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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differences between New England and Chesapeake Colonies
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New England-- religious, family, community, equal economic opportunity, covenant with god and community, equality, get food
Chesapeake-- gold, greed, young entrepreneurs, less religious, conflict with indians, disease, failure, rebellion |
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John Winthrop
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governor of MA Bay Colony
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Roger Williams
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exiled b/c preached good relationship with indians, separation of church and state, and religious toleration
founded Rhode Island colony--- liberal, tolerance, fair to indians, etc. |
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Anne Hutchinson
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exiled b/c said she had divine revelation
--antinomialism-- |
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Maryland Toleration Act 1649
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toleration to christians in Maryland
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indentured servitude
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work for master in return for payment of travel to new world...free once term served (3-7 years)
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Bacon's Rebellion
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Nathaniel Bacon
frontier rebelled against rich farmers by coast--- shows conflict between frontier and coast, rich and poor---leads to use of black slave labor rebelled because gov restricting westward expansion because of indians |
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John Peter Zenger Trial
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new york colony--- violation of freedom of speech and press
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Stamp Act
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- raised taxes on stamps
led to formation of Stamp Act Congress (colonists unite against Britain), the Loyal Nine, the Sons of Liberty, and the Declaratory Act (parliament power over colonies) - Declaratory Act b/c the needed some power and morale b/c they repealed Stamp Act after colonists boycotts |
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Townshend Acts
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- switched from internal to external taxes (taxes certain imports)
-- increased customs officials -- Daughters of Liberty, spinning bees, riots, boycotts |
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Proclamation of 1763
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line that settlers can't cross in west to avoid conflict with indians---settlers hate it
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French and Indian War
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results...
- raised colonial-british tensions - Treaty of Paris 1763--France loses--England wins -- Proclamation of 1763 --British debt --end of salutary neglect in america --first time colonists uniting against common enemy |
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First Great Awakening
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religious movement
old lights vs new lights new lights--emotion elite v average anti intellectualism |
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Common Sense
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by Thomas Paine
convert 1/3 of neutral colonists over to Patriots and revolutionaries---spark revolutionary feeling |
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Virtual Representation
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parliament says that the members of parliament elected by ppl in england represent all of british empire even though colonies have no officials in parliament--they are represented by other voters' officials in england
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Actual Representation
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colonies would elect officials to Parliament to represent them
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Battle of Saratoga
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--turning point of Revolution
--US gets direct French aid |
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Federalist Paper #10 and #51
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--by James Madison-federalist but becomes dem rep later on
-- advocation ratification --checks and balances #10--big centralized gov |
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John Locke
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Enlightenment
natural rights born equal environment important social contract-- gov protects natural rights and we be loyal right to rebel "Two Treatises on Gov" |
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Strict v loose constructionist
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strict-- interpret constitution literally--hate elastic clause-- democratic republicans
loose--loose interpretation-- like elastic clause-- federalists |
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Great Compromise
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bicameral
1 house by pop 1 house with 2 reps each state |
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3/5 Compromise
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each slave is 3/5 a person in representation
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Virginia Plan
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--Edmund Randolph
-- bicameral by pop --big states |
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New Jersey Plan
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--Patterson
--unicameral with equal rep --small states |
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implied vs declared (enumerated) powers
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implied--get whatever power not included that is necessary and proper
declared--only have power explicitly stated |
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Critical Period
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Articles of Confederation gov
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Articles of Confederation Weaknesses
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--100% agreement for amendments
-couldn't tax or raise armies without consent of state -- no judicial or executive on national level - limited interstate commerce -- weak central gov --problems shown by Shays' Rebellion |
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Shays' Rebellion
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-Daniel Shays
- wetsern MA - rebel b/c of taxes---no standing army and hard to raise on---very hard to put down rebellion --exposed weaknesses of Confederation Congress (Articles of COnfederation) |
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1st Amendment
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freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition, and religion
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2nd Amendment
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right to bear arms
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3rd Amendment
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no quartering troops
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4th Amendment
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protection from unreasonable search and seizure
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5th Amendment
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DUE PROCESS, double jeopardy, self- incrimination, eminent domain
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6th Amendment
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speedy trial by jury and rights of the accused
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7th Amendment
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civil trial by jury
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8th Amendment
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no excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishment
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9th Amendment
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protection of rights not specifically in bill of rights
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10th Amendment
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any powers not delegated to the national gov are reserved for the states and ppl
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11th Amendment
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sovereign immunity
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12th Amendment
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revision of presidential election procedures
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13th Amendment
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abolition of slavery
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14th Amendment
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-defines citizen
-equal protection under law - no nullification --men over 21 vote --no 3/5 clause -south not paid debt - rebels can't be in congress without 2/3 congress vote |
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15th Amendment
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suffrage can't be restricted by race
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Hamilton's Economic Plan
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--Bank of the United States
-federal government assumes debt in full and distribute equally to states - pro industry - protective tariffs - infrastructure |
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assumption
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-- US should assume full debt to Britain
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excise tax
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--tax on good produced within country
-- ex. tax on whiskey |
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Whiskey Rebellion
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-rebellion to tax on whiskey
- Washington called up army to put it down -showed strength of national gov |
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Jay's Treaty
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- hated by american ppl
- with Britain - gave Britain favored trade status with US--lower tariffs - they paid for ships from 1793-94 that they attacked - French ships would not be outfitted in US -American gov will assume debt to Britain |
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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-- set up method for selling Northwest Territory
- made it federal land--sold to speculators-- money for national gov |
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Northwest Ordinance 1787
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set up 3 step process for statehood
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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set up the Supreme Court
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XYZ Affair
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--John Adams president
-- begins Quasi War with France b/c France refused to accept our diplomats and asks for bribes |
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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-- violated freedom of speech
--hated by Dem Reps --Jefferson responds with Virginia Kentucky Resolutions |
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
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--Jefferson
--response to Alien and Sedition Acts --uses nullification -Compact Theory of Gov |
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Compact Theory of Gov
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contract between state and national gov and when national gov breaks contract, state doesn't have to enforce law
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Republican Motherhood
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republican mothers must raise kids to be perfect republicans
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Judicial Review
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--Supreme Court can rule law unconstitutional
- established in Marbury v Madison |
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Jeffersonian Democrats
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--undid what Adams did
-- national bank, Alien and Sedition Acts |
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Louisiana Purchase
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-- Jefferson
-- $15 million to France for Louisiana Territory |
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impressments
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--English ships force American sailors to work for their navy
-- cause of the War of 1812 -Chesapeake Leonard Affair |
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Embargo Act of 1807
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--Jefferson
--we won't trade with anyone at war --replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act--1809-- we will trade with anyone except France and Britain unless they stop fighting --results in New England's self sufficiency |
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War Hawks
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Clay and Calhoun
wanted War of 1812 |
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War of 1812
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causes...
- Napoleonic Wars--Berlin Decrees, etc. lead to impressment of American sailors - Chesapeake-Leonard Affair-- British ship fired on American ship - Embargo Act -Non-Intercourse Act - Britain instigates the Indians -War Hawks |
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War of 1812 results
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--reaffirmed US independence
-lessened Indian power -eliminated federalist party --US self sufficiency and groundwork for northern industry - Treaty of Ghent |
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Hartford Convention
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--federalist extremists want New England to succeed from Union
--Essex Junto-- group of radical federalists who wanted to succeed - disliked Embargo Laws and didn't want war (of 1812) |
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Era of Good Feeling
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1815-1824
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Erie Canal
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canal travel
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Monroe Doctrine
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--James Monroe
--warning without teeth to Europe...but Europe listens because we are backed by Britain (they want our favored trade in South America) - stay out of our hemisphere and we'll stay out of yours - US sphere of influence in South America |
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Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)
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-Maine is free state
- Missouri is slave state--exception to 36 30 parallel line - sets up 36 30 parallel line |
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Clay's American System
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-pro business
- infrastructure improvements - National Bank - high protective tariffs |
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Alexis de Tocqueville
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-studied social structure of America
-observed rising equality in social conditions |
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Corrupt Bargain
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--Clay--speaker of house-- promised Quincy Adams Presidency in return for Clay being secretary of state
--Jackson owned |
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Jacksonian Democracy
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--common man
- anti bank -anti cental gov monopoly - manifest destiny - strength of president |
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36 30 Line
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Missouri Compromise line
slavery below, free above |
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Tariff of Abomination
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--Jackson
-- high import tariff --protected industry -hated by south |
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nullification (crisis)
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-- south carolina wanted to succeed if Tariff of Abomination wasn't eliminated
-- idea that states can not enforce federal laws because of Compact Theory of Gov -Calhoun backed this |
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Force Bill
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--Jackson was allowed to do whatever necessary to enforce Tariff of Abomination
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Compromise Tariff 1833
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- to avoid nullification crisis gradually reduce tax rates
-- Calhoun and Clay |
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Indian Removal Act
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--Jackson
- gave president power to remove indians and place them on reservations --south supported it --Jackson forces indians to sign many of these |
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Cherokee Nation v GA
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supreme court can't rule on Cherokee
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Worcester v Georgia
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Cherokee are entitled to their land
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Specie Circular
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--to prevent wildcat bank loans
-federal land can only be bought with gold or silver - leads to Panic of 1837-- banknotes lose value, land sales plummet, credit not available, businesses begin to fail, unemployment rises, panic |
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Panic of 1837
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- caused by Specie Circular
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Lowell Mill
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3/4 women
first dual purpose textile mill |
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Waltham System
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like Lowell Mill
almost all women increased efficiency in textiles |
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Second Great Awakening
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--religious movement
--Charles G. Finney- preacher --shakers, mormons |
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Transcendentalism
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-- in Hudson River School thought
- secular - romanticism - anti slavery - morals - Ralph Waldo Emerson - Henry David Thoreau-- don't obey unjust laws - "resistance to civil gov" - Irving -Poe -opposed by Nathaniel Hawthorne |
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Noah Webster
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- American form of English
- dictionary - cultural nationalism |
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Shakers and Mormons
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-Mormons- Utah--Joseph Smith
-Second Great Awakening -very religious Shakers- burned out district |
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"burned-out district"
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diversity
shakers upstate new york |
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Female Reformers--abolition and suffrage
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Grimke Sisters
Stanton Mott Harriet Tubman sojourner truth |
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Dorothea Dix
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asylum
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Horace Mann
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education
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Temperance Movement
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-get rid of alcohol
-lot of drinking before - Beecher Family |
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William Lloyd Garrison
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- "the liberator"
- immediate abolition |
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Frederick Douglass
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immediate abolition
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minstrel show and Sambo
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show white racism
black is innocent paint face black |
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Nativism
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--anti immigrant
-Know Nothings |
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Manifest Destiny
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- coined by John O'Sullivan in 1845
-Proclamation Line of 1763 -Louisiana Purchase - Texas -War with Mexico - Slidell Mission -Wilmot Proviso -Oregon Treaty -Mexican Cession -Webster-Ashburton Treaty - Aroostook War -Gadsden Purchase -Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo |
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Wilmot Proviso
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--said no slavery in territories from mexico
--not passed |
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Free Soil Party
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free soil, free land, free labor, free men
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Know Nothing Party
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nativist
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Gadsden Purchase
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formalized borders after Mexican War and Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo---got some land in mexico
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Webster-Hayne Debate
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regarding protective tariffs
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Compromise of 1850
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- California is free
-pop sov to determine free/slave - abolishes slavery in DC - stricter fugitive slave laws |
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Kansas Nebraska Act
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pop sov in those states
led to bleeding kansas |
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John Brown
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abolitionist martyr
Harpers Ferry |
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Dred Scott decision
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ruled he can't go to court b/c not a citizen
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Whig Party
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opposition to jackson
like federalists |
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54 40 or fight
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polk's campaign slogan over oregon territory
britiain not willing to fight--Oregon Treaty |
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Lincoln's 1st inaugural
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laws of union in all states
stronger fugitive slave law no extension of slavery but wont abolish where exists "we are all republicans. we are all democrats" most important to preserve union |
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Lincoln's 2nd inaugural
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inviting confederacy back to union
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Crittendon Compromise
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-last ditch to sanity
-trying to preserve union - reactivate 36 30 line |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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freed slaves in Confederacy
not in union b/c need support of border states |
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Battle of Antietam
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single bloodiest day of civil war
pointed out flaws of both sides |
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Battle of Gettysburg
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turning point of civil war
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General Sherman's Special Field Order #15
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to deal with all the freed blacks
give them land to live on |
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Homestead Act
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passed without South in Congress
free land to pioneers pleased free soilers |
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Morrill Tariff Act
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without south in congress
doubles tariff on imported goods |
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Legal Tender Act
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mint in DC to print money
pro industry without south in congress |
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Morrill Land Grant Act
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fed lands to states for schools specializing in agriculture, mechanic, etc.
without south in congress pro industry |
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Pacific Railway Act
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help RR companies reach Pacific
pro industry without south in Congress |
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National Bank Act
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pro industry
without south in congress |
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ex parte merriman
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lincoln accused of acting unconstitutional
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ex parte milligan
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lincoln acted unconstitutional
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Lincoln's 10% Plan
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--middle road
-- 10% of voting pop had to take oath of allegiance to get back in union --pardons to all but high ranking officials |
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Johnson's Plan
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-pardons to all except officers and ppl with lots of money, who had to apply directly to Johnson
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Wade-Davis Bill
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Lincoln vetoed it
50% iron clad oath radical republicans treat south as conquered nation |
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Copperheads
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peace movements against civil war
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Scalawags
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southerners supporting abolition
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Carpetbaggers
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northerners move down south and buy up cheap land
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Freedman's Bureau
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helped freed blacks
congress overrides presidential veto |
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
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protected freed blacks rights during reconstruction
congress overrides presidential veto |
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Johnson's impeachment
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Tenure of Office Act--he tried to veto it
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Tenure of Office Act
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can't fire a gov official without it going through congress
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black codes
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jim crow laws, restricted black rights
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White League
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white supremacists
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KKK Act (Enforcement Act)
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president can use army to enforce laws
protect freed blacks |
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redeemers
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hated blacks and immigrants
pro business |
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slaughterhouse cases
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dealt with 14th amendment
upholds priviledges and immunities but not state citizenship |
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Credit Mobilier
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scandal under Grant
manipulated railroad stock |
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Compromise of 1877
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ended Reconstruction
Hayes became president in tight race and army will pull out of south |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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no chinese immigration
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Dawes Severalty Act
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assimilation for indians
destroyed indian culture and imposed western culture on them |
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Turner Thesis
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frontier spurred american progress
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Ghost Dance
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loud dance by indians so we killed them cuz they wouldnt stop
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Wounded Knee
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we slaughter indians
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Helen Hunt Jackson
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wrote about indian mistreatment
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Gospel of Wealth
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Carnegie
vertical integration |
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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breaking up the trusts
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Horizontal Integration
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own all of one stage of production
Rockefeller |
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Vertical Integration
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own each stage of production
Carnegie |
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Labor Strikes of Late 19c
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Homestead Steel Strike, Haymarket Riot, Pullman Strike
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Samuel Gompers
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founder of AFL
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AFL
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American Federation of Labor
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