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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stanza structure
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AAB
Stanza: one complete section of poetry 1. A action or problem 2. A action or problem 3. B reaction to solution Two Simultaneous Call and Response Patterns |
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Poetical and instrumental call and response patterns
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Poetic Call and Response
AA (call) B (response Instrumental Call and Response Guitar and Voice = call Guitar Solo = response |
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Country blues
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An improvised song based on an autobiographical text, usually sung by a male who accompanies himself on a guitar or harmonica.
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Mississippi blues
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The Delta blues is one of the earliest styles of blues music. It originated in the Mississippi Delta, a region of the United States that stretches from Memphis, Tennessee in the north to Vicksburg, Mississippi in the south, the Mississippi River on the west to the Yazoo River on the east. The Mississippi Delta area is famous both for its fertile soil and its poverty. Guitar, harmonica and cigar box guitar are the dominant instruments used. The vocal styles range from introspective and soulful to passionate and fiery.
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Dominant music style(s) during the 1920s
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Mid 1920s (in Chicago) generally recognized as the time period in which boogie woogie emerged.
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Meade Lux Lewis
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Mover and a shaker. as a United States pianist and composer, noted for his work in the boogie-woogie style. His best known work, "Honky Tonk Train Blues", has been recorded in various contexts, often in a big band arrangement.
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Louis Armstrong
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Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence on jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performers. With his distinctive gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also greatly skilled at scat singing, or vocalizing using syllables instead of actual lyrics.
Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and deep, instantly recognizable voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong's influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. |
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Boogie-woogie
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Originator of Boogie Woogie – Jimmy Yancy, pianist and composer
Boogie-woogie is a style of piano-based blues that became very popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s, but originated much earlier, and was extended from piano, to three pianos at once, guitar, big band, and country and western music, and even gospel. |
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Mahalia Jackson
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was an African-American gospel singer. With her powerful contralto voice, Mahalia Jackson became one of the most influential gospel singers in the world and is the first Queen of Gospel Music.
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Count Basie
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was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. Basie led his jazz orchestra almost continuously for nearly 50 years.
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NAACP and the National Urban League
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The National Urban League (NUL), formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, is a nonpartisan civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States. It is the oldest and largest community-based organization of its kind in the nation.
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Rhythm and blues (dates)
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is a genre of popular African American music that originated in the 1940s.
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Joe Turner
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was an American blues shouter from Kansas City, Missouri.[2] According to the songwriter Doc Pomus, "Rock and roll would have never happened without him."[2] Although he came to his greatest fame in the 1950s with his pioneering rock and roll recordings, particularly "Shake, Rattle and Roll", Turner's career as a performer stretched from the 1920s into the 1980s.
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Barry White
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was an American record producer and singer-songwriter.
A five-time Grammy Award-winner known for his rich bass voice and romantic image, White's greatest success came in the 1970s as a solo singer and with his Love Unlimited Orchestra, crafting many enduring hit soul funk, and disco songs. |
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Soul Music
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Soul music is a music genre originating in the United States combining elements of gospel music and rhythm and blues.[1] According to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, soul is "music that arose out of the black experience in America through the transmutation of gospel and rhythm & blues into a form of funky, secular testifying."[2] Catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the soloist and the chorus, and an especially tense vocal sound. The genre also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds.
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Innovative Guitarist
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Jimi Hendrix (singer, songwriterm guitarist extroidinare) Inventor of modern rock guitar
Inventive guitarist – infinite electric guitar |
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Memphis sound
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Memphis soul is stylish, funky, uptown soul music that is not as hard-edged as Southern soul. It is a shimmering, sultry style produced in the 1960s and 1970s at Stax and Hi Records in Memphis, Tennessee, featuring melodic unison horn lines, organ, bass, and a driving beat on the drums.
he Memphis soul sound was different from the Motown Sound from Detroit Michigan. After the rise of disco in the late 1970s, Memphis soul declined somewhat in popularity. |
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Modulation
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as a musician may modulate a tone from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch.
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Thomas A. Dorsey
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He is known as "the father of black gospel music" and was at one time so closely associated with the field that songs written in the new style were sometimes known as "dorseys."[1] Earlier in his life he was a leading blues pianist known as Georgia Tom.
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Orgins of Disco
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Cause: Reaction against the absence of quality dance music in the 1960s
Effect: Disc jockeys (with good dance music cllections) started replacing live bands at parties in the 1970s |
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Disco
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A vocally-oriented dance music of the 70s, characterized by commercialized arrangments with a march-like beat (unsyncopated 1-2-3-4)
Refined, “elegant” approach to funk music |
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Pop Gospel Music
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Gospel music is music that is written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life, as well as (in terms of the varying music styles) to give a Christian alternative to mainstream secular music.
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Founding of Rap
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19th century prisons
Tapping on cells in prison → talk → rap |
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African griots
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a West African poet, praise singer, and wandering musician, considered a repository of oral tradition.
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Dub music
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Dub is either an instrumental subgenre of reggae music, or a separate genre of music that involves revisions of existing songs.[5] The dub sound consists predominantly of instrumental remixes of existing recordings and is achieved by significantly manipulating and reshaping the recordings, usually by removing the vocals from an existing music piece, emphasizing the drum and bass parts
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The Sugar Hill Gang
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The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip hop group, known mostly for their 1979 hit, "Rapper's Delight", the first hip hop single to become a Top 40 hit.
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Sam and Dave
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Sam & Dave were an American soul and rhythm and blues (R&B) duo who performed together from 1961 through 1981.
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Al Green
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an American gospel and soul music singer. He reached the peak of his popularity in the 1970s.
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First jazz musician
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Buddy Bolen
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Joe "King" Oliver
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was a jazz cornet player and bandleader. He was particularly noted for his playing style, pioneering the use of mutes. Also a notable composer, he wrote many tunes still played regularly.
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Storyville
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the red-light district of New Orleans, Louisiana, from 1897 through 1917.
The nickname Storyville was in reference to city alderman Sidney Story, who wrote the legislation setting up the district. |
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Solo break
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A solo break in jazz occurs when the rhythm section stops playing behind a soloist for a brief period, usually two or four bars leading into the soloist's first chorus.
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"Yakety Yak"
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"Yakety Yak" is a song written, produced, and arranged by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller for The Coasters.
Emily Richter sang this at a Christmas play with a broom in her hand and shook her finger at the audience. She was wearing an apron and lip synced the words. I believe she was 8. |
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Aretha Franklin
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is an American singer, songwriter and pianist commonly referred to as The Queen of Soul. Although renowned for her soul recordings, Franklin is also adept at jazz, rock, blues, pop, R&B and gospel music.
Today, her boobs are the size of a 7 year old child who is rolled into a ball. |
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Otis Redding
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an American soul singer. Often called the "King of Soul", he is renowned for an ability to convey strong emotion through his voice.
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Responsibilities of a DJ
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1. To serve as a master of Ceremonies
2. To give lots of dance music |
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Blind Lemon Jefferson
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as a blues singer and guitarist from Texas. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s, and has been titled "Father of the Texas Blues"
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Texas blues
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Texas blues is a subgenre of the blues. It has had various style variations but typically has been played with more swing than other blues styles.
Heavy use of guitar. Texas blues also relies on guitar solos or "licks" as bridges in songs. |
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Georgia blues
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The Atlanta blues scene of the 1920s was among the most fertile in all the South, with a steady stream of rural musicians converging on the city hoping to gain exposure playing the local club circuit, with any luck rising to perform at Decatur Street's famed 81 Theatre.
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Robert Johnson
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an American blues musician, among the most famous of Delta blues musicians. His landmark recordings from 1936–1937 display a remarkable combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting talent that have influenced generations of musicians. Johnson's shadowy, poorly documented life and death at age 27 have given rise to much legend, including a Faust myth.
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Closing of Storyville
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The District was closed down by the federal government — specifically Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels — as a "bad influence" during World War I in 1917.[3] The closure was over the strong objections of the New Orleans city government. After 1917, when Storyville was shut down, separate black and white underground dens of prostitution emerged around the city.
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Hot and Cool Jazz
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"Hot Jazz" was Chicago, where King Oliver joined Bill Johnson.
By the end of the 1940s, the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency towards calm and smoothness, with the sounds of cool jazz, which favoured long, linear melodic lines. |
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Harlem Renaissance
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refers to the flowering of African American intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke.
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"Porgy and Bess"
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an opera, first performed in 1935, with music by George Gershwin, libretto by DuBose Heyward, and lyrics by Ira Gershwin and DuBose Heyward. It was based on DuBose Heyward's novel Porgy and the play of the same name which he co-wrote with his wife Dorothy Heyward. All three works deal with African American life in the fictitious Catfish Row (based on the real-life Cabbage Row) in Charleston, South Carolina, in the early 1920s.
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The Wings Over Jordan Choir
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as the first full-time professional black choir in America. At its height, the choir performed before sold-out, non-segregated audiences in over 40 states, 5 European countries, Canada, and Mexico.
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Harlem
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Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, which since the 1920s has been a major African-American residential, cultural, and business center.
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Modern blues
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One of the most popular and influential gospel groups of the 20th century, the Soul Stirrers were pioneers in the development of the quartet style of gospel and, without intending it, in the creation of soul music, doo wop, and motown, some of the secular music that owed much to gospel.
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Sonny Boy Williamson
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was an American blues harmonica player, and the first to use the name Sonny Boy Williamson.
His original recordings were considered to be in the country blues style, but he soon demonstrated skill at making harmonica a lead instrument for the blues, and popularized it for the first time in a more urban blues setting. He has been called "the father of modern blues harp". |
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Muddy Waters
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an American blues musician, generally considered "the Father of Chicago blues". A major inspiration for the British blues explosion in the 1960s.
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Eileen Southern
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was an African American musicologist, researcher, author and teacher.
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"Shake, Rattle, and Roll"
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prototypical twelve bar blues-form rock and roll song written in 1954 by Jesse Stone under his assumed songwriting name Charles E. Calhoun. It was originally recorded by Big Joe Turner, and most successfully by Bill Haley & His Comets.
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"Dippermouth Blues"
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By Joe "King" Oliver
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Charlie Parker
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was an American jazz saxophonist and composer.
AKA yardbird Emily's nickname: Nastybird |
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Dizzie Gilepse
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as an American jazz trumpet player, bandleader, singer, and composer.[1]
Together with Charlie Parker, he was a major figure in the development of bebop and modern jazz. |
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Miles Davis
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an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer.
Widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Miles Davis was, with his musical groups, at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, and jazz fusion. |
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Andre Watts
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is a classical pianist and Professor at the Jacobs School of Music of Indiana University. Born in Nuremberg, Germany, Watts is the son of a Hungarian mother, Maria Alexandra Gusmits, who played the piano, and African-American father, Herman Watts, a U.S. Army non-commissioned officer. After studying music in Philadelphia and appearing with the Philadelphia Orchestra at age nine, he received a wider audience when he made his television debut in a nationally televised concert with the New York Philharmonic in 1963 at just sixteen. His first world tour was in 1967.
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Leontyne Price
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an American operatic soprano. She is best known for the title role of Verdi's Aida. Born in the segregated Deep South, she rose to international fame during a period of racial change in the 1950s and 60s, and was the first African-American to become a leading prima donna at the Metropolitan Opera.
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Jesse Norman
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is an American opera singer. Norman is one of the most admired contemporary opera singers and recitalists, and is one of the highest paid performers in classical music.
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Howard Swanson, Ulysses Kay and George Walker
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African American Composer & Pianist
First African American Pulitzer Prize Winner in Music (George) No clue who the other dudes are. Google that you lazy fools. |
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Wynton Marsalis
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an American jazz and classical trumpeter and composer. As a Jazz performer and composer he has made display of his extensive knowledge about jazz and jazz history and for being a classical virtuoso.
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Duke Ellington
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was an American composer, pianist, and big band leader.
A prominent figure in the history of jazz, Ellington's music stretched into various other genres, including blues, gospel, film scores, popular, and classical. |
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Billie Holiday
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was an American jazz singer and songwriter. Her vocal style, strongly inspired by jazz instrumentalists, pioneered a new way of manipulating phrasing and tempo.
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George Gershwin
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was an American composer and pianist. Gershwin's compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are widely known.
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Ragtime and Country blues developed
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around the same time.
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Ragtime Intentions
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was an attempt for African Americans to express a wide range of emotions. Attempted to appeal to the masses with a varied amount of emotions.
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Country Blues Intentions
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Country blues was attempting to appeal to a narrow, focused individual person.
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Country Blues
The music that can make you happy |
When you are sad
They needed this music to help them perk themselves up. Make them feel better about their circumstances. Talks about Disappointments, love, surprises, loneliness, person and/or national catastrophes. |
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Origins of the Development of Country Blues
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Early 18th Field Hollers: sort melodies →
Late 18th Work songs: spirituals, longer melodies → Late 19th Country blues: even longer melodies + stanza structure + guitar and/or harmonica accompaniment |
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Geographical Origins of the Blues:
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Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois
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Two basic Approaches to Country Blues Songs
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1. “European” Country Blues
Employs 3 different chords Tonic (at rest) Sub-dominant (moving along) Dominant (needs resolution) 2. Non-“European Country Blues” Employs a drone One note or chord played throughout the song *The term “European” refers to musical characteristics employed, not to a geographical point of origin. |
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Other names for Country Blues
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Rural Blues
Down home blues Southern Folk Blues Delta Blues |
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Whalum plays the saxophone the way
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a soul singer sings. Historically, jazz instrumentalists have imitated the human singing voice.
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Boogie Woogie (Real Def.)
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A percussive (forceful) style of playing blues music on the piano, characterized by:
Left hand: a repetitive bass figure in the left hand (keeps the beat) Right hand: improvised melodies (elaborates and embellishes the beat) |
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Other pianists of Boogie Woogie
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Pete Johnson, Albert Ammons
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Formal Structure of a Typical Boog Woog song
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4 or 5 choruses
A chorus is the song played through once A chorus consists of 12 bars A bar is a unit of musical time, usually consisting of 4 beats 12 bar blues – without it we wouldn’t have about 80% of jazz pieces that are in existence. |
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History of jazz can be split into 2 categories
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Jazz as a form of entertainment
Jazz as a form of art music |
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Basic Form of a Modern Jazz Song
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A – Intro - Melody Chorus (usually played twice)
B – Solo Improvisation (featured musicians creatively vary the musical material of the melody chorus) |
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A modern jazz piece is a metaphor
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it’s an abstraction that can mean what the listener wants it to mean.
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Disco
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Disco – 1974-1979
Legendary discotheque Studio 54 was located at 254 West 54th street in Manhattan between 1977-1980. |
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1970 Party Palace
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for beautiful “nobodies” and celebrities.
Emily is an ugly nobody |
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Soul to Disco
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Soul music, listener oriented (60s)
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Disco music
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Dance-oriented (70s)
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Disco Figures
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Traditional Figures – Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Al Green
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When Disco declined
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it created a popular music filler and many artists rushed into fill it.
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Combine Philadelphia and funk,
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put the essential elements together and you get disco.
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Soul music was a
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dance style
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Music fans in late 1960, said there was
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an absence of high quality dance music
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Communal Dance
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Overtly Sensuous
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General Style of disco
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sexy, elegant
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Aretha Franklin
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Credited with the vast popularity of soul music in the late 1960s and indirectly with its decline in the late 1960s/early 70s
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Jimi Hendrix
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(singer, songwriter guitarist extraordinaire) Inventor of modern rock guitar
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Echoplex
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a repetition of sounds
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Reverberation
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electronic effect that has rebounded sounds
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Fuzztone
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actually musical sound with noise; pure guitar sound with extra noise.
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Psychedelic Soul
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combo of funk, modern jazz and rock
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Well crafted orchestral arngments=
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philly sound
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Repetetive bass and drum beats =
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funk
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Listener oriented=
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philly sound
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Dance oriented=
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funk
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The O’Jays, Dione Warwick and the Spinners
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Philly
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Parliament, Earth, Wind and Fire
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Funk
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Final Outcomes of Disco
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Polarized many pop music fans
Negative ‘Superficial” – reduced pop music and lyrics to surface meaning Positive “Optimistic” – upbeat dance music that filled a need, following the unhappy 1960s |
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Women Rappers
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1 million copies of an album sold
Salt-n-Peppa: from Queens, New York most successful female rap group in history Only female rap group to be repeatedly certified platinum |
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Dabrat
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The Chigago bred rapper.
First female solo rapper to strike platinum Biggest Selling female solo rapper to date |
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The South Bronx late 1960s
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Economically decimated neighborhood inspired by black and Puerto Rican Youth to create a new culture – Hip Hop – to help make this environment livable
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“Father of Rap”
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DJ Kool Herc
1955 Kingston, Jamacia, moved to the Bronx in 1967 Invented break beet music (pre-rap) Introduced powerful sound systems in the US |
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Break Beat Music
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Buy two identical copies of a “James Brown” record
Line up both records to the instrumental break (it lasts a few seconds) Alternately playing and rewinding the turntables, repeatedly playing and rewinding the turntables repeatedly play only the instrumental break to prolong it seamlessly into a “new song” |
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DJ Grandmaster Flash
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one of Rap’s greatest innovators
Added rhymed storytelling |
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First American Born Rappers
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Melle Mel and Kid Creole
They wrote rhymed stories and entertained for DJ Grandmaster Flash |
