.

Front 318

Monetary policy

Back 318

The process by which a nation's monetary authority controls the supply of money.

Front 319

Multi-party system

Back 319

A political system that includes two or more major political parties, such as those of most Western democracies.

Front 320

NAACP

Back 320

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which challenge the American conscience, lobby government officials, and made court challenges against segregation.

Front 321

Ralph Nader

Back 321

The third party Green Party candidate in the United States presidential election of 2002, according to many, spoil the Democrats chance of winning.

Front 322

Name recognition

Back 322

Extent to which a candidate is familiar to the public.

Front 323

NARAL-PRO Choice

Back 323

A group that argues for abortion on demand; formerly, the National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League.

Front 324

National Guard

Back 324

The now - formalized militia that the writers of the Constitution referred to as being called upon for national purposes.

Front 325

National Progressive Republican League

Back 325

Au. S. Political party that was organized in 1911 by disaffected Republicans who supported the presidential candidacy of the reform - minded former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt.

Front 326

National Review

Back 326

A serious news in opinion magazine that is to the right.

Front 327

National security advisor

Back 327

A member of the president's key personnel who provides the president with regular briefings on military and intelligence matters.

Front 328

National supremacy

Back 328

The principle established by McCullough v. Maryland that state governments cannot pass laws that are at cross purposes with legitimate federal laws.

Front 329

Navigation Acts

Back 329

Laws passed by the British government that sharply restricted American trade with the Dutch, French, and Spanish, with the goal of keeping as much wealth as possible in British hands.

Front 330

Necessary and Proper Clause

Back 330

The flexible part of the Constitution that states that Congress has the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof; also called the elastic clause.

Front 331

Neutrality

Back 331

The state of taking no position either favor and are posing an issue.

Front 332

New England town meeting

Back 332

And gathering in the United States at which citizen - residence of a town make decisions about local matters.

Front 333

New federalism

Back 333

The trend in the shifting of powers from the federal government to the States since the 1980s.

Front 334

New Republic

Back 334

Is serious news and opinion magazine that is liberal.

Front 335

News grazer

Back 335

A person, typically young, who picks up a bit of news here and there.

Front 336

Newsworthiness

Back 336

The ability of a story to grab your ship's attention.

Front 337

Richard Nixon

Back 337

The only US president to resign from office, in 1974.

Front 338

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

Back 338

A federal law that sought to improve schools whose students were not doing well academically.

Front 339

Normal distribution

Back 339

When graphed, responses show how a bell curve - - the foolish number of people being at the extremes have the highest number of respondents being in the middle.

Front 340

Normal vote

Back 340

The propensity of most Democrats to vote for Democrats and most Republicans to vote for Republicans.

Front 341

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Back 341

A free trade agreement signed by Canada, the United States, and Mexico that reduces tariffs among the parties.

Front 342

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Back 342

Halo relating to the governance of land and the Northwest Territory ( which word later become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois) providing that if a portion of the territory had 60 thousand residents, it would be under the control of the central government; if it had more residents it could be admitted as a state, and slavery was forbidden in the territory.

Front 343

Nullification

Back 343

The view that states possess the right to nullify federal laws within their borders.

Front 344

Sandra Day O'Connor

Back 344

The first female justice of the Supreme Court, who served from 1981 to 2006.

Front 345

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

Back 345

An executive agency whose mission is to "assist the president in overseeing the preparation of the federal budget and to supervise administration and executive branch agencies."

Front 346

Office of the First Lady

Back 346

Staff members who assist the president's wife with social ceremonies and events related to the White House as well as the promotion of were the causes.

Front 347

Open primary

Back 347

Primary in which Republicans can vote for Democratic candidates, and vice versa.

Front 348

Opinion

Back 348

The written decision of a court, the reasons for the decision, & a discussion of the legal matters involved.

Front 349

Optical scan ballot

Back 349

A method of voting in which a voter frozen bubbles next two candidates names on a paper ballot, and a computer later reads the ballot.

Front 350

Oral arguments

Back 350

Speeches by which attorneys represent their cases court of law.

Front 351

Oval Office

Back 351

The room that is the official work place of the president in the White House.

Front 352

Packing

Back 352

A practice whereby US District designers proud as many members of the opposite party into as few districts as possible.

Front 353

Sarah Palin

Back 353

Alaskan governor who has ask gubernatorial approval rating in 2006.

Front 354

Paper ballot

Back 354

The method by which a voter marks the candidate of his or her choice and drops the ballot into a box; later, this and other votes are hand counted.

Front 355

Pardon

Back 355

An actor a president can perform that restores a person to the state of in a sense that he or she had before being found guilty of a crime.

Front 356

Partial - birth abortion

Back 356

A late - term abortion.

Front 357

Party line

Back 357

Policies that are favored by a political party.

Front 358

Party unity

Back 358

Politicians voting for their parties policies.

Front 359

Pay as you go

Back 359

The 1990 budget enforcement acts requirement that any increase an entitlement spending had to be offset by tax increases or by cuts and discretionary spending.

Front 360

Payroll taxes

Back 360

Social Security tax and Medicare flat - rate tax paid by citizens who earn paychecks.

Front 361

Nancy Pelosi

Back 361

Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2006 to 2010.

Front 362

Pendleton act

Back 362

In 1883 law that was the first to make some government jobs limits to patronage

Front 363

People's Party

Back 363

The late 19th century third party in the United States has platform was the opposition to large institutions run by and for the wealthy that seemed increasingly to control the nation: banks, railroads, corporations, and corrupt political machines; also called the Populist Party

Front 364

Per curiam

Back 364

Refers to a court opinion that is unsigned.

Front 365

Peers

Back 365

People who can significantly influence a person's political views.

Front 366

Ross Perot

Back 366

Hey US presidential candidate who ran as an independent in the election of 1992 in his appeal was his emphasis on anti-incumbency and his charges that the government needed to deal with the federal budget deficit.

Front 367

Personal responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Back 367

A 1996 law for which Democratic President Bill Clinton developed considerable power over welfare programs to the States.

Front 368

Plaintiff

Back 368

A party who initiates a lawsuit.

Front 369

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

Back 369

A 1992 Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld a Pennsylvania law requiring free abortion counseling, 24 hour waiting period, and parental or judicial permission for girls under 18.

Front 370

Platform

Back 370

The public declaration of the principles, goals, and policies of a political party.

Front 371

Plessy v. Ferguson

Back 371

The 1896 Supreme Court decision, conserve money to be among the most damaging the Court's decisions, involving passengers on railroads in Louisiana Tech put in place the doctrine "separate but equal."

Front 372

Pluralism

Back 372

A political system in which different interest groups argue for different things and are than willing medical compromises and accommodations.

Front 373

Plurality

Back 373

In an election within a multi-party system, the greatest number of votes - but less than - that determines the winning candidate or party.

Front 374

Pocket veto

Back 374

A person's failure to sign a bill, with Congress and running within 10 days of the president receiving the bill.

Front 375

Political action committee (PAC)

Back 375

An organization that funds and donuts them to parties and political candidates who support its causes.

Front 376

Political identification

Back 376

The tendency of people to adoption political density fairly young and stick with it through life.

Front 377

Political machine

Back 377

Hey party organization run by a boss or small, time we met through that garnered enough votes to maintain political control of a city, country, or state.

Front 378

Political socialization

Back 378

The lifelong process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquiring political values.

Front 379

Political trust

Back 379

The level of confidence that people have in the country's political system and its leaders.

Front 380

Poll tax

Back 380

Attacks on gloves, which prevented me( and some poor whites) from voting.

Front 381

Polling

Back 381

The continuous checking of opinions of a sample of people on an issue.

Front 382

Polling place

Back 382

The place were qualified citizens are required to vote in elections.

Front 383

Pollsters

Back 383

Those whose work it is to randomly sample residents of the country represent different elements of the population.

Front 384

Popular sovereignty

Back 384

The political power that the people have in a republic.

Front 385

Pork barrel spending

Back 385

The appropriation of federal funds by members of Congress for projects that serve the interests of their home districts or States.

Front 386

Power of appointment

Back 386

The President's authority to select cabinet members who preside over the various federal government agencies or who offer advice on vital issues.

Front 387

Precedent

Back 387

Earlier federal court, especially Supreme Court, decisions that provide guidance for future cases.

Front 388

President pro tempore

Back 388

The senator who takes the place of the vice president has president of the Senate for the times when the vice president is not present in the Senate.

Front 389

Presidential succession act

Back 389

The 1947 law that outlines the order of presidential succession.

Front 390

Press release

Back 390

A prepared statement released to the media.

Front 391

Presumptive nominee

Back 391

In a presidential election, the candidate of a party who has won the most votes in the primaries but has not yet been formally nominated by the party has its presidential candidate.

Front 392

Primary election

Back 392

An election in which political party members or voters elect or nominate a candidate for the next general election; also called a primary.

Front 393

Primary principles

Back 393

The idea that things burned earliest are learned best.

Front 394

Print media

Back 394

Newspapers and magazines.

Front 395

Prior restraint

Back 395

In on constitutional government prohibition of speech in advance of its publication, such as censorship.

Front 396

Privatization

Back 396

Handing over to private enterprise work that was formerly done by government employees.

Front 397

Professionals

Back 397

People whose plan to make their careers in the bureaucracy.

Front 398

Progressive "Bull Moose" Party

Back 398

Hey splinter party formed by former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt and his followers after the Republicans party's leaders refused to grant the presidential nomination to Roosevelt in 1912.

Front 399

Progressive taxation

Back 399

The more one earns, the higher his or her tax rate is.

Front 400

Progressive

Back 400

The political label adopted by Vermont Republican Bernie Sanders to avoid using the term "socialist."

Front 401

Prohibition Party

Back 401

A third party of the earliest 20th century whose primary concern was the prohibition of the use of alcoholic beverages.

Front 402

Project head start

Back 402

A federal program that provides assistance to children from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Front 403

Pro-life

Back 403

Anti abortion.

Front 404

Proposition 187

Back 404

A 1994 ballot initiative designed to deny illegal immigrants access to health care, public education, and other social services in California.

Front 405

Prospect voter

Back 405

A father who makes decisions based on what kind of that say they will do in the future.

Front 406

Provide for state militias

Back 406

A constitutional power of Congress.

Front 407

Public debt

Back 407

The sum of the nation's consecutive deficits.

Front 408

Public domain

Back 408

The point at which a literary work is considered public property and can be copied at will.

Front 409

Public financing

Back 409

Government funding for the campaign of a presidential candidate who qualifies by raising $5,000 in 20 different states and donations of less than $250.

Front 410

Publius

Back 410

The name of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, who wrote many articles in support of the adoption of the Constitution.

Front 411

Punch card

Back 411

A method of writing in which a boaters choices are punched in a pattern of holes on a thin piece of cardboard and later processed on sorting machines.

Front 412

Pundit

Back 412

A professional political commentator; also called a "talking head."

Front 413

Quotas

Back 413

Policies that set aside a certain number of positions for people belonging to certain racial groups, ethnicities, or genders.

Front 414

Race

Back 414

A factor that can significantly influence people's political views.

Front 415

Random selection

Back 415

People selected for a whole have no better or worse chance than others of being chosen.

Front 416

Ranking committee member

Back 416

The highest ranking member of the minority party in a committee.

Front 417

Rational choice theory

Back 417

The idea that some people decide not to vote because the cost of doing so - - learning about the candidates, driving to the polls, standing in line, and so on - - 4 greater than the perceived benefits of voting.

Front 418

"Read my lips, no new taxes"

Back 418

President George H.W. Bush's famous promise in the 1988 presidential election, which he broke in 1990 by agreeing to raise taxes and the budget Enforcement Act.

Front 419

Reagan Democrats

Back 419

Democrats who voted for the Republican candidate, Ronald Reagan, in the you. S. Presidential elections of 1980 and 1984.

Front 420

Real ID Act

Back 420

A 2005 law that calls for uniformity in state identity documents.

Front 421

Reapportionment

Back 421

The revision of the seats in the House of Representatives, based upon census data about eight states proportion of the national population.

Front 422

Recall

Back 422

The direct action of others to remove a political figure from office.

Front 423

Receipts

Back 423

How much the government expects to take in by a taxes in other sources.

Front 424

Recess appointment

Back 424

An appointment of an ambassador, a judge on the Supreme Court, or other high ranking official of the United States made by the President and Congress is not in session, also upon the reconvening of Congress, the appointee must undergo a formal confirmation process.

Front 425

Referendum

Back 425

The submission of a piece of legislation directly to the owners for approval.

Front 426

Religion

Back 426

The factors that can significantly influence people's political views.

Front 427

Register of debates in Congress

Back 427

The record of proceedings of Congress, as required by the Constitution, from 1824 to 1837.

Front 428

Regressive taxation

Back 428

The system whereby lower wage earners pay most of the Social Security taxes because payroll taxes are not living together I wage earners or investment runnings, typically accrued by the wealthy.

Front 429

Regulate an army and navy

Back 429

The power of Congress.

Front 430

Remanded

Back 430

The action of the Supreme Court or another Superior Court that has sent back a case to a lower court for retrial.

Front 431

Representative assembly

Back 431

An institution of self government in which persons representing the population are privileged members of a colony come together to debate, negotiate with the monarch or other appointed ruler, and legislate for the purpose of promoting the general good.

Front 432

Representative democracy

Back 432

Form of government in which voters elect the people who represent them in government bodies, and the elected representatives, in turn, gun legislation and other governmental issues.

Front 433

Reprieve

Back 433

An act at the president can perform that reduces the severity of a convicted persons punishment, although the person skilled remains in some punishment is still delivered.

Front 434

Republic

Back 434

A political system that does not have a monarch.

Front 435

Republicans for choice

Back 435

Republicans who favor abortion rights.

Front 436

Retrospective voting

Back 436

The tendency of a voter to make decisions about who should have political power in the future based on what that food or knows about a candidate's or party's actions in the past or how he or she feels about the past.

Front 437

Reversed

Back 437

The action of the Supreme Court or another Superior Court that has rejected a previous court's decision.

Front 438

Revolving door

Back 438

The practice by which former employees of a government agency become lobbyists to that government agency.

Front 439

Condoleezza Rice

Back 439

The Secretary of State under President George W Bush.

Front 440

Rock the Vote

Back 440

A campaign by MTV designed to get young people interested in politics in the United States.

Front 441

Roe v. Wade

Back 441

A controversial 1973 Supreme Court case in which the court mouth and state laws that made first trimester abortion illegal; the decision sparked a political war that has continued into the 21st century.

Front 442

Franklin D Roosevelt

Back 442

Hey powerful Democratic president and the only US president to be elected as president four times, beginning in 1932.

Front 443

Rule adjudication

Back 443

The settlement of an issue through a judicial process; also called bureaucratic adjudicating.

Front 444

Rule making

Back 444

Bureaucracies decisions about how to act, given the mandates they face.

Front 445

Rule of four

Back 445

At least four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree to issue a writ of certiorari or they will not hear a case.

Front 446

Rules and guidelines

Back 446

Procedures that hard rigidly followed.

Front 447

Runoff primary

Back 447

An election that is sometimes how have no primary candidate wins a majority of the votes so has to have a clear candidate.

Front 448

Sales taxes

Back 448

Taxes imposed by states and localities, not the federal government, on purchases.

Front 449

Salutary neglect

Back 449

The policy of British, they were trying to manage a global empire, if not enforcing parliamentary laws in the American colonies before the French and Indian War.

Front 450

Sampling

Back 450

The practice derived from the theory that the traits of individuals within representative groups generally reflect the same views of the larger group.

Front 451

Bernie Sanders

Back 451

The most prominent progressive in national politics in the lakes xx early 21st centuries and US Senator for Vermont. Sanders was elected to the US Senate in 2006 after serving 16 years in the house of reserves. He founded the House Progressive Caucus.

Front 452

Savings bond

Back 452

A fixed interest financial asset then people purchase with the expectation they will get back what they paid plus interest.

Front 453

Second Continental Congress

Back 453

Convened in 1775, this group of delegates from the colony is adopted a resolution calling on the Congress to determine that these United colonies are, of right odds to be, free and then States and, with some members wanting a document that would have woke inspiration, later resulted in the Declaration of Independence.

Front 454

2nd Treatise on civil government

Back 454

Written by John Locke, many of the principles in this work strongly influenced American colonial leaders and war corporated into the Declaration of Independence.

Front 455

Secretary

Back 455

Half of an executive department.

Front 456

Select committee

Back 456

Hey congressional committee that is organized to tell with a temporary measure and is disbanded once its purpose has been served.

Front 457

Self-interest principle

Back 457

The tendency of people who might not have strong political feelings and know little about politics, but they hear about a government policy tomorrow they may have a feeling about it, based on how they think it will affect them.

Front 458

Senatorial courtesy

Back 458

Handwriting political custom whereby the President and solves the senator of his political party of a given state before nominating any person to a federal they can see within Silver State.

Front 459

Seniority system

Back 459

The usual when lunch Congress relies on who hits too many liters will be. In which Congress relies on who it committee leaders will be.

Front 460

Sensationalistic

Back 460

Internally balanced over hyped with the intention to increase viewership or readership.

Front 461

Separate but equal

Back 461

A legal doctrine under the letter but not necessarily the spirit of the US Constitution that justified a variety of forms of segregation.

Front 462

17th amendment

Back 462

Resulting from reform associated with the progressive movement of the early 20th century and ratified in 1913; the amendment that change the constitution origin provision that senators were to be elected by state legislators and that's only indirectly chosen by the people and instead provided for the direct of election of senators.

Front 463

Sexual harassment

Back 463

A form of discrimination in which women, particularly, are exposed to a lot of verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature.

Front 464

Shays's rebellion

Back 464

The 1786 rebellion in western Massachusetts of farmers who demanded for taxes, other economic reforms, and reforms to the Articles of Confederation.

Front 465

Signing statement

Back 465

This statement by the president, usually after he signed a piece of legislation into law, how about how he intends to enforce the law.

Front 466

Single - member district

Back 466

A district that can be represented by only one member of the House of Representatives.

Front 467

Size ( polling)

Back 467

The size of a sample population used in a national poll must be sufficiently large to represent the large and diverse population of the United States.

Front 468

Skewed distribution

Back 468

Large majority of those polled favor or opposing something.

Front 469

Small state plan

Back 469

A plan regarding how to balance the power of the American states that code for a Yuna ceremony all Congress and equal representation for all the states; this plan seems unfair to the large states, but the small states. The power of the base States.

Front 470

Social conservative

Back 470

The wing of the Republican Party that is socially moderate.

Front 471

Social Security tax

Back 471

See old age, survivors, and disability portion of the taxes assessed on earnings.

Front 472

Social Security

Back 472

One of US President Franklin D Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which he signed into law in 1935, let's not to address the Great Depression and provide benefits for retirement, disability, survivorship, death, and at the time, unemployment insurance.

Front 473

Socialism

Back 473

An ideology that emphasizes government directed equalization of wealth and government control of industry.

Front 474

Socialist Party

Back 474

Jus third-party founded in 1901 and expanded in 1972.

Front 475

Sociotropic Voter

Back 475

The person who votes based on general economic conditions rather than on his or her own family's economic condition.

Front 476

Soft money

Back 476

Contributions given to party committees to be used generally.

Front 477

Solicitor General

Back 477

A presidential appointee within the US Justice Department who argues on the government's behalf.

Front 478

Solid South

Back 478

Refers to the Congressional delegations from the South being strongly Democratic after the elections of 1860 until 1964.

Front 479

Soundbite

Back 479

Hey short snappy phrase that a candidate uses in hopes that the phrase will be aired on TV and radio news programs.

Front 480

Sovereign

Back 480

The quality of having supreme, absolute authority of her nation or territory.

Front 481

Speaker of the House

Back 481

The leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

Front 482

Special election

Back 482

An election that is how to fill an unexpected vacancy in the political office until the next scheduled election, such as when the office holder dies, resigns, or is expelled from office.

Front 483

Specialize

Back 483

To become an expert in a particular field.

Front 484

Spin

Back 484

The shaping of the meaning of a candidate's words by a candidate or campaign assistant in an attempt to make that meaning stick in voters minds.

Front 485

Splinter party

Back 485

A party that breaks off from a major party and sports the both of that party, often resulting in its defeat.

Front 486

Spoiler

Back 486

The presidential candidate of a third party who ruins the chances of victory for the Democratic or Republican candidate.

Front 487

Spoil system

Back 487

The practice of giving government jobs to friends and supporters.

Front 488

Stable distribution

Back 488

Opinion stability over time.

Front 489

Stamp Act

Back 489

A 1765 British law and impose taxes on the colonists for many paper goods, such as newspapers, marriage announcements, playing cards, and so on, against which the colonists raised the slogan "no taxation without representation".

Front 490

Standing Committee

Back 490

A permanent congressional committee.

Front 491

States rights Democratic Party

Back 491

A faction of the US Democratic Party that ran a presidential candidate, strong Thurmond, in 1948, and whose main platform was segregation of the races and states rights.

Front 492

States rights

Back 492

Rights that are neither delegated to the federal government by the Constitution or the 9 by it to the States.

Front 493

Steering committee

Back 493

The committee in each house that determines who sits on which committees.

Front 494

Stenberg v. Carhart

Back 494

A 2000 Supreme Court case in which the Court struck down a Nebraska law that made late term abortions illegal.

Front 495

Strict construction

Back 495

An approach taken by judges to read the Constitution literally.

Front 496

Strict scrutiny

Back 496

The most stringent standard of judicial review used by US courts.

Front 497

Strong executive

Back 497

Hey figure at the center of government whose power is great, the fairly easily checked by other entities in the government; in the United States, the president.

Front 498

Structuring principles

Back 498

The idea that early learning shapes later learning.

Front 499

Sugar Act

Back 499

A 1764 British law that imposed taxes on colonists for the importation of Thorin sugar, wine, coffee, and other goods, and was designed to help pay the cost of the French and Indian War as well as to find the British government operations.

Front 500

Super majority

Back 500

Support or votes exceeding a simple majority, or 50%, required to pass a law or proposal.

Front 501

Surface Transportation Board

Back 501

The agency that replace the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1995 and has a regulatory interest in railroads, interstate trucking, moving vans, and pipelines.

Front 502

Surplus

Back 502

More income than spending.

Front 503

Survival goal

Back 503

A call of a bureaucratic department to make itself indispensable.

Front 504

Suspend habeas corpus

Back 504

The failure to bring a prisoner before a judge, which Congress is not authorized to do, except in cases of war or insurrection, or when "the public safety may require it."

Front 505

Swing voters

Back 505

Voters who can swing a US presidential election in favor of either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

Front 506

Symbolic expression

Back 506

Expression that is mixed with elements of behavior.

Front 507

Talking points

Back 507

Easily digestible policy statements.

Front 508

Tariff

Back 508

Government tax on imported or exported goods.

Front 509

Taxation

Back 509

Revenue raised for the government from its citizens.

Front 510

Teachers

Back 510

Those who can influence people's political views.

Front 511

Television hypothesis

Back 511

The idea that TV makes a person feel informed when, in fact, that is not actually happening.

Front 512

Term limit

Back 512

A restriction of how long a person can serve in a certain political office.

Front 513

The association

Back 513

Created by the First Continental Congress, the alliance of colonies called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Front 514

The nation

Back 514

A serious news and opinion magazine that is to the left.

Front 515

Third party

Back 515

In a two party political system such as the United States has, another party that has little formal political power but plays an important role in politics; also called a minor party.

Front 516

Three fifths compromise

Back 516

For purposes of representation in the House of Representatives, the compromise between northerners and southerners that counted each slave as three fifths of a person.

Front 517

Title IX

Back 517

Part of Congress's 1972 education legislation that stated that no "person and the US show, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination on there any educational program or activity receiving federal aid."

Front 518

Title of nobility

Back 518

Hey designation that Congress may not give to anyone.

Front 519

Title VII

Back 519

Part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination based on gender, Title VII was expanded by Congress in 1978 to prohibit discrimination on the grounds of pregnancy or health problems related to giving birth.

Front 520

Tories

Back 520

British loyalists living in American colonies who did not believe that the American Revolution was justified.

Front 521

Townshend Acts

Back 521

1767 British laws that imposed taxes on the colonists for goods directly imported from England, such as Tea; also called Townshend duties.

Front 522

Travel budget

Back 522

Fun that allow each member of Congress to return from Washington, DC, to his or her state or district to meet with constituents, give speeches, and hear from lobbyists.

Front 523

Trial court

Back 523

The first court before which the facts of a case are decided.

Front 524

Turnover

Back 524

A relatively quick change in membership, such as in the House of Representatives.

Front 525

22nd amendment

Back 525

The 1951 amendment to the Constitution that limited a president's time in office to a maximum of 10 years.

Front 526

Two step flow of communication

Back 526

The process by which people who pay close attention to political matters can disperse what they learn to a larger audience.

Front 527

Tyranny of the majority

Back 527

A situation in which decisions made by a majority place that majorities interest so far above dissenting interest that the minority would be actively oppressed.

Front 528

US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)

Back 528

A branch of the Department of Homeland Security that is primarily responsible for handling immigration services and benefits.

Front 529

US Copyright Office

Back 529

A government agency that protects "original works of authorship" from being copied without permission for lengthy periods.

Front 530

US Court of Appeals

Back 530

One of the 13 federal courts in the United States that review the decisions of lower courts; also called an appellate court or US Circuit Court of Appeals.

Front 531

US District Courts

Back 531

Trial courts that are concerned with matters related to the federal government or to federal law and that will hear cases on a wide range of topics

Front 532

US Federal Reserve notes

Back 532

Paper currency first printed in 1963 with the national motto "In God We Trust."

Front 533

US Mint

Back 533

Established in 1792, the federal agency that creates coins and maintains the nation's gold and silver reserves.

Front 534

US Postal Service

Back 534

An independent federal agency that provides mail processing and delivery services for individuals and businesses throughout the country.

Front 535

Unanimous consent agreement

Back 535

An understanding among senators to limit the debate on a bill.

Front 536

Unanimous decision

Back 536

A Supreme Court decision on which all justices agree.

Front 537

Unanimous decision

Back 537

A Supreme Court decision on which all justices agree.

Front 538

Unfunded mandates

Back 538

Instructions by the federal government to the states that do not include funding for compliance.

Front 539

Unicameral

Back 539

Refers to Congress with only one house.

Front 540

United States Patent and Trademark Office

Back 540

An agency that provides protection and encourages investors to move forward with their ideas, and ensure that patented inventions are not copied and placed in the market for a certain number of years.

Front 541

United States report

Back 541

The publication that makes written opinions of the Supreme Court available to the public.

Front 542

United States v. Harris

Back 542

A 1954 case challenging the legislative Reorganization Act on the grounds that it infringed on freedom of speech, they claim that the Supreme Court rejected.

Front 543

Unwritten constitution

Back 543

Manifestations, such as federal departments, that are not called for in the US Constitution but are not seen as being at odds with it by a majority of Americans.

Front 544

US Patriot Act

Back 544

The law enacted soon after the 2001 terror attacks that expanded the government's ability to put Americans under surveillance and to monitor Internet and telephone communications with in the country.

Front 545

Variation

Back 545

The factor in a pool that people's views are complicated, and therefore posters do not represent their work as being 100% accurate.

Front 546

Veto

Back 546

The president's exercise of authority not to sign a bill that has been passed by a majority in both houses of Congress but instead, to send it back to the house from which it originated with a statement of objections to the bill.

Front 547

Place President of the United States

Back 547

Also president of the Senate, but has a boat only in the case of a tie.

Front 548

Virginia Plan

Back 548

A plan regarding how to balance the power of the American states that called for bicameral legislature, with the number of representatives based on population: the more populous the state, the more representatives it would have; also known as the large state plan.

Front 549

Virtual representation

Back 549

What the British argued the American colonists enjoyed through the parliament in London, because every member of parliament has the British Empire is interest in mind.

Front 550

Voter registration

Back 550

The official state qualification and recording of a person's right to vote.

Front 551

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Back 551

Halo that empowered the federal government to register citizens to vote if state or local jurisdictions failed to do so, in disallowed the test used, primarily in southern states, to prevent African Americans from voting.

Front 552

Voting Rights Act

Back 552

A US law enacted in 1982 that prevent States from enforcing discriminatory tactics intended to deny African Americans and other minorities there opportunities to vote.

Front 553

Voucher

Back 553

Government funding that parents can use to pay for education at private or public schools.

Front 554

Wall of separation between church and state

Back 554

Phrase written by Thomas Jefferson meaning that there should be "separation between church and state."

Front 555

War on poverty

Back 555

Legislation first introduced by President Lyndon B Johnson in 1964 in an effort to reduce the high rate of poverty in the United States.

Front 556

War Powers Act

Back 556

The 1973 congressional resolution that limited a president's power in wartime.

Front 557

Watergate Hotel

Back 557

The site in Washington DC, at which President Nixon was involved in the cover up of a politically motivated break-in of the Democratic Party is office in 1972.

Front 558

Ways and Means Committee

Back 558

The House committee that considered the president's proposed budgets information on tariffs, taxes, and other sources of income in the decades following World War II.

Front 559

Weak executive

Back 559

A type of government that precisely limits the powers of the President or presiding officer.

Front 560

Webster v. Reproductive health services

Back 560

A 1989 Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld a Missouri law that prohibited abortions and publicly funded hospitals and clinics.

Front 561

Weekly Standard

Back 561

A serious news and opinion magazine that is conservative.

Front 562

Whip

Back 562

The member of a political party in the House of Representatives who keeps a count of votes and drums up support for his or her party's agenda.

Front 563

White House Office of Legislative Affairs

Back 563

The president's primary liaison to Congress, which is responsible for advancing the president's legislative agenda on Capitol Hill.

Front 564

White House press secretary

Back 564

An aid to the president who conveys the presidents views to the media representatives and takes questions from them.

Front 565

Winner take all

Back 565

A political system whereby a candidate is elected by a plurality.

Front 566

Women's movement

Back 566

A movement in the 19 sixties that was devoted to the furtherance of feminist concerns and sought action primarily from the federal government; sometimes called the women's liberation movement.

Front 567

Working poor

Back 567

Those who do not earn enough income to be required to pay income tax.

Front 568

Writ of certiorari

Back 568

A motion that calls for a lower court to send to the Supreme Court the records related to a case.

Front 569

Written records

Back 569

Detailed information, for instance, about how well procedures have been followed.

Front 570

Zelman v. Simmons - Harris

Back 570

A 2002 Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that parents could use publicly funded school vouchers to pay tuition at religious schools.