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3 Cards in this Set
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ALCOHOL What are some of the reasons a government might introduce a tax on alcohol? |
- alcohol is widely consumed by consumers and it is addictive and dangerous therefore it gives a government 3 primary reasons to tax alcohol: 1) to raise revenue: product will always be consumed so governments are able to place high taxes on it knowing that it will result in stable income 2) Use alcohol to political advantage by saying taxing is an incentive to stop excess alcohol consumption or to decrease high levels of alcohol abuse in the population 3) Use money gained from it to fund health care in treatment of alcohol related disease and accidents |
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ALCOHOL Using brief notes, identify the main clinical features accompanying exposure of the unbornchild to alcohol (ethanol). Be sure to name the relevant syndrome(s). |
Exposure of anunborn child to ethanol can result in Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). There are 3distinct features: 1) Facialabnormalities: - Small headcircumference - Extra fold ofskin at eye - Missingvertical grooves between nose and mouth - Thin upper lip 2) Brain changes: - Low IQ <70 - Hyperactivity& behavioural problems - Lowereducational achievement - Poorsocialisation/communication 3) Low birthweight: - Toxic chemicalssuppress growth (alcohol) - Growthretardation common consequence of in utero alcohol exposure - Post natalfailure |
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ALCOHOL Identify the main stages in the development of liver disease in alcoholics, taking care to definethe main features of each. |
1) ‘Fatty Liver’ - High incidenceif alcohol intake >60g/day (6 standard drinks) - Build up of fatin liver cells (centrilobular hepatocytes) - Causes enlargementof liver, pain, discomfort- Free radicalsform during ethanol metabolism in endoplasmic Reticulum - Damage lipidmembranes to form reactive aldehydes - Attackproteins, DNA & antioxidant glutathione 2) Hepatitis - Inflammation ofliver & shrinkage - Jaundice asresult poor removal bilirubin accumulating in subcutaneous fat - Fatigue - Fever - GI tract:nausea and anorexia, vomiting and pain 3) Cirrhosis - 5 year survivalat diagnosis is 50% - Irreversiblescarring of liver - Hepatocytesgradually replaced by scar tissue - Strong irondeposition in liver - Could requiredliver transplantation 4) Liver cancer isthe final phase for a minority of individuals |
