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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nomadic |
(hunter gatherers) majority of human history, involves moving around and often following animals to hunt |
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Sedentary
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(agricultural revolution) humans farming animals and plants
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Birth Rate
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rate at which people are born
reasons for high birth rate- lack of birth control, religious beliefs, uneducated..etc |
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Zero population growth
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When the birth rate and death rate are the same
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Deomography
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The study of size and distribution of the human population
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overpopulation
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an areas long term carrying capacity is being exceeded and degraded by current occupants
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Sustainable development
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meets the needs of the present w/o compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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Standard of living
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"quality of life" depends on balance of environmental resources, pop density, and economic development
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per capita GNI
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sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes
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purchasing power parity(PPP)
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allows one to estimate what the exchange rate would have to be in order for the exchange to be at par w/ the purchasing pwr of the 2 countries' currencies
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Demographic Transition Model
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Refers to transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops
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urbanization
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population shift from rural to urban areas
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industrialization
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the processs in which a society or country transforms itself from primarily agricultural into one that manufactures goods and services
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ethnic group
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a socially defined category of people who identify w/ eachother based on common ancestral, social, cultural, or national experience
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cultural diffusion
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process of a cultural element spreading
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acculturation
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adapting some traits from other cultures
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assimilation
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immigrant groups assume all parts of the new culture
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cultural divergence
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restrictions of other cultural ideals either natural or intentional
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fundamentalism
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counter-cultural fidelity to a principle or set of principles based on a very strict interpretations of a book like the bible
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refugee
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one who flees in search of asylum in times of trouble (forced migration)
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temperature altitude zones
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(hottest to coldest)tierra caliente, tierra templada, tierra fria, tierra heleda
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pampas
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fertile south american lowlands covering around 750,000 square km
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el nino
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band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east central equatorial pacific
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pre columbian era
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the time preceeding Christopher Columbus' voyages, indigenous American cultures
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aztecs
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In central mexico, spoke Nahvatl language
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Incas
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largest empire in pre-columbian era, arose from peru highlands
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mayans
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mesoamerican- developed by maya peoples, only known fully developed writing system that was pre-columbian
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colonization
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large scale migration of a lot of people to a colonial area
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treaty of Tordesillas
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agreement between spain and portugal aimed @ settling conflicts over lands discovered by Columbus
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Simon Bolivar
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Venezuelan military and political leader, played a big role in establishment of Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Colombia as sovereign states from spain
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Haiti's Independence
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Haitian revolution was a slave revolt in the French Colony of St-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of Haiti
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Madrasah
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Schools that teach a conservative version of Islam to kids and nurture hatred towards us
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Major changes Afghanistan experienced starting in 1963
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A constitution was put together to form a constitutional monarchy. Granted women equality and they started to have jobs. Then democratic optimism started to decline, the nation was plunged into 23 years of warfare due to king being overtrown, constitution abolished, and military coup taking over.
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Major resources in Kazakhstan
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The biggest resouce is Oil -17.6 Billion barrels of it
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One-Man Stan
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Turkmenistan is the "one man stan" due to everything in the country being dictated by one ruler
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Pakistan-Military Spending
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Military gets 30% of government budget
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Balfour Declaration
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Stated Britains support for creation of a Jewish Homeland in Palestine w/o violating rights of Arabs living there
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Israel-Palestine land divisions, refugee camps, majority/minority ethnic groups
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Refugee camps in Lebanon Jordan and Syria. Majority of people in Israel were Jewish, majority in Palestine were Arab
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Sikes-Picot Agreement
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Between France and Great Britain - An agreement to split the Ottoman empire between them instead of the Arabs like originally planned
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World War l - Central Powers, Allies
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Central Powers: Germany, Austria, Hungary Ottoman EmpireAllies: Great Britain, France, Russia
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Zionism
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Branch of Jewish faith
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Abraham
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Founder of Judaism, communicated with god.
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Catholicism
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Oldest and largest branch of Christianity. Led by the Pope.
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Eastern Orthodox
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A group of churches, most of which are associated with a particular country. The patriarch of Constantinople is the general representative, but each church is independent and selects its own head.
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Protestantism Christianity
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Second largest branchDivided into many dif churches
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Christianity - origins
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Grew out of Judaism, Jesus was the founder.
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Christmas
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Birth of JesusHonored with a special church service
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Easter
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The feast of the Resurrection of Jesus.Honored with a special church service
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Eid
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Marks end of Ramadan
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Ramadan
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Fourth pillar of Islam. During the days of this month, eating, drinking, and smoking during the day are forbidden.
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Islam- origins
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Muhammad(founder) was chosen by the god Allah to be a prophet
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Jesus
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Founder of Christianity
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Judaism - Origins
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Originated from Abraham(Prophet)
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Koran - Language, Message
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Holy Book of IslamIt is a collection of the revelations Muhammad received. Tells Muhammad's followers what to believe in and how to live
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Mecca
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Holy city of Islam, where every mosque is pointed to
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Muhammad
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Founder of Islam. Was a prophet chosen by Allah
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New Testament - language, message
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One of the two books of the bible. tells the story of Jesus
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Orthodox Jews
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Most traditional branch, believe that Judaism should be practiced just as it was in ancient times.
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Rosh Hashanah
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The new year
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Yom Kippur
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The Day of Atonement, the most solemn and important of Jewish holidays
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Passover
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Commemorates the escape from Egyptian bondage
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Sabbath
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Jews observe this period of holiness and rest from sunset on Friday to nightfall on Saturday
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Sacraments (Baptism, Communion)
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Communion: members of a Christian church eat bread and drink wine in memory of the final meal Jesus had with his followersBaptism: a ritual that brings a person into the community of believers. Involves water, many different forms
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Shi'a
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Believe that Muslim leadership belonged to 'Ali's descendants alone. Believe truths of Koran revealed only thru a community leader called the imam. Interpretations by other people not accepted
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Sunni
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Follow sayings of Muhammad and emphasize community
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Synagogue
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Jewish house of worship, also a community gathering place. Leader known as a rabbi, heart of worship is reading of the Torah
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The 5 Pillars of Islam
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1: There is one God and Muhammad was his prophet2: Prayer- Muslims pray 5 times a day. On Fridays gather at a communal place of worship called a mosque3: Charity4: Fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan5: Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once
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Torah - Language, message
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One of the holy books of Judaism, an explanation of God's laws
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British colonialism
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Positive Effects: Built Railroads and roads, improved schoolsNegative Effects: Caused millions of Indians to loose their jobs, British did not treat Indians as equals
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British Independence
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Happened in 1947, caused India to be divided into to seperate states, Pakistan and India
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Ganges
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Belief that the river is holy due to it being a manifestation of a god. Cleanses your soul if you bathe in it
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Textile Industry
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Indias textile industry was damaged by British Colonialism b/c colonial system imported raw cloth to Britain, made it into refined cloth, and then shipped it back to India to be sold
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The "Partition"
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When India split into 2 states - India and PakistanCaused a huge migration in which many people died
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Buddhism - Causes of suffering, Nirvana
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3 causes of suffering - old age, disease, deathNirvana - achieved through meditation
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Caste System
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The system that dictates how high up you are in society. Goal is to move up, unite with Brahmin
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Founded by Guru Nanak Dev in the 1400s
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Sikhism
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Four Noble Truths
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Teachings of Buddah, what Buddists have to follow
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Eightfold Path
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The path to enlightenment in Buddhism
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Hinduism - Origins, geographic distribution
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Originated in Indus River Valley. Large populations of Hindus in India (80%), Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia
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Indus River Valley
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Place where Hinguism originated in 1400s
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Jainism - Belief Emphasis
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Belief in complete non violence, Pantheism, truth, non stealing, celibacy, non-possesiveness
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Karma, Dharma, Reincarnation
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Karma - If you do good deeds you will be rewarded, affects how good your next life will beDharma - Someones potential, if you complete your Dharma you get good karmaReincarnation - The belief you are reborn after death
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Siddhartha Guatama
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Founder of Buddhism. Was a prince until he saw suffering which caused him to start a religion that believed in the Middle Way
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Sikhism - Origins, Guru Nanak Dev
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Founded by Guru Nanak Dev in 1400s. Was started as a movement to combine Hinduism and Islam
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Church
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Sunday most common day of worship. Services usually include bible readings and a sermon and a ceremony called communion.
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Mosque
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Islam place of worship. Person called Muezzin calls for prayer and chants from a raised platform. Believers gather to pray, listen to portions of the Koran, and hear a sermon based on the text.
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Reform Jews
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Do not participate in all the ceremonies that are observed by Orthodox
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Conservative Jews
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Uphold many ancient traditions but have made some changes in their religious practices
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extreme poverty |
living on less then 1$ per day means households unable to meet basic human needs |
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moderate poverty |
living on 1 - 2 dollars per day basic needs met, but barely |
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relative poverty |
household income below national average, means lacking things the middle class takes for granted |
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big 5 development interventions |
boosting agriculture improving basic health investing in education bringing power providing clean water and sanitation |
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boers |
dutch farmers with intentions of establishing settlements that went to South Africa |
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New Farming Methods in Africa |
Commercial agri which is putting a strain on soil and water pollutes soil and fresh water |
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Maghreb |
most of the region of western africa |
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origins of homosapiens |
eastern africa |
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berlin conference |
EU powers negotiated borders of africa |
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Apartheid |
blacks forced to live in segregated areas blacks lacked political rights blacks had to carry identification papers at all times |
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boer war |
Britain, who wanted to claim the wealth of the boer mines in the Orange free state and Transvaal, invaded and waged the Boer war held control of the mines breifly until a boer led resistance forced british to grant independence to south africa |
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Effects of the Slave Trade |
Larger kingdoms became dependent on EU goods Impoverished smaller kingdoms larger kingdoms able to gain more land by taking over smaller kingdoms drained interior of human resources |
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Orange Free State and Transvaal |
where large numbers of slave owning Boers moved too large deposits of diamonds and gold were unearthed there |
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king leopold |
was the king of Belgium bought the DRC and falsely advertised it as a free, safe state for the tribesmen there when really he was exploiting them and their resources |
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H.M. Stanley |
crossed africa first white man to chart the congo rivers course recruited by leopold to create stations on the congo for trading |
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Edmund Morel |
worked for a british shipping line tried to expose and destroy leopold discovered leopolds network of lies by noticing that many resources came out of the congo, but very few were shipped back |
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Patrice Lumumba |
leading voice of free congo. fought for decolonization. elected coalition prime minister |
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Physical Geography of Africa |
Tropical climate along equator and in the south Sahara desert dominates north years of drought are becoming more common |
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Religious Regions of Africa |
Christianity (central, southern and eastern Africa) Islam (Northern and western africa) african traditional religions dispersed throughout the continent |
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ITCZ |
A band of atmospheric currents that circle the globe around the equator brings rain north to the sahel |
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Desertification |
process which turns productive soil intor non productive desert as a result of poor land management and drought. process is self reinforcing |
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mixed agriculture |
raising a variety of crops and a few animals |
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agroforestry |
the raising of economically useful trees. takes pressure off forests for fuelwood and construction material |
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Mestizo |
a man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian. |
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lasting effects of colonialism in Latin America |
Rapid spread of Christianity in the region; this replaced traditional religions Introduction of European languages (mainly Spanish, Portuguese, English, Dutch and French) Eradication of millions of natives as a result of diseases introduced by Europeans Creation of class societies were a small minority controlled the vast majority of a colony's (or nation's) resources Division of many tribes as a result of European-created borders. Mass mining of minerals that were exported to Europe prior to independence left many new nations in the region poor |
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shifting cultivation |
a form of agriculture in which an area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored. |
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maquiladora |
a factory in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting its products to the country of that company. |
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NAFTA |
an agreement between the US Mexico and Canada to freely trade goods |
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Mercosur |
a trade agreement between many south american countries to promote free trade and the movement of goods, people and currency |
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Sub regions of Western Europe |
north, west, south, and central classified this way due to the experiment w/ communism |
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Physical and climatic characteristics of Europe |
Europe is a giant peninsula with many coming off of it, due to this much of the continent feels the climate moderating effects of the ocean |
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Rhine River |
one of the world's busiest commercial waterways and an invaluable economic asset. A cheap, efficient means of transportation, the river aided the development of numerous cities along its banks also, land on its banks is very fertile |
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Alternative Energy in Europe |
energy with the most potential is wind energy |
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Ottoman Empire's influence on Europe |
New Tech Numbering System Mathematics Advances in Medicine, Engineering, and Architecture |
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Mercantilism |
The strategy of increasing a countries wealth and power by making colonies and managing all aspects of them |
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Industrial Revolution |
During industrialization living conditions in Europe's cities were terrible
long working hours bad water quality bad living conditions |
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Nationalism |
Loyalty to the nation above all else |
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Communism |
Wealth is evenly distributed in a communist economy |
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World war 2 |
70 million people died Marshall Plan helped rebuild western Europe after the war by having US provide financial assistance for rebuilding basic facilities |
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European Union |
currency is the Euro employs deindustrialization where factories of wealthier countries are relocated to poorer countries major component in the joint economy is tourism places a high value on agricultural subsidies(payments to farmers) because it lowers the cost of production |
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NATO |
The military orgainization formed to counterbalance the Soviet Union |
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Minority Assimilation |
many different views of minorities and foreigners in europe some people think they are necessary while some think they are a hinderance least tolerated in places with low incomes |
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Physical Characteristics of East Asia |
The sichuan basin - a huge fertile area between the plateau of tibet and the north china plain, one of chinas most important agricultural areas. has a mild climate and long growing season |
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Confucianism
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values include courtesy, knowledge, inegrity, and respect for and loyalty to parents and government officials Oldest male held the seat of authority and was responsible for the well-being of everyone in the family |
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Nehru |
the first prime minister of India
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The Nationalist Peoples party
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disliked foreign powers in China, influenced by western ideas
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The long march
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1920, split in the party between nationalists and communism
Communists wanted to give more power to workers and land to landless people but Chiang disagreed and ordered all communists to be killed some survived and fled to a stronghold |
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Chiang Kai-Shek
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first president of the Chinas peoples republic after the nationalists seiezed power through a series of revolts |
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The Great Leap Forward
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750,000 collectives were combinded into 23,000 peoples communes which were self sufficient and contained farms and industries.
officials made all the decisions about what was made and who received it productivity fell because difficult life in communes and people were offered no incentive to work harder |
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The Cultural Revolution
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goal was to smash old order completely and establish a socialist society
all who disagreed with this policy were humiliated, beaten or killed, farm production fell, work ground to a halt, and schools closed was a complete faliure, caused 1000s of innocent people to be in jain and many were driven to remote rural areas |
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Red Guard
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An army of radical young men to enforce Chiang's policies during the cultural revolution
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Deng Xiaoping
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Took over after Chiang died
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4 modernizations
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Agriculture Industry Science and Tech and Defense
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