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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the median American age? |
Currently, it is at 35yo, but is expected to increase to 38yo d/t the rise in the number of baby boomers. |
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T or F. People 85 years-old and older are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population. |
True |
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What percentage of people over 80yo have a disability? How many of these require full assistance? |
75% have a disability, and 35% require full assistance. |
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What is usual aging? |
The normal, age-related changes that occur as we grow older. |
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List the components of successful aging. |
1. Low probability of disease and disease-related disability
2. High cognitive/physical functional capacity
3. Active engagement with life |
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T or F. We all age at the same, steady rate. |
False. Rate of decline is extremely variable. |
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Physiological Affects of Aging: Cardiovascular System |
- Decreased CO, SV, & max HR - Increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure d/t decreased elasticity in the blood vessels - HTN & CAD most common as we age |
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Physiological Affects of Aging: Respiratory System |
- Large functional reserve capacity (ability to perform tasks) - Can compensate more easily - Begins to decline around 60yo |
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Describe the Flick Equation. |
- Relationship b/n cardiopulmonary function and an individual's max performance level (fxnal capacity) - Fxnal capacity greatly affected by age and disease-related processes - Metabolic equivalent unit measures fxnal capacity; at rest = 1 MET (scale goes up to 10 depending on activity level); MD will tell you what level he/she wants pt. at |
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What is the arteriovenous difference? |
- Ability of muscles to extract and utilize oxygen - Aging muscles can increase oxidative capacity with exercise training |
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Physiological Affects of Aging: Body Composition |
1. Body Fat - Increased body fat; decreased lean body mass - Decline in basal metabolic rate and energy requirements - Increased risk for IDDM, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, & HTN - Risk reduced with exercises
4. Posture - Kyphosis -> increased front-back curve of the upper spine; hunchback;
2. Body Water Content - Decreases with age -> dehydration
3. Articular Joint Surfaces - Degeneration of these surfaces -> osteoarthritis and progressive demineralization of bones - Increased stiffness with joint movement (can increase flexibility with exercise programs that emphasize stretching) - Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) -> atrophy of the cartilage
4. Posture - Kyphosis -> increased front-back curve of the upper spine; "hunchback"; Age-related kyphosis often occurs after osteoporosis weakens spinal bones to the point that they crack and compress. - Lordosis -> inward curve of the lumbar spine - Exercises to strengthen back extensor muscles provide significant protection against spinal fx
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Osteoporosis |
- Imbalance b/n bone resorption and bone formation - Osteopenia -> decreased calcification and bone density |
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Physiological Affects of Aging: Neuromuscular System |
- Muscles atrophy d/t loss of lean muscle mass - Changes in neuromuscular jxn; nerve impulse transmission slows - Can result in generalized weakness, impaired mobility and balance, and poor endurance - May be helped through strength training programs |
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Physiological Affects of Aging: Integumentary System |
- Epidermis thins and flattens -> more susceptible to shearing stresses - Dermis atrophies - Diminished vascularity - Loss of collagen and elastin fibers -> loss of support for capillaries results in increased tendency to bruise |
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Physiological Affects of Aging: Central Nervous System |
- Slowing down & deterioration in the quality of movement - Decline in size and wt of brain; much of the loss in brain mass occurs in myelinated structures of the white matter - The loss of white matter accounts for slowing of psychomotor speed, increased processing time required for complex information, and slower transmission of motor responses - Brain does remain plastic -> people can purposely continue to gain or retain complex skills - Neuronal loss is factor in dementia - |
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Physiological Affects of Aging: Sensory Systems |
1. Vision - Development of conditions, such as presbyopia, cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration
2. Hearing - Presbycusis
3. Vestibular - Presbystasis - disequilibrium; may have a fear of falling
4. Olfactory/Gustatory - Become less acute with age -> hyposmia (smell) and hypogeuia (taste) |
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T or F. Aging is characterized by selective attention and vigilance decline. |
True |
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Memory Processes in the Aging |
1. Registration - Impaired in persons with vision and hearing loss
2. Encoding - Loss of efficiency
3. Retrieval - Not as efficient
4. Age-Associated Memory Impairment - Complaints of memory impairment with everyday activities - Everyday memory loss that is mild - Doesn't impede with ADLs
5. Benign Senescent Forgetfulness - Transitory episodes of cognitive decline - Attributable to inattention and distractions - Does not impact everyday activities - Can be seen in healthy people that are under a lot of life stressors; have brief memory loss
- Senescence -> normal, old-age forgetfulness - More difficulties with divided attention (multitasking) - ST memory loss; LT memory remains longer - Actual memory loss is a sign of dementia; ongoing issues that interfere with ADLs
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Psychomotor Fxn in the Aging |
- Slows down in the following: * Rxn time * Coordination * Use of feedback to adjust movement dynamically * Ability to manipulate small objects |
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T or F. Perceptual functions do not decline as we age. |
False |
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At what age do executive functions begin declining? |
- 70yo - Fluid intelligence decreases, while crystallized intelligence increases |
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T or F. Self-efficacy is important as we age. |
True |
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What predicts continual productive behavior? |
Education level |
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What influences adult disease? |
Socioeconomic mobility |
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T or F. Marriage is least satisfactory in later life. |
False. It is more satisfactory in later life. |
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What is one of the most widespread causes of activity limitation? |
Depression, and it is under-identified in the elderly. |
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Name some of the pathways leading to retirement. |
1. Continuous Work
2. Continuous Non-work
3. Crisp Exists
4. Blurred Exists
- New pattern has been identified of simultaneously retired and working; can either be paid work or volunteer work |
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T or F. Healthier retirees transition more easily into retirement. |
True, they tend to have a higher life satisfaction. |
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Can participation in recreational activities lead to higher psychological well-being? |
Yes, it can. |
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Medicare |
- 65yo (+) or disabled - Federally Funded - Provides for 100 days of skilled services |
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Medicaid |
- Low-income based - Federally & state funded - State administered - Can be utilized for LT care; Social Security check will go to S |
