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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define exergonic |
A reaction that releases energy from the hydrolysis of ATP |
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Define endergonic |
A reaction that requires energy |
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Define phosphorylation |
The addition of phosphate |
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Define oxidation |
The loss of hydrogen |
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Define reduction |
The gain of hydrogen |
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Define a redox reaction |
A reaction that involves the oxidation of one molecules and the reduction of another |
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Define an electrochemical gradient |
Created when protons (H+) are pumped into a cavity |
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Define electron carrier |
High energy electrons are passed from one to the next, releasing energy as they pass |
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Define a proton pump |
Actively transports protons against their concentration gradient |
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Define decarboxylation |
Removal of carbon dioxide |
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Define dehydrogenation |
Removal of hydrogen |
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Define yield |
The total number of molecules produced in a reaction |
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Define net gain |
Total gained- total used |
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Define oxidation phosphorylation |
The production of ATP by chemiosmosis at the electron transport chain (oxygen is the final electron acceptor) |
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Define substrate-level phosphorylation |
The production of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle |
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What type of process is respiration? |
Catabolic |
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Name two substrates that can be used to release energy in respiration |
Glucose and fatty acids |
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Name the two products from the hydrolysis of glucose |
Mostly the energy is used to synthesise ATP, but some become heat energy |
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Give two similarities of aerobic and anaerobic respiration |
Both produce carbon dioxide, both produce ATP |
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Give two differences of aerobic and anaerobic respiration |
Anaerobic doesn’t require oxygen (aerobic does), yield of energy lower for anaerobic |
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What does ATP stand for? |
Adenosine triphosphate |
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What are the three parts of an ATP molecule? |
3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar, adenine |
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Why nitrogenous bases are pyramidine? |
C U T |
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Why two bases are purine? |
A G |
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How is ATP used in protein synthesis? |
For amino acid activation in the cytoplasm |
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How is ATP used in active transport? |
It changes the shape of transport proteins to move molecules against the concentration gradient |
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How is ATP used in exocytosis? |
Packaging and transport of secretory products, like enzymes in vesicles |
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How is ATP used in nerve transmission? |
Sodium and potassium pumps actively transport ions across the axon membrane |
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How is ATP used in DNA replication? Why |
Synthesis of DNA from nucleotides during DNA replication at interphase |
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Why enzyme combines ADP and Pi? |
ATP synthase |
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In which reaction are ADP and Pi combined? |
A condensation reaction |
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What is the input of energy required? |
30.6kJ/mol |
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What is the reaction called for the input of energy? |
An endergonic reaction |
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What is the name for the addition of phosphate to ADP? |
Phosphorylation |
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What is the name of the enzyme that hydrolysed the terminal phosphate bond of ATP? |
ATPase |
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How much energy is released in the hydrolysis of ATP? |
30.6kj/mol |
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What is the name of the reaction in which the energy is released? |
An exergonic reaction |
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Name 5 ways ATP is well suited to be an energy source. |
It releases immediate energy, only one enzyme is needed, it releases a small packet of energy when and where needed, it’s a universal energy currency, and is easily transported across membranes |
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Where does glycolysis take place? |
In the cytoplasm |
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Where does the link reaction take place? |
In the mitochondrial matrix |
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When does the Krebs cycle take place? |
In the mitochondrial matrix |
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Where does the electron transport chain take place? |
In the inner mitochondrial membrane (Cristae) |
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What kind of reaction is oxidation? Is energy taken in or released? |
Catabolic, energy is released |
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What kind of reaction is reduction? Is energy taken in or released? |
Anabolic, energy is taken in |
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Name 2 co enzymes that act as hydrogen carriers |
NAD is reduced to form NADH/H+, FAD is reduced to form FADH2 |
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How does glucose enter the cell cytoplasm? |
Facilitated diffusion (through intrinsic carrier proteins) |
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How is glucose converted to hexose phosphate? what does it require the addition of? |
It’s phosphorylated, which requires the addition of 2 ATP molecules |
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What is hexose phosphate split into? |
Two triode phosphate molecules |
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How is triode phosphate converted to pyruvate? |
It’s oxidised |
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What happens to the hydrogen removed from triode phosphate by dehydrogenase enzymes? |
It is accepted by NAD forming reduced NAD |
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What else does the production of pyruvate result in? What is the name for it? |
The phosphorylation of 2 ADP molecules to produce 2ATP, known as substrate level phosphorylation |
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How many reduced NADs are made in glycolysis? |
2 |
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What is the net gain of ATP? |
2 |
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What enzyme oxidises pyruvate to acetate? |
A decarboxylase enzyme |
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How many reduced NAD are produced in the Krebs cycle? |
6 |
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How many carbon dioxide are produced in the Krebs cycle? |
4 |
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How many reduced FAD are produced in the Krebs cycle? |
2 |
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How many ATP what are produced in the Krebs cycle? |
2 |
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What molecule is required for hydrolysis reactions? What |
Water |
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What is the fate of NADH/H+ and FADH2? |
They deliver hydrogen to the electron transport Chenin for synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis |
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Define decarboxylation |
Any chemical reaction is which a carboxyl group is split off from a compound as CO2, catalysed by decarboxylase enzymes. |
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Give an example of a dehydrogenation reaction. |
6 carbon compound + NAD -> 5 carbon compound + CO2 + NADH/H+ |
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Give an example of a decarboxylation reaction. Why |
Pyruvate + NAD -> acetate + NADH/H+ + CO2 |
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Why is it an advantage for the inner mitochondrial membrane to be folded into cristae? |
Increased surface area for stalked particles so more ATP can be synthesised |
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What is removed in the oxidation of pyruvate? |
One molecules of CO2 and one hydrogen which is accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD |
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Suggest 2 functions for mitochondrial DNA. |
Codes for its own replication and for enzymes involved in aerobic respiration |
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What does acetate combine with? |
Co enzyme A |
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How many molecules of CO2 are produced? |
2 |
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What is the fate of NADH/H+ and FADH2? |
They deliver hydrogen to the electron transport chain for synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis |
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Why is pyruvate a good intermediate compound? What |
It easily diffuses into the mitochondria (whereas there are no carrier proteins for glucose on the membrane of the mitochondrion) |
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What does acetate combine with in the first step of the Krebs cycle? And what is regenerated? |
Acetate combines with a 4 carbon compound to form a 6carbon compound, coenzyme A ur regenerated |
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How many decarboxylation reactions take place in the Krebs cycle? |
2 |
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How many dehydrogenation reactions take place in the Krebs cycle? |
4 |
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Which two products is the acetate completely broken down to? How |
CO2 and water |
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What happens to the hydrogen atoms delivered by reduced NAD and FAD in the electron transport chain? |
They are split into protons and electrons |
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How many molecules of ATP are produced from oxidative phosphorylation? |
34 |
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Why is glucose catabolism spread out over many reactions? |
If you release the energy all at once excessive increase in temperature could lead to denaturatuon of proteins in cells |
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What happens to the high energy electrons in the electron transport chain? |
They are transferred along carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane (moving from high energy levels to lower energy levels) |
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What does the energy released during electron transport fuel? |
Proton pumps |
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Where are protons pumped from and to? |
Through channel proteins from the matrix to the inter membrane space |
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What does the build up of protons in the inter membrane space form? |
An electrochemical gradient |
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What releases energy for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi? |
The flow of protons through ATP synthase |
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What is the purpose of oxygen in the electron transport chain? |
It acts as a final electron acceptor (4H+ + 4e- + O2 -> 2H2O) |
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What is this method of producing ATP called? |
Oxidative phosphorylation |
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How many molecules are generated for each molecule of reduced NAD and FAD? |
3 for reduced NAD and 2 for reduced FAD |
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How many molecules of ATP are produced from substrate level phosphorylation? |
4 |
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Why is glucose catabolism spread out over many reactions? |
If you release the energy all at once excessive increase in temperature could lead to denaturation of proteins in cells |
