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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Class Purpose |
"Correcting" the behavior of criminally convicted offenders to desirable behavior while offenders are in custody and or probation or parole. |
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Success rate of Probation and parole |
35% |
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Casework |
The management of cases on a caseload. |
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Assessment |
Process of subjecting offenders to a formal evaluation and analysis of their deficiencies and needs, and and risks they pose to the community. |
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Counseling |
Process that the counselor leads offenders to explore their feelings and concerns (inappropriate behavior). |
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Differences between Correctional Counseling and General Counseling |
1. Offenders do not seek counseling voluntarily, 2. Offenders have fewer coping resources, and 3. Offenders have psychological and economic investment in retaining their current lifestyle. |
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Criminology |
An interdisciplinary study of the causes of crime. Interdisciplinary is between genetics, neurology, physiology, psychology, economics, and sociology. |
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Usefulness of Theory: What is a theory? |
Intellectual scaffold around which the practitioner constructs an edifice of useful knowledge. |
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Theories are useful when: |
1. Provides guidance for further explanation, 2. Corresponds with the factual data already known, 3. Fits those data components into propositions to form a logically connected and coherent whole. |
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The Usefulness of Theory: Crime |
Socially disapproved behavior according to different social, political, and economic conditions. |
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The Usefulness of Theory: Criminality |
Stable differences across individuals in the propensity to commit criminal (or equivalent) to acts. |
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Criminal "Causal" Funnel |
As a funnel: Society, culture, the total environment Subcultures Family Milieu Personal makeup Your client |
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Anomie |
Cultural values, norms, and social structure, lead to lack of legitimate opportunities. |
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Differential Association |
Gangs, peer pressure to conform to subculture values and beliefs opposed to lawful behavior. |
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Control |
Unique personal experiences leading to lack of attachment and need to criminal beliefs. |
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Lifestyle Theory/Biosocial factors |
Inherited and acquired characteristics. |
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Characteristics Ways of Thinking |
Alcoholism, drug addiction, personal problems, yield a "bad attitude." |
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Correctional Philosophy and Restorative Justice: What is Restorative Justice? |
Every action that is primarily oriented toward justice repairs the harm that has been caused by the crime, "personalizing" the crime by defining it as a harmful act committed by one person against another rather than an act committed against the state. |
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Restorative Justice Balance Approach Equally weights: |
1. Community Protection, 2. Offender Accountability, 3. Offender Competency |
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Theories: Sociological Theory: Anomie/Strain Theory |
Termed by Emile Durkheim, anomie is lacking in rules or "normless." 1. Does not view crime as abnormal; all societies have crime. 2. Crime grows in proportion to loss of social cohesion. 3. Happiness = accomplisments/expectations. |
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Social Theory: Modes of Adaptation: What is, "Merton's 5 Methods of Social Adaptation to Social Structure?" |
1. Conformity: individuals who accept the validity of the cultural goals of the socially approved methods of achieving them,
2. Ritualism: the "nine-to-five slugger" who has long given up on ever achieving the prescribed cultural goals, but who continues to work ritually with the boundaries set forth as legitimate,
3. Retreatism: rejects both the cultural goals and the institutionalized means of attaining them; greatest challenge to criminal justice worker,
4. Rebellion: reject both the goals and the means of capitalist American society (present cultural living), but they wish to substitute alternative goals and alternative means,
5. Innovation: fully accepts the validity of the cultural goals of monetary success but rejects the legitimate means of attaining them. |
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Who created the General Strain Theory? |
Robert Agnew |
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What is the General Strain Theory and what does it do? |
1. An expansion on Merton's theory 2. Adds strain resulting from efforts by others to remove or threaten to remove things we value 3. Includes ways people respond to those strains and characteristics of individuals that might lead them to adopt one response rather than another. |
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Agnew's General or "Super Traits" Theory |
Delinquency and crime influence and are influenced by several negative factors: family, school, and peers, and work. The individual's personality, consisting of low self-control and irritability, also influences and influenced by these factors. |
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What are the Sociological and psychological theories? |
Anomie/Strain Theory, Merton's 5 Methods of Social Adaptation to Social Structure, General Strain Theory, Agnew's General or "Super Traits" Theory, Differential Association Theory, Social Control Theory, Hirchi's Control Theory. |
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What is Differential Association Theory? |
1. Created by Edwiin Sutherland 2. Focuses on subcultural elements that may predispose an individual to one or another of Merton's adaptations 3. Stresses the potency of group pressures |
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What is the Differential Association Theory model? |
Differential social organization in lower social class --> Values in conflict with mainstream society leading to definitions of the law favorable to its violation - - > Differential Association with others holding definitions favorable to law violation - - > Learned definition and techniques are used in committing criminal acts. |
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What are the Differential Association Theory four general principles? |
1. Individuals learn criminal behavior interactions with other people 2. Learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups 3. Individuals drive the direction of the Cognitive components of learned criminal behavior from definitions of the legal code as favorable or unfavorable to violations of the law 4. Associations with other holding definitions favorable to violation of the law vary in frequency, the durations, and the priority, the and intensity |
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What is the Social Control Theory? |
1. Focuses on the conditions of the environment that restrain them from it 2. Self-interest is innate 3. We are born a social and must learn painful lessons 4. Identifying the "typical" criminal (Travis Hirsch) : young, male, grew up in urgan area without father, has history of difficulty in school, unemployed |
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What are the four elements of Social Brand in the Social Control Theory? |
1. Attachment --> one's psychological and emotional closeness to others such as reciprocal relationships with family, friends, social groups 2. Commitment --> a lifestyle in which one has invested considerable time and energy in the pursuit of a lawful career : People who make investment are not likely to risk it by engaging in criminal activity and is cost-benefit ratio 3. Involvement->direct consequence of involvement 4. Belief -> The ready acceptance of social responsibility. |
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What is the process of Hirchi's Control Theory? |
The lack of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief constitutes the lack of social controls - - > lack of social control leases natural inclinations to satisfy wants and needs expediently - - > Crime. |
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The process of Social Control to Self-control |
-> People with low self-control: 1. Oriented to present rather than future: Crime is immediate gratification 2. Risk-taking and physical: Crime provides them with exciting and risky adventure 3. Lack patience, persistence, and diligence: Crime provides them with quick, easy ways to money, sex, revenge, etc. 4. Self-centered and insensitive: They can commit crimes without experiencing guilt. |
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What are the Biosocial Theories? |
Psychopathy, Reward Dominance Theory, Suboptimal Arousal Theory, Cheater Theory, Prefrontal Dysfunction Theory, Arousal Theories and Child Abuse/Neglect, "Good guys start last and finish first." |
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What is Psychopath? |
Those whose antisocial behavior they consider primarily in genetic origin; although no researcher has found "crime genes." |
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What is the Psychopath "theory?" |
A variety of neuro hormonal routes lead to particular traits and characteristics that increase probability of criminal behavior. |
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What is a Sociopath? |
Those whose antisocial behavior is mostly environmental in origin. |
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Not all criminals are what? |
Psychopaths. |
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Theories of psychopath: What are the most common features of a psychopath? |
Unable to profit from experience, lack a sense of responsibility, unable to form reciprocal meaningful relationships, lack impulse control, lack moral sense, consistently antisocial, punishment has no effect in changing their behavior, emotionally immature, glib and superficial, unable to experience feelings of guilt, extremely self-centered |
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Theories of Psychopath: What is the interactive process of genes and environment? |
Passive gene/environment correlation - > parents provide children with genes for particular traits and an environment conducive to their development. Reactive gene/environment correlation - > picks up the developmental trajectory started by passive gene/environment correlation and refers to the reactions of others evoked by child's expression of his/her traits. Active environment correlation - > the seeking of environments compatible with our genetic dispositions. |
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What is the Reward Dominance Theory? |
A Neurological theory of psychopathy and criminal behavior based on proposition of two opposing mechanisms: behavioral activation system (BAS) is and behavioral inhibition system (BIS). |
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Reward Dominance Theory: What are the BAS and BIS systems? |
BAS - > acts like accelerator rushing us toward the fulfillment of some desire: primarily associated with dopamine. BIS - > regulates our behavior (like a brake): primarily associated with serotonin; criminals have dominate BAS. |
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What is the Suboptimal Arousal Theory? |
-A Reticular Activating System as a regulator of Neurological Arousal. -Works in a range of everyday environmental situations, the level of stimulation most people find optimal some find boring and others find uncomfortably overstimulating. -Criminals are typically underaroused. |
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What is the "Cheater" Theory? |
Based on evolution by natural selection, we both male and female criminals have more sexual partners and begin in sexual behavior at an earlier age. |
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What is the Prefrontal Dysfunction Theory? |
Damage or dysfunctions to the Prefrontal cortex can result in antisocial behavior. It is responsible for making moral judgements, planning, analyzing, synthesizing, and modulating emotions. |
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What are the Arousal Theories and Child Abuse/Neglect? |
-Experiences as a child can change how the brain processes, perceives, and acts later in life. -Lack of stimulation of neurons in brain early in life can impact later connections between neurons. -Abused/neglected children usually have lower IQ scores. -Performance IQ is significantly greater than Verbal IQ. -Significant stress can hinder Neurological development. |
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What is the Good Guys Start Last and Finish First Theory? |
-Teen males commit more delinquent act -Peak at 16, offending drops significantly |
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What are the two types of offenders in the Good Guys Start Last and Finish First Theory? |
1. Life-course persistent offenders: those who begin serious antisocial acts in teen years and those acts continue after adolescence; have temperamental and neuropsychological problems. 2. Adolescent-limited offenders: juveniles who discontinue their offending in early adulthood; offending begins in puberty. |
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What is the Self? |
The Self is a principle tool for the Correctional Helper. |
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What is the Self-Concept? |
-My own self-concept is the most important tool available to me. -It is who and what I believe that is unique and refers as me and what I am about. -The product of my experiences. -The picture I have of myself about the kind of person I am. |
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What is Self-esteem? |
The motive to protect the self from change. |
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What are the categories of the three types of Self-esteem? |
-Accepters: recognize the low regard they have for themselves and constantly put themselves down. Shy, insecure, and self-deprecating individuals. -Deniers: fight against their low opinions of themselves by constantly putting other people down so they may feel superior by comparison. Narcissistic, arrogant, God-like behaviors, and conducive to Antisocial Behavior. -People with high self-esteem: conducive to pro-social behavior. |
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What are the five Dimensions of Effective Correctional Supervision and Counseling? |
1. Relationship factors 2. Authority factors 3. Anti-criminal modeling and reinforcement 4. Concrete problem solving 5. Advocacy and brokerage |
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What are the four qualities of Effective Correctional Workers? |
1. The five Dimensions of Effective Correctional Supervision and counseling 2. Be objective 3. Know subject matter 4. Know your limitations |
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Be neither a Pollyanna nor a Cassandra. |
Pollyanna: excessive and irrepressible optimism finds good in everything. Glass is half full, criminals are not villains but victims of an unfair society, avoids negative feedback, and gullible. Cassandra: a prophet of gloom and doom who see negativism in everything. Criminals are villains, cynical, avoids positive interactions with offenders, sets goals and expectations impossibly high, ensuring offender failure. |
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What is Self-Disclosure? |
A communication of personal information to another who normally would not have that information. |
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What are the benefits of self-disclosure? |
1. Useful functions: form of modeling behavior and gives the offender a new perspective 2. Limitations of self-disclosure: offenders problems must be the focus of interview and when in doubt about Self-Disclosure, DON'T Disclose. |
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How do I improve my self-disclosure? |
Allow myself to provide a gut-level understanding of the feelings of the offender when asked to reveal intimate information and improve my self-concept. |
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What is The Mask? |
The Mask is an anonymous writer giving an anguishing cry for understanding and acceptance in my self-disclosure. |
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What are the three ways The Mask works? |
1. Everyone has secrets about themselves that are hidden Ben eath a mask they wear. 2. We build walls/wear masks so others do not see our weakness. 3. People need to disclose information, even if they at first struggle to do so. |
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What is the Johari Window? |
It is the knowing and unknowing of information that crosses between known and unknown of others and self. |
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How is the Johari Window applied to Self? |
The Public Self is known to others and Self. The Blind Self is known to others but unknown to Self. The Private Self is unknown to others but known to Self. The Unknown Self is not known to others nor to Self. |
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Describe the Public Self. |
The Self that is habitually shared with others. |
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Describe the Blind Self. |
The Self that others see but we do not. |
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Describe the Private Self. |
The Self that is hidden from others that I do not disclose to others. |
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Describe the Unknown Self. |
The area of latent, inchoate, subconscious, and preconscious facts of the Self. |
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How is the Johari Window applied to the client? |
The Public Client, known to the Officer, is limited information written on various official documents known to the Official Client and Officer. The Blind Client are aspects of the client's self which the offender is unaware, but the officer perceives and to which the officer is sensitive. The Private Client are parts of the offender's self that he or she wishes to keep unscrutinized by others. The Unknown Client are aspects of the offender's self that are unknown to the office and offender alike. |
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