Alterations In Hematologic Function

Front 1

anemia

Back 1

reduced # of erythrocytes; decreased quantity of hgb in erythrocytes

Front 2

causes of anemia

Back 2

impaired production, blood loss, increased destruction

Front 3

vascular response of anemia

Back 3

increase blood flow by vascular dilation and increased heart rate

Front 4

pulmonary response of anemia

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increase the rate and depth of respirations

Front 5

clinical manifestations of anemia

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dyspnea, tachycardia, fatigue, dizziness

Front 6

more clinical manifestations of anemia

Back 6

pale skin, mucuous membranes, lips, nail beds, impaired healing, pale conjuntivae, thinning/graying of hair, paresthesias, weakness, abdominal pain, N/V, anorexia

Front 7

macrocytic-normochromic

Back 7

megaloblastic; erythrocytes large in size, abnormally shaped, normal Hgb

Front 8

microcytic-hypocromic

Back 8

small erythrocytes, abnormally shaped, reduced Hgb

Front 9

normocytic-normochromic

Back 9

normal size, normal Hgb

Front 10

macrocytic-normochromic characterized by what?

Back 10

defective DNA synthesis

Front 11

defective DNA synthesis associated with megaloblastic anemia causes problems with what?

Back 11

erythropoiesis

Front 12

defective DNA associated with megaloblastic anemia is usually a result of what?

Back 12

B12 or folic acid deficiency

Front 13

megaloblastic anemia has what affect on the erythrocytes,Hgb and RBCs?

Back 13

large, thick erythrocytes with normal Hgb; premature death of RBCs within the bone marrow

Front 14

folate deficiency anemia is what type of anemia?

Back 14

macrocytic-normochromic

Front 15

folic acid is essential for what process?

Back 15

erythrocyte production and maturation

Front 16

specific S/S of Folate Deficiency Anemia

Back 16

stomatitis, cheilosis, painful ulcerations of the mouth, buccal mucosa, & tongue, dysphagia, flatulence, watery diarrhea

Front 17

folate deficiency anemia is associated with what cancer?

Back 17

colorectal cancer

Front 18

characteristics of Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemia

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-small RBCs
-abnormally low Hgb content

Front 19

alterations of erythrocytes in Microcytic-Hypochromic anemia are associated with what 3 things?

Back 19

-disorders of iron metabolism
-disorders of porpyrin & heme synthesis
-disorders of globin synthesis

Front 20

iron deficiency anemia is what type of anemia?

Back 20

microcytic-hypochromic

Front 21

at risk populations for iron deficiency anemia

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-women
-poverty
-women of child bearing age
-children

Front 22

causes of iron deficiency anemia

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-chronic blood loss
-poor dietary intake
-menorrhagia
-meds that cause GI bleeding (insads)

Front 23

stage 1 of iron deficiency anemia

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iron stores for red cell production and Hgb synthesis are depleted

Front 24

stage 2 of iron deficiency anemia

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low amts of iron are transported to the bone marrow, causing iron deficient cells to be produced

Front 25

stage 3 of iron deficiency anemia

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Hgb deficient cells enter circulation & replace normal cells

Front 26

clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia (later)

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-spoons shaped nails
-glossitis
-dry, cracked mouth corners
-dysphagia

Front 27

polycythemia vera

Back 27

overproduction of RBCs with increased WBCs and PLTs

Front 28

pathophysiology of polycythemia vera

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non-malignant condition causing abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells; underlying cause remains unkown

Front 29

clinical manifestations of polycythemia vera

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-increased blood volume/viscosity
-vessel occlusion -> tissue ischemia -> infarction
-increased BP
-unique painful itching = pruritis
-ruddy, red color of the face, hands, feet, ears, mucous membranes

Front 30

pathophysiology for leukemias

Back 30

uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes -> overcrowding of bone marrow -> decreased production/function of normal cells

Front 31

leukemias are more common in who?

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adults and males

Front 32

clinical manifestations of leukemias

Back 32

-anemia
-bleeding
-fever
-weight loss
-infection
-liver, spleen, lymph node enlargement

Front 33

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

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most common NON-LYMPHOCYTIC leukemia

Front 34

S/S of AML

Back 34

-pain
-fever
-weakness
-infection
-fatigue
-bleeding
-enlarged liver/spleen
-hyperplasia of gums
-bone pain
-ecchymosis
-petechiae

Front 35

Chronic Myelod Leukemia (CML) S/S

Back 35

-SOB
-confusion
-enlarged/tender liver and or spleen
-malaise
-anorexia
-weight loss

Front 36

CML is diagnosed as a WBC count as what...?

Back 36

WBC > 100,000/mm3

Front 37

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is most common among who?

Back 37

older adults

Front 38

S/S of CLL

Back 38

-painful lymphadenopathy
-hepatomegaly
-splenomegaly
-ever
-extreme diaphoresis (especially at night)
-unintentional weight loss

Front 39

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) is most common in who?

Back 39

young children and boys

Front 40

causes of ALL

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-genetic susceptibility
-environmental factors
-viral infections

Front 41

S/S of ALL

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-pallor
-fatigue
-petechiae
-purpura
-bleeding
-fever
-enlarged liver/spleen
-bone pain
-headache
-vomiting

Front 42

Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count of what?

Back 42

<150,000/mm3

Front 43

Platelet count with hemorrhage from MINOR TRAUMA

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<50,000/mm3

Front 44

Platelet count with SPONTANEOUS BLEEDING

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<15,000/mm3

Front 45

Platelet count with SEVERE BLEEDING

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<10,000/mm3

Front 46

causes of thrombocytopenia

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-hypersplenism
-autoimmune disease
-hypothermia
-viral/bacterial infections
-medication

Front 47

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) -Chronic

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IgG antibodies target platelet glycoproteins -> antibody-coated platelets are sequestered and removed from the circulation

Front 48

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) -Acute

Back 48

-viral infection

Front 49

one fo the most common childhood bleeding disorders is what?

Back 49

ACUTE Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Front 50

clinical manifestations of ITP

Back 50

-petechia
-purpura
-progesses to major hemorrhage

Front 51

Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) pathophysiology

Back 51

1. platelet aggregation
2. formation of microthrombi
3. occlusion of arterioles and caillaries

Front 52

Chronic relapsing TTP is most commonly seen in this population

Back 52

children

Front 53

Chronic relapsing TTP S/S are not as severe. True or false?

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TRUE: signs and symptoms of CHRONIC RELAPSING TTP are not as severe as acute idiopathic TTP.

Front 54

ACUTE idiopathic TTP most commonly affects this population

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women in their 30's

Front 55

S/S of Acute Idiopathic TTP

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-severe thrombocytopenia (<20,000/mm3)
-CNS disturbances
-kidney failure
-fever

Front 56

Essential (Primary) Thrombocythemia is characterized by what 2 things

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-platelet counts <400,000/mm3
-myeloproliferativev disorder of platelet precursor cells

Front 57

what is an example of the myeloproliferative disorder in essential thrombocytopenia?

Back 57

megakaryocytes in the bone marrow are produced in excess

Front 58

what commonly occurs with Essential Thrombocythemia?

Back 58

microvasculature thrombosis

Front 59

S/S of essential thrombocythemia (related to ischemia)

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-digital ischemia
-pain with standing/exercise
-organ ischemia
-bleeding

Front 60

how does a Vitamin K deficiency affect coagulation?

Back 60

it is necessary for synthesis and regulation of prothrombin, prothrombin factors and anticoagulant proteins

Front 61

how does Liver Disease affect coagulation?

Back 61

Liver Disease causes a broad range of hemostasis disorders