Aerosim Stage 1 Private Pilot Oral 32

Front 1

What is an airfoil?

Back 1

A device which generates lift. Wings, horizontal tail surfaces, vertical tail surfaces, and propellers are airfoils.

Front 2

What is the "angle of incidence"?

Back 2

The angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the airplane and the chord of the wing.

Front 3

What is a "relative wind"?

Back 3

The direction of the airflow with respect to the wing.

Front 4

What is the "angle of attack"?

Back 4

The angle between the wing chord line and the direction of the relative wind.

Front 5

What is Bernoulli's Principle?

Back 5

The pressure of a fluid decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases.

Front 6

What are several factors which will affect both lift and drag?

Back 6

Wing area.
Angle of attack.

Shape of the airfoil.
Air density.

Velocity of air.

Front 7

What is torque effect?

Back 7

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Front 8

What effect does torque reaction have on an airplane on the ground and in flight?

Back 8

In flight torque reaction is acting around the logitudinal axis, tending to make the airplane roll to left.
On the ground as the left side of the airplane is being forced down, more weight is being placed on the left main landing gear

Front 9

What are the four factors that contribute to the left turning tendency of an aircraft?

Back 9

Torque reaction of engine and propeller - equal and opposite reaction.
Gyroscopic precession.
Corkscrewing effect of the propeller.
Asymmetrical loading of the propeller (P-Factor).

Front 10

What is centrifugal force?

Back 10

The equal and opposite reaction of the airplane to the change in direction.

Front 11

What is load factor?

Back 11

The ration of the total load supported by the airplanes wing to the actual weight of the airplane and its contents.

Front 12

For what 2 reasons in load factor important to pilots?

Back 12

Danger of overstressing the airframe

Danger of increased stall speed.

Front 13

What situations may result in load factors reaching or exceeding the maximum?

Back 13

Level Turns.
Turbulence.
High Speed.

Front 14

What are the different operational categories for aircraft and within which category does your aircraft fall?

Back 14

Normal +3.8 to -1.52
Utility +4.4 to -1.76
Aerobatic +6.0 to -3.00

The Cessna 172 is certified in the utility category.

Front 15

What effect does an increase in load factor have on stalling speed?

Back 15

Stalling speed will increase.

Front 16

Define the term Maneuvering Speed.

Back 16

Va is the maximum speed during turbulence or maneuvers.

Front 17

Discuss the effect on maneuvering speed of an increase or decrease of weight.

Back 17

Increases with an increase in weight.

Decreases with a decrease in weight.

Front 18

What causes an airplane to stall?

Back 18

When the critical angle of attack has been exceeded.

Front 19

What is a spin?

Back 19

Spins result from aggravated stalls in either a slip or a skid.

No stall = no spin.

Front 20

What causes a spin?

Back 20

Exceeding critical angle of attack.

Front 21

When are spins most likely to occur?

Back 21

ENGINE FAILURE

CROSSED CONTROL TURNS

GO AROUND

Front 22

What procedure should be used to recover from an inadvertent spin?

Back 22

Close the throttle
Neutralize ailerons
Apply full opposite rudder

Move the elevator control forward to the neutral position.
------------------------------------------------------
Neutralize the rudder when spinning stops.
When the rudder is neutralized, gradually apply enough aft elevator pressure to return to level flight.

Front 23

What causes adverse yaw?

Back 23

Turning an airplane the downward deflected aileron produces more lift and more drag.

Front 24

What is ground effect?

Back 24

Condition of improved performance the airplane experiences when it is operating near the ground.

Front 25

What major problems can be caused by ground effect?

Back 25

During landing - Any excess speed during landing may result in significant floating.

During Takeoff - the reduced drag may allow the aircraft to takeoff below recommended speed.

Front 26

Define Empty weight

Back 26

Airframe, engines, and all items of operating equipment that have fixed location and are permanently installed in the aircraft. Includes hydraulic fluid, unuseable fuel, and undrainable oil.

Front 27

Gross Weight

Back 27

Maximum allowable weight of both the airplane and its contents.

Front 28

Useful load

Back 28

Weight of the pilot, copilot, passengers, baggage, usable fuel, and drainable oil.

Front 29

Arm

Back 29

Horizontal distance in inches from the reference datum line to the center of gravity of the item.

Front 30

Moment

Back 30

Product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm.

Front 31

Center of Gravity

Back 31

Point about which an aircraft would balance if it were possible to suspend it at that point.

Front 32

Datum

Back 32

Imaginary vertical line from which all measurements of arm are taken.

Front 33

What basic equation is used in all weight and balance problems to find the center of gravity location of an airplane and/or its components?

Back 33

Weight X Arm = Moment

Front 34

What performance characteristics will be adversely affected when an aircraft has been overloaded?

Back 34

Higher takeoff speed
Longer takeoff run
Reduced rate & angle of climb
Lower maximum altitude
Shorter range
Reduced Cruising speed
Reduced maneuverability
Higher stalling speed
Higher landing speed
Longer landing roll
Excessive weight on the nosewheel

Front 35

What effect does a forward center of gravity have on an aircrafts flight characteristics?

Back 35

Higher stall speed - stalling angle of attack is reached at a higher speed due to increased wing loading.

Slower cruise speed - increased drag; greater AOA is required to maintain altitude.

More stable - the center of gravity is farther forward from the center of pressure which increases longitudinal stability.

Greater back elevator pressure required - longer takeoff roll: higher approach speeds and problems with landing flare.

Front 36

What are the standard weights assumed for the following when calculating weight and balance problems?

Back 36

Crew and passengers = 170 lbs
Gasoline = 6 lbs/ gal
Oil = 7.5 lbs/ gal
Water = 8.35 lbs/ gal

Front 37

What are some of the main elements of aircraft performance?

Back 37

Takeoff and landing distance
Rate of Climb
Ceiling
Payload
Range
Speed
Fuel Economy

Front 38

What factors affect the performance of an aircraft during takeoffs and landings?

Back 38

Air Density (density altitude)
Surface Wind
Runway Surface
Upslope or Downslope of runway
Weight

Front 39

What effect does wind have on aircraft performance?

Back 39

Takeoff - a headwind will increas the airplane performance by shortening the takeoff distance and increasing the angle of climb. A tailwind will decrease performance by increasing the takeoff distance and reducing the angle of climb.

Landing - a headwind will increase airplane performance by steepening the approach angle and reducing the landing distance. A tailwind will decrease performance by decreasing the approach angle and increasing the landing distance.

Cruise flight - winds aloft have somewhat the opposite effect on performance. Headwind will decrease performance by reducing ground speed, which in turn increases fuel requirements. Tailwind will increase performance by increasing the ground speed, which in turn reduces the fuel requirement for the flight.

Front 40

How does weight affect takeoff and landing performance?

Back 40

Increased weight can have a significant effect on takeoff performance:
Higher liftoff speed
Greater mass to accelerate
Increased retarding force (drag and ground friction)
Longer takeoff distance

The effect of gross weight on landing distance is that the airplane will require a greater speed to support the airplane at the landing AOA and lift coefficient resulting in and increased landing distance.

Front 41

What effect does an increase in density altitude have on takeoff and landing performance?

Back 41

Increased takeoff distance (greater takeoff TAS req)
Reduced rate of climb (decreased thrust and reduced acceleration)
Increased true airspeed on approach and landing (same IAS)
Increased landing roll distance.

Front 42

Define the term density altitude.

Back 42

Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.

Front 43

How does air density affect aircraft performance?

Back 43

Direct effect on:
Lift produced by the wings
Power output of the engine
Propeller efficiency
Drag forces

Front 44

What factors affect air density?

Back 44

Altitude - higher = less dense
Temperature - warmer = less
Humidity - more = less dense

Front 45

How does temperature, altitude, and humidity affect density altitude?

Back 45

Density altitude will increase when Hot, High, Humid

Density altitude will decrease when cold, low, dry.

Front 46

C172 SPEEDS

Back 46

VSO - STALL SPEED - 35

VS1 - CLEAN STALL SPEED - 44

VR - ROTATION SPEED (FORMULA)

VX- BEST ANGLE OF CLIMB - 60

VLO - LANDING GEAR OPP SPEED - (N/A C172)

VY - BEST RATE OF CLIMB - 76

VFE - FLAP EXT SPEED - 110

VA - MANEUVERING SPEED - (FORMULA)

VNO - NORMAL OPERATING SPEED - 127

VLE - MAX LANDING GEAR EXT SPEED - (N/A)

VNE - NEVER EXCEED SPEED - 158

BEST GLIDE - 65

MAX POWER - 160 BHP

MAX RPM - 2700

STEEP TURNS - 95