Aicp Prep: Plan Making And Implementation

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1937 U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall)

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set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing.

created the United States Housing Authority

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Garden City Movement

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a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.

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Ebenezer Howard

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(1850-1928)

Published Garden Cities of Tomorrow about a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature. The publication result in the Garden City Movement.

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Sir Raymond Unwin

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English town planner and designer of Letchworth

Lectured at University of Birmingham and Columbia.

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Catherine Bauer Wurster

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Founder of American housing policy

Served as Executive Secretary of Regional Planning Association of America.

Wrote Modern Housing and was influential in Housing Act of 1937.

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City Beautiful Movement

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1890's-1900's movement where leaders believed creating a beautiful city would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives.

creation of Beaux-Arts style civic centers

Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could thus promote harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life, while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform; Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult"

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Incremental Planning Theory

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one theory of decision making.

goals accomplished through a series of successive, limited comparisons. For each alternative, only important consequences are considered.

Charles Lindblom "Science of Muddling Through" 1959

focused on solving existing problems rather than achieving future vision

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Mixed Scanning Theory

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one theory of decision making.

Sociologist Amitai Etzioni found fault with both the rational-comprehensive model of decision making and the incremental model of decision making. This approach considers both fundamental and incremental decisions and incorporates a broad-based analysis sometimes and an in-depth analysis at other times. It considers the differing capacities of decision makers.

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Rational Comprehensive Model

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one theory of decision making.

assumes that the decision maker can identify the problem, that the decision maker’s goals, values, and objectives are clear and ranked in accord with their importance, that alternative ways of addressing the problem are considered, that the cost and benefits or advantages and disadvantages of each alternative are investigated, that alternatives and their consequences can be compared with other alternatives, and that the decision maker will choose the alternative that maximizes the attainment of his or her goals, values, and objectives.

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Equity Planning Theory

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from Advocacy Planning - Norman Krumholz in 1970's.

planners should work to redistribute power, resources, or participation away from elite to poor and working class

plans evaluated on improvements to quality of life.

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Three parts of plan-making.

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According to The Practice of Local Government Planning:

1. Goals and visions;
2. Analysis of current problems; and
3. Creation and evaluation of alternatives.

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Sustaining Places Initiative

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eight principles for developing comprehensive plans that address today's needs without compromising the needs of the next generation.

Planning for sustainability is the defining challenge of the 21st century. More than any other single endeavor, it confronts the critical perils to our future, from energy shortages and environmental stress to climate shifts and population surges.

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feet in a mile

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5,280 feet

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0-0.5% slope

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no drainage, not suited for development;

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0.5-1% slope

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no problems, ideal for all types of development

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1-3% slope

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slight problems for large commercial areas; acceptable for residential

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3-5% slope

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major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential

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5-10% slope

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suitable only for specially designed development

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Floor area ratio (FAR)

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ratio of the gross floor area of a building to its ground area.

It is used primarily to determine building density on a site; i.e., the size of a building in relation to the size of the lot where it sits. The floor area of the building is measured to the middle of the outside walls and includes the inside walls as part of the calculation.

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Quantitative (Site) Analysis

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scale, slope, floor area ratio

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Population

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the total number of some entity

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Sample

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a subset of the population

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Descriptive Statistics

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the characteristics of a population

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Inferential Statistics

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characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. We infer things about the population based on what is observed in the sample

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Mean

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the average of a distribution

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Weighted Mean

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when there is greater importance placed on specific entries or when the frequency distribution results in a representative value being assigned for each class.

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Median

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the middle number of a ranked distribution

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Mode

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the most frequent number in a distribution

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Nominal data

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classified into mutually exclusive groups that lack intrinsic order, such as race, social security number, or sex. Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for nominal data.

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Ordinal data

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values that are ranked so that inferences can be made regarding the magnitude

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Interval data

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data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude. For temperature, 30 degrees is not twice as cold as 60 degrees

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Ratio data

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has an ordered relationship and equal intervals. Distance is an example because 3.2 miles is twice as long as 1.6 miles. Any form of central tendency can be used for this type of data.

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Qualitative variables

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can be nominal or ordinal data

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Quantitative variables

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can be interval or ratio data

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Continuous variables

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can have an infinite number of values, such as 1.1111

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Dichotomous variables

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can only have two possible values, such as unemployed or employed which are symbolized as 0 and 1.

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Hypothesis Test

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allows for a determination of possible outcomes and the interrelationship between variables.

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Null Hypothesis

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shown as H0 is a statement that there are no differences. For example, a Null Hypothesis could be that Traffic Calming has no impact on traffic speed

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Alternate Hypothesis

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designated as H1, proposes the relationship - Traffic Calming reduces traffic speed.

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Normal Distribution

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symmetrical around the mean. This is a bell curve.

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Distribution skewed to the right

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a few high numbers (outliers) that pull the mean to the right. For example, if there are three $20 million homes in your community, it is likely to skew the mean home value to the right.

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Distribution skewed to the left

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a few low numbers (outliers) that pull the mean to the left. When taking the AICP exam, for instance, a few people may give up and walk out resulting in a few very low scores, which would skew the mean score to the left.

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dispersion of a distribution

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the extent to which data differs from each other

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Range

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the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. The age range of the respondents in a neighborhood survey goes from 18-year-old to 62-year-old. This results in a range of 44.

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Variance

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the average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.Variance is a descriptor of a probability distribution, how far the numbers lie from the mean.

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Standard Deviation

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the square root of the variance. For instance, if we want to know the difference in wages among three employees at a planning department, we need to calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation. If the employees earn $10, $20, and $35 per hour, the mean is $21.67. This means that employee 1 makes ($10 - $21.67) = $11.67 less than the mean; employee 2 makes ($20 - $21.67) = $1.67 less than the mean; and employee 3 makes ($35 - $21.67) = $13.33 more than the mean.

To compute the variance, we first square each difference and sum it. (11.67)2+ (1.67)2 + (13.33)2 = 136.19 + 2.79 + 177.69 = 316.67. We then divide 316.67 by the number of samples minus 1, which gives us 316.67/(3-1) = $158.33.

The standard deviation is simply the square root of the variance. In this case, the square root of 158.33 is $12.58.

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Coefficient of Variation

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measures the relative dispersion from the mean and is measured by taking the standard deviation and dividing by the mean.

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Standard Error

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the standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard errors indicate the degree of sampling fluctuation. The larger the sample size the smaller the standard error.

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Confidence interval

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an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter. The width of the confidence interval gives us an idea of how uncertain we are about the unknown parameter. A wide interval may indicate that we need more data before we can make a definitive statement. You frequently see confidence intervals provided on the polls. For example, 42% of California residents support one presidential candidate, 36% support another candidate, and 22% undecided, +/- 3%. This 3% is the confidence interval.

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Chi Square

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a non-parametric test statistic that provides a measure of the amount of difference between two frequency distributions. Chi Square is commonly used for probability distributions in inferential statistics. This Chi Square distribution is used to test the goodness of fit of an observed distribution to a theoretical one.

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z-score

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a measure of the distance, in standard deviation units, from the mean.This allows one to determine the likelihood, or probability that something would happen.

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t-test

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allows the comparisons of the means of two groups to determine how likely the difference between the two means occurred by chance. In order to conduct a t-test, one needs to know the number of subjects in each group, the difference between the means of each group, and the standard deviation for each group.

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ANOVA

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an analysis of variance. It studies the relationship between two variables, the first variable must be nominal and the second is interval.

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Correlation

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tests the strength of the relationship between variables.

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Correlation coefficient

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indicates the type and strength of the relationship between variables, ranging from -1 to 1. The closer to 1 the stronger the relationship between the variables. For example, you would expect a strong correlation coefficient between score on the AICP exam and hours of study. Squaring the correlation coefficient results in an r2

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Regression

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a test of the effect of independent variables on a dependent variable

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Regression analysis

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explores the relationship between variables. For example, AICP Exam Score depends on number of hours studied, years of experience, and educational attainment. The result could show that for every 50 hours studied the score increases by 10%.

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Urbanized area

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an urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people. These urbanized areas may or may not contain any individual cities of 50,000 or more. In general, they must have a core with a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile and may contain adjoining territory with at least 500 persons per square mile. Urbanized areas have been delineated using the same basic threshold (50,000 population) for each decennial Census since 1950, but procedures for delineating the urban fringe are more liberal today. In 2000, 68% of Americans lived in 452 urbanized areas.

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Urban cluster

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at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters.

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Metropolitan Statistical Area

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includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or an urbanized area (of at least 50,000 inhabitants), and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.

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fastest growing states

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Nevada (35%), Arizona (25%), and Utah (24%)

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top ten fastest growing metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2010

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1. Palm Coast, Florida

2. St. George, Utah

3. Las Vegas-Paradise, Nevada

4. Raleigh-Cary, North Carolina

5. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida

6. Provo-Orem, Utah

7. Greeley, Colorado

8. Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, Texas

9. Myrtle Beach-North Myrtle Beach-Conway, South Carolina

10. Bend, Oregon

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Only state to lose population between 2000-2010

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Michigan

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U.S. Population change from 2000-2010

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The 2010 Census reported 308.7 million people in the United States, a 9.7 percent increase from the Census 2000 population of 281.4 million.

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Which regions of the US experienced the most growth?

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From 2000 to 2010, regional growth was much faster for the South and West (14.3 and 13.8 percent, respectively) than for the Midwest (3.9 percent) and Northeast (3.2 percent)

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Slowest growing states from 2000-2010

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Rhode Island, Louisiana, and Ohio, all of which grew by less than 2.0 percent.

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From 2000-2010, which state had the largest numeric increase?

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Texas, up by 4.3 million people.

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Which were the only states to gain over a million people during 2000-2010?

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Texas, California, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Arizona

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Fastest growing state in the Midwest

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South Dakota, growing by 7.9%

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Fastest growing state in the Northeast

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New Hampshire, growing by 6.5%

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Fastest growing state in the West

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Nevada, growing by 35.1%

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Fastest growing state in the South

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Texas, growing by 20.6%

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core based statistical areas (CBSAs)

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Collective term for metro and micro areas

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American Community Survey

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replaced Census long form. Takes a sample of the population and projects the findings to the population as a whole. Began on a nationwide basis back in 2005. The survey reaches 2.5% of the nation's population each year (1 in 40 addresses, approximately 3 million households). The survey rotates annually so that no household receives the survey more than once every five years. Starting in 2006, data was available on an annual basis for all areas with a population of 65,000 or more. For smaller areas, data is reported every three to five years.

One significant difference from the long form and the ACS is that the long form asked for income received in 1999. The ACS asks for income received in the last 12 months. The Population Reference Bureau provides more information about the differences between the long form and ACS.

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Fastest growing of the most populous metro areas

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Houston, Atlanta, and Dallas-Ft. Worth

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Metro area

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contains a core urban area population of 50,000 or more.

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Micro area

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contains a core urban area population of at least 10,000 (but less than 50,000)

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Title 13 of the U.S. Code

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protects confidentiality of Census and ACS survey respondents

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Baby Boomers

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People born in the United States between 1946 and 1964

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Generation X

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These people were born between 1965 and 1976, which was a period of low birth rates

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Generation Y (Echo Boom, Millennials)

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the children of the baby boomers. These people were born between approximately 1977 and 2000. The exact years of this generation vary depending on the source. These are generally children born in the 1980s and 1990s.

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Generation Z

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children born after 2000. The exact years of this generation vary depending on the source.

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E-governance

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the use of information communication technology (ICT) to exchange information and services with citizens, businesses, and other government agencies. These technologies are being used to share information and create opportunities for interaction. Examples of these technologies include on-line GIS systems, discussion forums, and e-commerce.

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

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the field of computerized mapping. Data to be used can be captured through digitization or GPS. Digitizing is tracing points, lines and areas from a paper map, photograph, or raster image, resulting in a digital line graphic or vector file.

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Spatial data

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themes, layers, or coverages. Spatial data can be displayed accurately because of georeferencing, which refers to the exact location for example in latitude and longitude. Themes could be waterways, forest land, school districts or any other thematic features

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Attributes

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the information about an object or feature - taking a census tract as an example the attribute data would include the tract number, population, number of households etc. Attribute data are typically stored in a database or spreadsheet format.

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Topographic map

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two-dimensional representation of a portion of the three-dimensional surface of the earth.

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

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allows the incorporation of the location of features and facilities into databases. This is used frequently in smartphone and associated apps to show your location or provide directions. It is also used by transportation departments to alert drivers to traffic delays.

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TIGER map

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Topographically Integrated Geographical Encoding and Referencing map, which is used for Census data. A TIGER map includes streets, railroads, zip codes, and landmarks.

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Digital aerial photography

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frequently used by planners. has allowed for increased accuracy to the 0.5 foot resolution. These photographs can be incorporated into GIS.

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Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)

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show digital data about the elevation of the earth's surface as it varies across communities allows planners to analyze and map it. can be used for storm water management, flood control, land use decisions, and other purposes.

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Light Detection and Radar

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a new technology using a laser, instead of radio waves, that is mounted in an airplane to provide detailed topographic information. It can provide a dense pattern of data points to create one foot contours for DEMs for use in watershed mapping and hydrologic modeling for flood control. It can also be used to sense the environment for code violations, such as signs that were not built to comply with code.

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UrbanSim

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a simulation software program that models planning and urban development. This free software program is designed to be used by Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs)

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Community Viz

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a software program that allows agencies to create 3D images. This allows citizens to visualize the potential for development and redevelopment

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Fiscal Impact Analysis (Cost-Revenue Analysis)

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used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government.

measures profitability.

For example, if a developer plans to build a regional shopping mall, what will be the cost to extend and maintain infrastructure, provide police service, and transit access? The answers are then compared to the sales, property, and income tax generated from this new development. The fiscal impact is the difference between the revenues and expenditures generated by a proposed development. This is also known as the net fiscal impact. If revenues are greater than expenditures, a development has a positive fiscal impact. If expenditures exceed revenues, a negative fiscal impact results. If revenues and expenditures are equal, the impact is neutral.

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methods of fiscal impact analysis

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average per capita, adjusted per capita, disaggregated per capita, and dynamic

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Average Per Capita Method

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the simplest method of fiscal impact analysis, but it is also the least reliable. It divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per-capita cost for the jurisdiction. The result is multiplied by the expected new population associated with new development. This method can be adjusted to determine jobs. The costs and revenues are divided by the population. The major problem with this method is that it assumes the cost of service to a new development is the same as the cost to service the existing community. This may not be true.the simplest method, but it is also the least reliable. It divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per-capita cost for the jurisdiction. The result is multiplied by the expected new population associated with new development. This method can be adjusted to determine jobs. The costs and revenues are divided by the population. The major problem with this method is that it assumes the cost of service to a new development is the same as the cost to service the existing community. This may not be true.

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Adjusted per Capita Method

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method of fiscal impact analysis.

uses the figure calculated in the average per capita method and adjusts this based on expectations about the new development. This relies on subjective judgment.

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Disaggregated per capita method

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method of fiscal impact analysis.

estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses; for example, the cost of servicing a shopping center versus an apartment complex.

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Dynamic method

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method of fiscal impact analysis.

applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. This method determines, for example, how much sales tax revenue is generated per capita from a grocery store and applies this to new development. This method requires more data and time to conduct than other methods.

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Sections of an Environmental Impact Statement

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1. Introduction includes a statement of the Purpose and Need of the Proposed Action;
2. Description of the Affected Environment;
3. Range of Alternatives to the proposed action. Alternatives are considered the "heart" of the EIS;
4. Analysis of the environmental impacts of each of the possible alternatives.

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Topics an EIS must address

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1. Probable impact of the proposed action;
2. Any adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided;
3. Alternatives to the proposed action;
4. Relationship between local short-term uses of the environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity of the land;
5. Any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources that would be involved in the proposed action.

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Urban Growth Boundary (UGB)

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a boundary identifying where urban development will be allowed to occur during a specified time period. Beyond this line, development is prohibited or strongly discouraged.

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Economic Base Analysis

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looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, such as automotive manufacturing.

looks at the current economic situation to determine future economic possibilities.

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Input-output analysis

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a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of a national economy or different regional economies.[1] Wassily Leontief (1906–1999) is credited with developing this type of analysis and earned the Nobel Prize in Economics for his development of this model. one of the major conceptual models for a socialist planned economy.

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Shift-share analysis

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developed by Daniel Creamer in the early 1940s, and was later formalized by Edgar S. Dunn in 1960.

examines changes in the economic variable between two years. Changes are calculated for each industry in the analysis, both regionally and nationally. Each regional change is decomposed into three components.

1. National growth effect is the portion of the change attributed to the total growth of the national economy. It equals the theoretical change in the regional variable had it increased by the same percentage as the national economy.
2. Industry mix effect is the portion of the change attributed to the performance of the specific economic industry. It equals the theoretical change in the regional variable had it increased by the same percentage as the industry nationwide, minus the national growth effect.
3. Local share effect is the portion of the change attributed to regional influences, and is the component of primary concern to regional analysts. It equals the actual change in the regional variable, minus the previous two effects.

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Leon Krier

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the intellectual godfather of the New Urbanism
movement in America, a campaign to rescue the landscape, townscape and civic life of our nation from the failed experiment of a drive-in utopia.

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Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

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a mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport, and often incorporates features to encourage transit ridership. A TOD neighborhood typically has a center with a transit station or stop (train station, metro station, tram stop, or bus stop), surrounded by relatively high-density development with progressively lower-density development spreading outward from the center. TODs generally are located within a radius of one-quarter to one-half mile (400 to 800 m) from a transit stop, as this is considered to be an appropriate scale for pedestrians, thus solving the last mile problem.

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one way couplet

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pair of parallel, usually one-way streets that carry opposite directions of a signed route or major traffic flow, or sometimes opposite directions of a bus orstreetcar route.

The usual purpose is to provide higher capacity by increasing the number of lanes in each direction. It also allows easier creation of a green wave by adjusting traffic lights on the through route, because fewer phases are needed at each intersection.

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benefits of one way couplets

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1. smaller intersections

2. shorter crossings

3. fewer conflicts

4. less of an obstacle

5. on-street parking

6. more capacity

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line-item budgeting

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emphasis is on projecting the budget for the next year while adding in inflationary costs.

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advantages of line-item budgeting

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does not require any evaluation of existing services, is easy to prepare and justify, and easy for public officials to understand.

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disadvantages of line-item budgeting

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lack of flexibility and a lack of relationship between budget requests and the objectives of an organization. only looks one-year into the future and is not linked with strategic, comprehensive, or capital improvement plans. It lacks focus on programs, looking at individual expenditures rather than how those expenditures fund programs and/or the results of those programs.

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Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems (PPBS)

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focused on planning through accomplishing goals set by a department

includes the following components:

* Budget organized by program areas (includes program mission statements, objectives, and indicators of success);
* Long-range planning of goals, programs, and required resources;
* Policy analysis, cost-benefit analysis, program evaluation.

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Advantages of PPBS

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helps departments place their programs in perspective and evaluate efforts and accomplishments

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Disadvantages of PPBS

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time-consuming to prepare and requires that goals and objectives be stated in measurable terms. For example, a department may evaluate the number of permits that are issued per month rather than the satisfaction of applicants.

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Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB)

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emphasizes planning and fosters understanding within all units of an organization

includes the following components:

* Efficiency and effectiveness of programs to be re-evaluated on a regular basis;
* Agencies to prepare "decision packages” for each program that look at the impact on mission of "low”, "medium”, and "high” funding;
* Decision packages of all programs ranked by executive; facilitates budget cuts by City Council.

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Advantages of ZBB

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requires a department to consider every aspect of its operation and concentrate on why it does things the way it does

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Disadvantages of ZBB

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time consuming to justify every activity.

has limited success because of its intensive information requirements and limited benefits to managers.

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Performance-based budgeting

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focused on linking funding to performance measures.

includes the following components:

* Use of traditional function/object budget;
* Performance information on workload, productivity, outputs, and outcomes;
* Performance and spending may be linked through cost analysis, and program evaluation.

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Advantages of performance-based budgeting

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helps departments develop and evaluate performance standards

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Disadvantages of performance-based budgeting

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helps departments develop and evaluate performance standards

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Pay-As-You-Go

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uses current funds to pay for capital improvement projects

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Reserve Funds

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funds that have been saved for the purchase of future capital improvements

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General Obligation Bonds

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voter-approved bonds for capital improvements. use the tax revenue of the government to pay back the debt

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Revenue Bonds

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use a fixed source of revenue to pay back the debt. For example, revenue bonds could be issued to pay for a new water main. The debt would be paid back through the water use fees. Revenue bonds are commonly used to finance utility improvements and special facilities, such as baseball stadiums.

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Tax Increment Financing (TIF)

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allows a designated area to have tax revenue increases used for capital improvements in that area.

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Lease-purchase

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allows a government to "rent-to-own.” The benefit is that the government does not have to borrow money to finance the acquisition of a major capital improvements.

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Grants

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allow for all or a portion of the cost of a public facility to be paid for by someone other than the local government. Grants are available from all levels of government, private sector, and foundations. Typically, grants require a match from the local government.

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three types of taxes

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Progressive, proportional, regressive

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progressive taxes

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tax rate increases as income rises. For example, the federal income tax system taxes those with high incomes a higher tax rate than those with low incomes;

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proportional taxes

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tax rate is the same regardless of income. For example, a property tax rate is the same regardless of the price of your home. A person who owns a $50,000 home pays the same proportion as a person who owns a $250,000 home;

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regressive taxes

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tax rate decreases as income rises

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Tax incentive

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an aspect of a country's tax code designed to incentivize, or encourage a particular economic activity

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Cost-benefit analysis

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estimates the total monetary value of the benefits and costs to the community of a project(s) to determine whether they should be undertaken. Typically, this is used for public projects such as highways and other public facilities.

This analysis was originated by the French engineer Jules Dupuit in 1848. In the United States, cost-benefit analysis became common as a result of the Federal Navigation Act of 1936. This act required that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertake waterway system projects when the total benefits exceed the costs of the project.

Cost-benefit analysis requires that all costs and benefits be converted to a monetary value. This means that social and environmental benefits, such as the preservation of open space, have a monetary value. This is one of the biggest challenges in conducting cost-benefit analyses.

The costs and benefits must be set for a particular time and for a specified location.

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Federal Navigation Act of 1936

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This act required that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertake waterway system projects when the total benefits exceed the costs of the project.

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James Howard Kunstler

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best known Doomster, familiar to many planners for his influential 1993 book, The Geography of Nowhere. Argues that the suburbs — and America overall — are doomed because of resource depletion and global climate change.

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Thomas Malthus

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February 1766 – 29 December 1834

observed th13at sooner or later population will be checked by famine and disease, leading to what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe.

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Jules Dupuit

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french engineer.

originator of cost-benefit analysis

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Cost-effectiveness analysis

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a method for selecting among competing projects when resources are limited. evaluates alternatives with the goal of choosing the alternative that accomplishes goal at the lowest cost. was developed by the military.

For example, if a community has $50,000 to spend on park improvements then several different projects can be prepared, such as adding playground equipment or purchasing a new lawn mower.

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Net present value

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shows the net monetary value of a project, discounted to today's present value. For example, if the net present value of a proposed hockey arena is greater than zero then one can conclude that the monetary benefit of the hockey arena outweighs its monetary costs. To calculate net present value you need to know the years in the project's life span, the quantified monetary benefits, the monetary costs and the interest rate for discounting purposes. An alternative is to calculate an internal rate of return. In this case the project's net present value is at zero and the interest rate is blank. If the calculation results in an interest rate that is greater than the available market interest rate then the project would be financially beneficial.

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Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM)

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a project evaluation matrix that includes competing projects in rows and the evaluation criterion columns. The evaluation criteria are based on the various stakeholder groups that be impacted by the costs or receive benefits.

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Gantt Chart

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developed in 1917 by Charles Gantt. This chart focuses on the sequence of tasks necessary for project completion. Each task is represented as a single horizontal bar on an X-Y chart. The X-axis is the time scale over which the project will endure. The length of each task bar corresponds to the duration of each task. The relationship usually shows dependency, where one task cannot begin until another is completed.

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Linear programming

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a project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution.

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Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

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a scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationships of project tasks. PERT is a good choice when precise time estimates are not available for project tasks. The U.S. Navy developed this method in the 1950s and it is now used widely in the defense industry. The PERT planning process involves the following steps:

• Identify the specific activities and milestones;
• Determine the proper sequence of the activities;
• Construct a network diagram;
• Determine the critical path;
• Update the PERT chart as the project progresses.

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Critical Path Method (CPM)

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a tool to analyze a project. The analysis results in a "critical path” through the project tasks. Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway.

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PERT/CPM

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PERT and CPM work when a project is of a large-scale. Typically, project management software is used to perform this kind of analysis. Over time these two methods evolved and are now considered one method.

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minor civil division

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a term used by the United States Census Bureau to designate the primary governmental and/or administrative divisions of a county, such as a civil township, precinct, or magisterial district. As of 2010, MCDs exist in 29 states and the District of Columbia. In New York, they are towns.

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census county division

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a subdivision of a county used by the United States Census Bureau for the purpose of presenting statistical data. A CCD is a relatively permanent statistical area delineated cooperatively by the Census Bureau and state and local government authorities. CCDs are defined in 21 states that do not have well-defined and stable minor civil divisions (MCDs), such as townships, with local governmental purposes, or where the MCDs are deemed to be "unsatisfactory for the collection, presentation, and analysis of census statistics

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Economic Base Multiplier

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Ratio of the total number of jobs created to the number of basic jobs created. A higher economic base multiplier implies a larger effect of the basic job creator on the total number of jobs.

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4 Major forms of city government

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1. Weak Mayor-Council

2. Strong Mayor-Council

3. Commission-Plan

4. Council-Manager

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Types of Local Governments

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General Purpose local government - counties, municipalities, towns, townships

Single Purpose local government - school districts and special districts

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exaction

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a demand by the government that the developer either dedicate a certain property or monies for public use to hold the project harmless from public obligation. exactions must be roughly proportionate to the impact of development

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types of zoning

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euclidean

cumulative

modified cumulative

form based

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Types of form based zoning

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form based district (just a certain area)

form based code (entire zoning code)

smartcode (has modules that can be adapted)

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Planned Unit Development (PUD)

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encourages innovative approaches to development (residential or commercial)

related to a specific site plan

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performance zoning

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land use regulation based upon the application of specific performance standards

provides for greater flexibility, avoiding the detailed specification of acceptable uses for specific parcels inherent in traditional zoning

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specific zoning provisions

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examples: non-conforming uses, vested rights, accessory dwelling units, home occupations, congregate facilities

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Date of the first Census

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1790

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the center point population estimate change between 1790, 1900, and 2000

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east of Baltimore; Bartholomew County, Indiana; south central Missouri

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direction of center point population from 1790-1950

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Due west of Baltimore

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Direction of center point populations from 1950-present

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Southwest (currently south central Missouri)

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Settlement of America's top 50 metro cities

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Every one of today's top 50 metropolitan areas was already established 100 years ago — the last one being Las Vegas in 1905.

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Leading Indicators

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Measurable factors of economic performance that change before (ahead of) the underlying economic cycle starts to follow a particular direction or trend. Since these statistics precede (by one to 12 months) other changes in economic activity, they are used to forecast the forthcoming pattern of the overall economy. Major leading indictors include orders for durable goods, orders for plant and equipment, new housing starts, change in raw material prices, corporate profits and share prices, business formation and failures, and money supply

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Multiattribute Utility Analysis

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mathematical tools for evaluating and comparing alternatives to assist indecision making about complex alternatives, especially when groups are involved

MAUA models give you a way to score, evaluate, and compare possiblealternatives. They offer a quantifiable method for choosing options.

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Management By Objectives (MBO)

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a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are.

Management By Objectives term was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book 'The Practice of Management'.