Age Of Modernity And Imperialism

Front 1

Marie and Pierre Curie

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A polish born physicist, and her husband Pierre discovered that radium constantly emits subatomic particles

- investigated radioactive elements, discovered radium and polonium

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Max Planck and Quanta

Back 2

German physicist whose explanation of blackbody radiation in the context of quantized energy emissions initiated quantum theory (1858-1947)

-His quantum theory proposed that rather than heated body radiating energy in a steady stream that it is discontinuous, in packets called quanta.

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Albert Einstein's relativity theory E=Mc2

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A German Jew, Stated that matter and energy are interchangeable, and that even a particle of matter contains enormous amounts of potential energy. He also stated that the speed of light is the only thing constant from all frames of reference.

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Friedrich Nietzsche's "slave Morality"

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- one ofthe intellectuals who glorified the irrational -Europeans killed god

-Reason,Nietzsche claimed, actually played little role in human lifebecause humans were at the mercy of irrational life forces.

-He believed that Christianity was at fault for the world's weaknesses. "Slave morality" the idea that Christianity destroyed human impulse for life and human will

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Henri Bergson's "life force"

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A French philosophy professor who said that personal experiences and intuition were more important than rational thought and thinking.

-revolutionary against reason

-life force" that made up all things and it could not be divided and analyzed.

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Revolutionary socialism

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The belief that change could be achieved only through the violent overthrow of the tarist system.

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Sigmund freud and psychoanalysis

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This man's theory undermined optimism about the rational nature of the human mind.

-He believed that unconscious forces strongly determined human behavior. His ideas made up the basic foundation psychoanalysis, which is a method used to resolve a patient's psychic conflict.

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the ego, the id, and the Super ego

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3 contending forces battling at all times inside humans:

pleasure

reason

moral values imposed by society

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Social Darwinism and Herbert Spencer

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The application of Darwin’s principle of organicevolution to the social order came to be known associal Darwinism.

- herbert Spencer was a huge advocate to this. society was an organism that evolved over time through struggle

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Houston Stewart Chamberlain

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Englishman, lived in Germany, anti-semitic (big surprise), first to consider manufacturing a perfect race, considered Jews a major enemy of European racial regeneration/a hindrance to creating a perfect race.

- wrote "The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century"

- believed germans were the only puresuccessors of the ‘‘Aryans,’’ who were portrayed as the trueand original creators of Western culture.

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Volkish Though

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the belief that German culture is superior and that the German people have a universal mission to save Western civilization from inferior races.

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anticlericalism

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Opposition to the church's involvement in politics; especially in the liberal-nation states of the late century.

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Modernism

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A religious movement

included an attempt by the churches to reinterpretChristianity in the light of new developments.

-writers and artists were rebelling against the traditionalliterary and artistic styles that had dominated Europeancultural life since the Renaissance. The changes that theyproduced have since been called Modernism.

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Emile Zola, Leo Tolstoy, and Fyodor Dostoevsky

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literature was dominated by Naturalism

Zola- French writer-Naturalism

Russian Realism :

Leo Tolstoy: Wrote war and Pease, long novel about Napoleons invaion of Russia.

Fyodor - thatonly through suffering and faith could the human soul bepurified

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the Symbolists

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new group ofwriters,

- reacted against Realism.

-mostly interested in poetry;

believed an objective knowledge of the world was impossible;

the external world was not real, but a collection of symbols that reflected the true reality of the individual human mind;

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Impressionism

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Movement originated in FranceGroup of artists rejected the studios and museums and painted nature directly.Wanted to put their impressions of the changing effects of light on objects in nature.

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Camille Pissaro and Claude Monet

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-Pissarro was a founder of Impressionism, and his aspirations are exemplified in the work of Monet where his fascination with water sought to capture the interplay of light, water, and atmosphere shown in his work Impression, Sunrise.

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Post- Impressionism

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A late nineteenth-century style that relies on the Impressionist use of color and spontaneous brushwork but that employs these elements as expressive devices.

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Paul Cezanne and Vinent van Gogh

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PC- One of the most imp Post-Impressionists. Painted Woman with Coffee Pot- use geometric stucture and form in eveything painted.

Vincent van Gogh- used art as a spiritual experience. Interested in color and blieved that it could act as its own form of language.Painted what he felt ex. Starry Night

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George Eastman

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produced the first Kodak camera for the mass market in 1888. Camera mirroed realithy when artists created reality. Photography soon became popular though.

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Pablo Picasso and Cubism

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Painted in a variety of styles but developed Cubism-used geometric designs as a visual to recreate reality in the viewer's mind.

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon was the first Cubist painting.

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Wassily Kandinsky and abstract painting

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was a Russian painter. he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works. he believed that focusing on works that spoke directly to the soul was real artwork

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suffragists

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Those who advocate the extension of the right to vote (suffrage), especially to women.

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maria Montessori

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The first Italian woman to receive a medical degree. Then went through a lecture tour in Italy on the subject of the "new woman." She established a system of childhood education based on natural and spontaneous activities in which the students learned at their own pace.Example of a new woman.

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Alfred Dreyfus and anti-semitism

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in France ( Jewish )military officer who was wrongly convicted by a military court of selling military secrets to the German's. He was convicted to a life sentence on Devil's Island. Later was declared innocent and was fully exonerated.

-Prejudice against Jews.

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Theodor Herzl and Zionism

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writer of The Jewish State believed like many other Zionists that the Jews deserved their own country in order for their persecutions to end, so they all aimed to secure a place in Palestine.

- advocated Jewish Nationalism. Got funds by yishuvs or jewish banking families to provide refuge for persecuted jews.

zionism- An international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palestine.

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Fabian Socialists

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A group of intellectuals who started a movement for laborers and stressed the need for the workers to use their vote to capture the House of Commons and pass legislation the would benefit the laboring class.

Were not Marxist or revolutionary but instead advocated evolution by democratic means

.British trade unions and Fabian Socialists joined to form Labour Party.

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David Lloyd george

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-Member of the Liberal party in Great Britain who helped raise taxes on the rich, and reform in general.

-Voted for social reforms and provided benefirts for the workers in case of sickness and unemployment to be paid for.First steps towards a welfare state.

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Russo-Japanese War

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A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

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The 1905 Revolution and "Bloody Sunday"

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in russia Beginning with the Bloody Sunday massacre, many political parties came about, there were strikes and uprisings... they wanted to change the government and have political modernization. the revolution ended with the October Manifesto, after it was issued the government had help from the middle class to stop the attacks and survive as a constitutional monarchy.

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New imperialism

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A new intense scramble for overseas territory. Led to Europeans to carve up Asia and Africa territories.

- The revival of imperialism after 1880 in which European nations established colonies throughout much of Asia and Africa.

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"white man's Burden"

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1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," critical about imperialism. saw the world as Eurocentric and criticized the "white man's" need to westernize other cultures. (Some debate whether or not he was serious or mocking).

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Economic Imperialism

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The process in which banks and corporations from developed nations invest in underdeveloped regions and establish a major presence there in the hope of making high profits; not necessarily the same as colonial expansion in that businesses invest where they can make a profit, which may not be in their own nation's colonies.

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Cecil Rhodes

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Founded diamond and gold companies that monopolized production of the presious goods and allowed him to gain control of territory that he named Rhodesia after himself

-A firm believer in British rights to expand control across Africa. He successfully helped Britain gain control of South Africa .

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Boer War

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1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. It was an entirely self governing dominion within Britian (like Canada)

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Suez Canal

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a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

-man made

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"open door " policy

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A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

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Commodore Matthew Perry

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the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.

-made them open up by force

-first foreigner in over 200 years

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Boxer Rebellion

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1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Front 40

Meiji Restoration

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The radical transformation of Japan was known as the Meiji Resoration, the Meiji Restoration was when a man named Meiji came to power in Japan. he wanted to modernize Japan and make it mrore Western influenced because they seemed to run well. he really admired the way that the European's military worked such as the British military and Germany's centralized government. They took after the United states way of public education and required taht all Japanese children attnd school. by the early 20th century the Japanese economy was as modernised as any in the world. they also had the first railroad line in 1872.

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Indian National Congress

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movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663)

Front 42

Bismarckian System

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Bismarck makes an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Russia making the Three Emperor's League. The two other countries had a rivalry on who would control the Balkans so Bismarck served as a restraining influence on both powers to prevent war.

- Made alliances with the great powers to ensure that there was no war

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Congress of Berlin

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(1878) Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism.

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Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

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TA-An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI

TE- an alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Front 45

Balkans' crisis

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Austria had annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina out of fear that a large Serbian kingdom would threaten the unity of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Russia responded by supporting the Serbs and threatened to face Austria until William II demanded they accept the annexation or declare war on Germany. Serbia still wanted Albanian territory but after Austria made Albania an independent nation, their plans were thwarted and they were left unsatisfied.