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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The first national planning conference was held at the National Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief in Washington, D.C. In the same year, the first city planning course was taught in Harvard's Landscape Architecture Department.
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1909
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Walter Moody published Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago, adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.
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1912
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Flavel Shurtleff wrote Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning.
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1914
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The American City Planning Institute of Planners (ACIP) was founded. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., was ACIP's first president. The organization was renamed to American Institute of Planners (AIP) in 1939. The AIP was the forerunner of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP).
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1917
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The American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association
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1925
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The American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded.
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1934
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AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners.
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1971
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The first exam for AIP membership was administered.
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1977
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American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO.
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1978
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Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research.
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1981
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How the Other Half Lives
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Jacob Riis, published in 1890. This book resulted in housing reform in New York City.
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Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
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Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898. This book initiated the Garden City movement.
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Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago
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Walter Moody, published in 1912. This book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago.
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Carrying Out the City Plan
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Flavel Shurtleff, published in 1914. This book was the first major textbook on city planning.
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Cities in Evolution
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Patrick Geddess, published in 1915. This book centers on regional planning
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Planning of the Modern City
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Nelson Lewis, published in 1916.
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Local Planning Administration
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Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941. This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.
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Urban Land Use Planning
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F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957. This book became a common textbook on land use planning.
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Image of the City
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Kevin Lynch, published in 1960. This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes. Read excerpts of on Amazon.com.
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The Death and Life of Great American Cities
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Jane Jacobs, published in 1961. Jacobs provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.
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Silent Spring
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Rachel Carlson, published in 1962. This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment. Read excerpts of Silent Spring on Amazon.com.
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The Urban General Plan
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TJ Kent, published in 1964.
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With Heritage So Rich
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Edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966. This is a seminal book in historic preservation.
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Design with Nature
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Ian McHarg, published in 1969. This book focuses on conservation design.
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The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces
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William Whyte, published in 1980. This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
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The Land Ordinance of 1785
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Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The survey was completed following the end of the Revolutionary War and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.
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The Homestead Act
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1862 - provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and a guarantee of five years of residence. Led to settlement of 270 million acres, or 10% of the land area of the United States.
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The General Land Law Revision Act
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In 1891, the General Land Law Revision Act was passed by Congress. This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
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The Forest Management Act
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In 1897, Congress passed the Forest Management Act, which allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves.
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The U.S. Reclamation Act
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In 1902, the U.S. Reclamation Act was passed. It allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems.
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Public Lands Commission
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In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for land development and management.
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The Antiquities Act
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1906, the Antiquities Act was the first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
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The Resettlement Administration
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In 1935, the Resettlement Administration was formed to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns.
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The Serviceman's Readjustment Act
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In 1944, the Serviceman's Readjustment Act, commonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.
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Radiant City
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1920s - Le Corbusier
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Concentric Ring Theory
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1925 - Ernest Burgess - A city is seen as a set of concentric rings - CBD - Industrial - Zone of transition - independent worker housing - high class residential
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Broad Acre City
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1932 -Frank Lloyd Wright
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Sector Theory
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1939 - Homer Hoyt - Land uses vary based on transportation routes. City is a series of sectors radiating out from CBD following major transportation routes towards large open spaces.
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Multiple Nuclei Theory
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1945 - Harris and Ullman - Cities develop a series of specific land use nuclei. Land uses group together to take advantage of unique facilities, specializations, co-dependencies, or externalities. Similar land uses cluser, not just one dowtown. Multiple CBDs.
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Bid Rent Theory
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1960 - William Alonso
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New Urbanism
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1982 - Seaside, Andres Duany
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Growth Machine Theory
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1987 -Harvey Molotch
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Edge City
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1991-Joel Garreau
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Central Place Theory
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1933 - Walter Christaller. This theory explains the size and spacing of cities. The theory states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range people are willing to travel to receive goods and services. More about Central Place Theory on Wikipedia.
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Rational Planning
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Set Goals, Determine Alternatives, Evaluate the Alternatives, Choose an Alternative, Implement the Alternative, Evaluate. Cannot be used when we have "wicked" problems. Does not specify who sets goals.
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"satisfice"
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Herbert Simon - bounded rationality, which accepts that the human mind is limited in its ability to solve problems. We instead choose alternatives that are good enough. We satisfice because we do not have the means to maximize our decisions.
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Incremental Planning
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1959 - Charles Lindblom - "The Science of Muddling Through." He argues that people accomplish goals through a series of successive, limited comparisons.
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Mixed Scanning
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Amitai Etzioni - compromise between the rational and incremental planning theories. Views planning decisions at two levels: the big picture and the small picture. Fundamental policy-shaping decisions should be based on a more careful rational analysis of alternatives. Implementation decisions should use an incremental approach.
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Advocacy Planning
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1960s by Paul Davidoff as a way to represent the interests of groups within a community. Planners should represent special interest groups rather than acting for the good of the whole community. Saul Alinsky – Rules for Radicals, how to use system to reach desired conclusion. Norman Krumholz adopted equity planning in Cleveland, during the 1970s.
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Transactive Planning
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1973, John Friedmann - "Retracking America: A Theory of Transactive Planning." The planner meets with individuals in the community to discuss issues. Through a process of "mutual learning" the planner shares technical knowledge, while the citizen provide community knowledge. The planner meets with many people in the community in order to develop a plan.
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Radical Planning
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In 1987, John Friedmann published a book titled Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action. Radical planning takes the power away from the government and gives it to the people. In this process, citizens get together and develop their own plans.
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Communicative Planning
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Theory of choice among planning practitioners. The communicative planner's primary function is to listen to people's stories and assist in forging a consensus among different viewpoints. The planner's role is to mediate among stakeholders through talk and discussion. Here social interaction can be structured to foster group understanding and consensus.
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2010 Census (changes)
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Discontinuation of the long form. Households only received the short form with 10 questions. To avoid undercounting, the Census Bureau enlisted thousands of groups such as churches, charities, and other organizations to promote the importance of participating in the count
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Urbanized Area
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Urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people - must have a core with a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile and may contain adjoining territory with at least 500 persons per square mile. In 2000, 68% of Americans lived in 452 urbanized areas.
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Urban Cluster
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At least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters.
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Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
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Includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or an urbanized area (of at least 50,000 inhabitants), and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.
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Primary MSA (PMSA)
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An area that meets the requirements for an MSA and has a population of one million or more and separate component areas that can be identified within the entire area.
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Megalopolis
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1961, Jean Gottman published Megalopolis, a book about the 300-mile-long urban area between Boston and Washington D.C. “Any many-centered, multi-city, urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants, generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization." The term megacity refers specifically to the megalopolis areas with more than 10 million people.
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Census Tract
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Typically has a population between 2,000 and 8,000 people. It is the smallest area where all information is released.
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Census Block
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The smallest level at which the Census data is collected. There are typically 400 housing units per block.
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Census Block Group
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A group of Census Blocks.
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Minor Civil Division (MCD)
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A unit only used in 29 states and usually corresponds to a municipality. Census County Divisions are used in the 21 states that do not have MCD's.
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Tribal Designated Statistical Area
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A unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized land area.
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Threshold Population
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A term that is under by a number of government programs to determine program eligibility.
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The Planning Programming Budgetary System (PPBS)
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Developed by Department of Defense during the Kennedy administration. Four distinct characteristics: (1) it focuses on the fundamental objectives or purposes of a program (thus, it is a performance budgeting system), (2) it explicitly identifies the future implications of current budgeting decisions, (3) it considers all costs, and (4) it systematically analyzes alternative programs. Although PPBS was expected to revolutionize municipal decision making, it did not because it was too complex.
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Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB)
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Developed by Texas Instruments in the 1970s. ZBB works against the tradition of taking last year’s budget as a given, and adding a little for inflation and expanding programs. In a ZBB system, last year is a closed book, and every program must be justified as if it were brand new. The “Green Bible” lists four steps to ZBB: (1) “decision units” are isolated, (2) the decision units are analyzed into “decision packages,” (3) the decision packages are prioritized by management, and (4) the budget is compiled – based on the available resources and the above prioritization.
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The Dayton System (“Program Strategies”)
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This is a simplified combination of PPBS and ZBB. It has been far more influential among larger municipalities than either one of its parents. In a Dayton System budget, programs are typically listed as rows. Categories such as the responsible department(s), the necessary amounts of staff time, the allocations from last year’s budget, and the allocations in this year’s budget are listed as columns.
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Management Based Budgeting
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Peter Drucker – sets goals and how they will be achieved through allocation of resources (i.e., staffing, equipment, etc.) and performance review is based on performance
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Performance-based budget
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Performance-based budgeting is focused on linking funding to performance measures. For example, funding could be tied to the amount of time it takes to process plat applications or building permits. Meeting performance goals results in funding increases. The advantage of this method is that it helps departments develop and evaluate performance standards. The disadvantage is that it is time-consuming to prepare and requires that goals and objectives be stated in measurable terms.
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Cost-benefit analysis
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Estimates the total monetary value of the benefits and costs to the community of a project(s) to determine whether they should be undertaken. Typically, this is used for public projects such as highways and other public facilities.
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Cost-effectiveness analysis
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A method for selecting among competing projects when resources are limited, was developed by the military. For example, if a community has $50,000 to spend on park improvements then several different projects can be prepared, such as adding playground equipment or purchasing a new lawn mower.
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Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM)
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A comprehensive way to evaluate a project. The GAM is a chart that shows the anticipated attainment of a project’s goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group.
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Gantt Chart
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Developed in 1917 by Charles Gantt. This chart focuses on the sequence of tasks necessary for project completion. Each task is represented as a single horizontal bar on an X-Y chart. The X-axis is the time scale over which the project will endure. The length of each task bar corresponds to the duration of each task. The relationship usually shows dependency, where one task cannot begin until another is completed.
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Linear programming
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A project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution.
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Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
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A scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationships of project tasks. PERT is a good choice when precise time estimates are not available for project tasks. The U.S. Navy developed this method in the 1950s and it is now used widely in the defense industry.
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Critical Path Method (CPM)
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A tool to analyze a project. The analysis results in a “critical path” through the project tasks. Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway. PERT and CPM work when a project is of a large-scale. Typically, project management software is used to perform this kind of analysis. Over time these two methods evolved and are now considered one method, PERT/CPM.
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Trip Generation Rates
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Office - 11 daily trip ends for each 1,000 square feet
SF Res - 9.1 – 10.2 daily trip ends per dwelling Apartments - 6.6 daily trip ends per unit Duplex - 7 trips per duplex Manufactured Home - 5.5 trips per home Shopping Center - 43 daily trip ends per 1,000 square feet Light Industrial - 7 daily trip ends per 1,000 square feet |
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Free flow - Traffic flows at or above the posted speed limit and all motorists have complete mobility between lanes.
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LOS A
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Reasonably free flow
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LOS B
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Stable flow - Ability to maneuver through lanes is noticeably restricted and lane changes require more driver awareness.
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LOS C
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Approaching unstable flow - Speeds slightly decrease as the traffic volume slightly increase. Freedom to maneuver within the traffic stream is much more limited and driver comfort levels decrease.
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LOS D
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Unstable flow - Flow becomes irregular and speed varies rapidly because there are virtually no usable gaps to maneuver in the traffic stream and speeds rarely reach the posted limit.
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LOS E
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Forced or breakdown flow - every vehicle moves in lockstep with the vehicle in front of it, with frequent slowing required.
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LOS F
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Parking Ratios
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The New York City Tenement House Law of 1867 (i.e., the “Old Law”)
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Required new tenement buildings to provide:
(1) a narrow air shaft between adjacent structures (2) windows that opened into this shaft (3) two toilets on each floor (accessible from a common stairway or hall) (4) a window of at least one square yard in each room. The Old Law was the first major housing code in the United States. |
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The New York City Tenement House Law of 1901 (i.e., the “New Law”)
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Lawrence Veiller – New Law was vigorously enforced. Inspections and permits were required for construction, alteration, and conversion projects. Created the first permanent tenement house department to administer and enforce the law’s regulations.
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Public Works Administration (PWA)
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o Est. 1934.
o The PWA provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This represented the first federally supported public housing program. o PWA was later authorized to use eminent domain to acquire sites, and to engage directly in the construction of public housing projects. |
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The Housing Act of 1934
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Created the FHA to expand housing construction jobs. Insured private home loans and financed over long period of time to minimize defaults.
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The Housing Act of 1937
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U.S. Housing Authority (USHA). Local govt used eminent
domain to acquire sites. Funding for families that had previously lived in substandard
units. Rent couldn’t exceed a set percentage of income. USHA was abolished in 1940.
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Serviceman's Readjustment Act
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GI Bill, 1944. Guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.
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The Housing Act of 1949
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Created urban renewal, a federal program for central city redevelopment.
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The Housing Act of 1954
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Expanded the urban renewal program. Title I, Section 701 established the first federal matching funds for local comprehensive plans (communities less than 25,000 people).
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The Housing Act of 1959
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Made federal matching funds available for comprehensive plans at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels.
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The Housing Act of 1961
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Section 221(d)(3) provided interest subsidies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent. Successor to the Housing Act of 1937.
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Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965
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Created the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Robert Weaver first secretary.
o Rent supplement payments for those below the poverty line o Private home loans at 3% interest for low and moderate income families o Subsidies for an additional 240,000 low-rent public housing projects |
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Civil Rights Act
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1968
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Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
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Provided construction of 6 million subsidized units. Section 235 authorized HUD to subsidize monthly payments for private homes financed under the FHA mortgage insurance program by low and moderate income families. Section 236 provided federal interest supplements for mortgages on multifamily rental and cooperative housing.
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Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program
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Funds giiven to eligible municipalities on the basis of an entitlement formula. Most of the money must go to activities that benefit low and moderate income households. Can only be used for community development activities – and not for regular municipal operations.
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National Affordable Housing Act of 1990
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Initiated the HOME program for housing rehabilitation - largest federal block grant designed exclusively to create affordable housing
for low-income households. Annual entitlement grant program based on
predetermined formulae for funding disbursements.
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HOPE VI
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1990. Provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. Allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing. The result has been a deconcentration of public housing.
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Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
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o This act constituted the nation’s largest public works project ever undertaken up to that time.
o It extended the nation’s planned road system to 41,000 miles. o Launched the Interstate System of Defense Highways, and established the federal Highway Trust Fund to pay for the system’s construction. |
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Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962
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Required states to use 1.5% of a highway project’s federal construction funds for planning in urbanized areas of over 50,000 people. Fostered regional planning in urbanized areas of over 50,000 people.
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Federal Highway Act of 1973
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New concern for environmental and social issues. Created MPOs, TIPs, and Transportation System Management.
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Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA)
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Required MPOs and state DOTs to create an ongoing series of three-year “Transportation Improvement Programs” (TIPs), 20 year Long Range Plan, more public input. Created Surface Transportation Program.
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Transportation Equity Act for the Twenty-First Century (TEA-21)
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TIPs must be regional and coordinated, steamlined major investment study and ent. documentation. 54% decrease in funding for new highway construction.
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Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU)
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2005. Created the Highway Safety Improvement Program designed to keep up with repair and
reconstruction of aging infrastructure.
Guaranteed states would receive at least 90% of what its drivers paid into
the highway trust fund. Encouraged public-private partnerships. Opened up federally-funded highways to “road pricing” to combat congestion.
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