Advanced Nutrition: Brain & Nutrition

Front 1

The brain has neurons with _______ axons and ______ dendrites. The connections/network formation with other cells is with _________. ______ (epithelial cells) is the progenitors for all neurons and glial cells.

Back 1

long axons and branching dendrite

connection/network with other cells with synapses

Neural tube is the progenitors for all neurons and glial cells.

Front 2

60% of mass of the brain is made up by ____ cells.

Back 2

Glial Cells

Front 3

Glial cells ______ and provide _____ support; packing around the neurons and ________ support.

Back 3

insulates and provides physical support

and metabolic support

Front 4

Glial cells provide insulation to the neurons with ____ sheath.

Back 4

myelin sheath

Front 5

Particularly after brain injury Glial Cells can undergo cell ____ into adulthood.

Back 5

undergo cell division into adulthood

Front 6

______ scavenge like macrophages

Back 6

Microglia

Front 7

______ are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Back 7

Macroglia

Front 8

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids is _______/______ to _____ to ______.

Back 8

a-ketoglutarate (GABA-T)/glutamine(Glutaminase) to glutamate(GAD) to GABA

Front 9

Biosynthesis of Acetylcholine ______ + ______ by way of _______ gives _________.

Back 9

Acetyl-CoA + Choline by way of choline acetyltransferase gives acetylcholine

Front 10

Biosynthesis of Serotonin _________ by way of ________ gives ________ by way of gives _______.

Back 10

Tryptophan by way of tryptophan hydroxylase gives 5-Hydroxytryptophan by way of 5-Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase gives 5-hydroxytryptamine

Front 11

Biosynthesis of Catecholamines __________ by way of _______ gives ________ by way of _______ gives ________ by way of _________ gives__________ by way of _________ gives _______________.

Back 11

Tyrosine by the way of tyrosine hydroxlase gives dihydroxy-phenylalmine (DOPA) by the way of amino acid decarboxylase gives dopamine by the way of dopamine-B-hydroxylase gives norephinephrine by the way of phenylethanoalmine-N-methyltransferae gives Epinephrine

Front 12

The Blood Brain Barrier has _______ cells forming tight junctions so the no fluid/solutes can pass w/o first entering these cells.

Back 12

endothelial cells

Front 13

Blood Brain Barrier is selective to the penetration of _______ present in the circulation.

Back 13

solutes present in the circulation

Front 14

Substance with _______ lipid solubility may move across the blood brain barrier though ___________.

Back 14

high lipid solubility

simple diffusion

Front 15

Water enters the brain through ______; as osmolaity of plasma changes water move in and out of brain easily.

Back 15

Water enters the brain through diffusion

Front 16

_______ such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, volatile anesthetics ______ rapidly into the brain.

Back 16

Gases diffuse rapidly into the brain.

Front 17

Blood Brain Barrier: Paracellular Aqueous Pathway

Back 17

Water-soluble agents

Front 18

Blood Brain Barrier: Transcellular Lipophilic Pathway

Back 18

Lipid Soluble Agents

Front 19

Blood Brain Barrier: Transport Proteins

Back 19

Glucose

Amino Acids

Nucleosides

Vinca alkaloids

Cyclosporin A

AZT

Front 20

Blood Brain Barrier: Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis

Back 20

Insulin

Transferrin

Front 21

Blood Brain Barrier: Adsorptive Transcytosis

Back 21

Albumin and other Plasma PRO

Front 22

Other areas of the Brain:

Region of the brain (________ organs) receives blood supply from capillaries that do not have tight junctions and some contains sensors for blood constituents; neurons and glia release molecules into the blood.

Back 22

Circumventricular Organs

Front 23

Excessive consumption of pure amino acids can cause _____.

Back 23

neurotoxicity

Front 24

The transport of ______ is important b/c it is the primary energy source for the brain. ______ and _____ glucose transporters are enriched in brain capillary endothelial cells.

Back 24

glucose

GLUT-1 and GLUT-3

Front 25

Example of Blood Brain Barrier defect:

Heterozygous GLUT-1 genomic mutation causes __________, _______ in children; ______ responsive to ketogenic diet.

Back 25

mental retardation, seizures in children; Seizures responsive to ketogenic diet.

Front 26

Blood glucose is well regulated to be adequate; except for in _____ & ______.

Back 26

diabetes & starvation

Front 27

_____________________ (for pyruvate, acetate, & ketone bodies); important for neonates and during starvation; rates and capacities elevated in the suckling neonate.

Back 27

Moncocarboxylic Acid Transporter

Front 28

When brain activity increases; _______ consumption increase.

Back 28

glucose

Front 29

Activated neurons release molecules such as _____ into the synapses to depolarize adjacent ______ and interactions w/ receptors located on membranes of surrounding ______ cells causes that cell to release lactate, adenosine, and prostaglandins for smooth muscle relaxation to increase blood flow for glucose consumption.

Back 29

Activated neurons release glutamate to depolarize adjacent neurons and glial cells

Front 30

_________ is similar to Leucine L transport system and essential AAs have to be supplied by diet and the brain needs them for ____________ synthesis. AAs __________ with each other for entry.

Back 30

Neutral L Amino Acid

Neurotransmitter synthesis

AAs compete w/ each other

Front 31

______ enters via a carrier mediated transport system.

Back 31

Choline

Front 32

Specific transport systems are present for most of the _____.

Back 32

vitamins

Front 33

______ are exchanged between plasma and brain very slowly and are carrier mediated.

Back 33

Metal Ions

Front 34

There are no TAG but the nervous system has the second greatest concentration of _________.

Back 34

tissue lipids

Front 35

Adequate supply of essential lipids during _____, _____, _______, and during adulthood.

Back 35

differentiation, maturation, multiplicaiton

Front 36

Diets low in ______ reduce levels of DHA in the brain and alters properties of enzymes and membranes in the brain. It does not affect motor function but it does affect _____ functions

Back 36

linolenic acid

learning functions (resistance to toxin and reduction of synaptic vesicles as well)

reduces NA, k-ATPase, reduce 5' nucletoidase and altered membrane fluidity

Front 37

Phospholipid fatty acid composition of brain can be altered by diet rich in ____ and ____.

Back 37

EPA and DHA

Front 38

Alteration in membrane composition can affect membrane fluidity, cellular responses, ion transport, biosynthesis of ______ & ______.

Back 38

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Front 39

_______ are a special constituent of brain lipids. 18-carbon amino alcohol ______ forms backbone. _______ in medullary sheath and brain tissue.

3 subclasses are _____ and two glycolipid _____ & _____.

Back 39

Sphingolipids

Sphingosine

Glycolipids

Sphingomyelins (sphingosphosphatides) and two glycolipids are Cerebroside (ceramide linked to a monosaccharide unit) and Gangliosides (cermide linked to a oligosaccharide unit)

Front 40

High ___ and ___ decreases membrane fluidity in the brain.

Back 40

High linoleic acid and High saturated fatty acids

Front 41

Decreased ______ in the diet increase membrane fluidity and increase activity and improved memory.

Back 41

cholesterol

Front 42

Methylation of serene using SAM synthesizes _____ in the body.

Back 42

Choline

Front 43

Cholines functions include ______, _______, and _______.

Back 43

methyl donor, synthesis of acetylcholine and PC synthesis

Front 44

Choline is supplied to the neuron either from ____ or catabolism of choline containing compounds.

Back 44

plasma

Front 45

Free choline passes through the blood brain barrier through a specific ______________. Combines with acetyl CoA to form _________.

Back 45

specific choline transport system

acetylcholine

Front 46

Diets devoid of choline can result in decreases in _____ choline.

Back 46

plasma choline

Front 47

Cholinesterase inhibitors can raise ________ levels and reduce _________ muscle movements associated with muscle disorders such as _______; choline ingestion can also help.

Back 47

acetylcholine levels

reduces uncontrollable muscle movements

disorders such as Tardive Dyskinesia

Front 48

In the synaptic cleft acetylcholine (ACh) is rapidly broken down by the enzyme ____________.

Back 48

enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Front 49

Choline is transported back into the ________ and is used to make more ACh.

Back 49

axon terminal

Front 50

Blood brain barrier includes various amino acids transporters ______ & ________.

Back 50

luminal and abluminal

Front 51

Large L type for neutral amino acids which are _____, ______,______ and ______; is competitive and driven by ________ counter-transport.

Back 51

Phe, Tyr, Trp, His

glutamine counter-transport

Front 52

Trp is a precursor for _______. Concentrations in the brain are influenced by concentrations in the blood and directly influences ______ production. Trp conc. rises after a ____ rich-meal.

Back 52

Serotonin

Serotonin

CHO

Front 53

Choline: neurotransmitter is acetylcholine and process know to be changed is memory.

Dz Related:

Back 53

Alzheimer's Dz

Tardive Dyskinesia

Front 54

Glucose is related to

Back 54

Down's Syndrome

Front 55

Tryptophan: neurotransmitter is serotonin and related to sleep.

Dz related to:

Back 55

Depression, sleeplessness, hyperactive behaviors

Front 56

Tyrosine: neurotransmitter nonrepinephrine related to BP which effects ____ and _____

Also Epinephrine which effects learning

Back 56

Hypertension & Maze Performance

Front 57

Tryptophan is a precursor for ______ (darkness) and ________ (excitatory neurotransmitter, vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction)

Back 57

melatonin (darkness) and serotonin (excitatory neurotransmitter, vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction)

Front 58

Tyrosine is a precursor for synthesize of ______ (norepinephrine and epinephrine in the adrenal glands)

Back 58

dopamine

Front 59

Monoamine oxidase breaks down ______ and ______.

Back 59

catecholamine and serotonin

Front 60

Inhibitory NT

Back 60

Glycine

Front 61

Aspartate

Back 61

excitatory

Front 62

______ (excitatory) or as _____ (inhibitory); Glutamate obtained primarily from metabolism of glucose.

Back 62

Glutamate (excitatory) or as GABA (inhibitory)

Front 63

defects in phenylalanin monooxygenase (fe)

Back 63

PKU

Front 64

defect in aminotransferase-PLP

Back 64

tyrosinemia type 2

Front 65

defects in homogentisate dioxygenase

Back 65

alkaptonuria

Front 66

Glucose is converted into alpha ketoglutarate which is converted into glutamate. Glutamate is means of removing ____ from the brain.

Back 66

ammonia

Front 67

Excess ammonia is converted to glutamine which is converted to glutamate (in neurons) which is taken to ECF to be taken up by _____ and converted back to _____ in order to be freely diffusible.

Back 67

taken up by astrocytes (star shaped glial cells)

converted back to glutamine

Front 68

Glutamate is converted to y-aminobutyrate (GABA) by Vit B6 release of CO2 and ___________ is the enzyme.

Back 68

Glutamte decarboxylase

Front 69

Glutamate in the Glial Cells is changed to glutamine by _____.

Back 69

glutamine synthetase

Front 70

Performance of a behavioral task: relation of glucose to the release of ________.

Back 70

acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 71

Glucose provides the ___ portion of acetylcholine.

Back 71

acetyl

Front 72

Increasing glucose availability can increase the ______ released during conditions of increased demand.

Back 72

acteylcholine (ACh)

Front 73

Thiamine in functional form is thiamine pyrophosphate and it's reactions is pyruvate dehyroganease, a-ketoglutarte, dehydrogenase, and transketolase

Influenced neuronal system:

Back 73

acetylcholine

Front 74

Pyridoxine in functional form is pyridoxal phosphate and its reaction is decarboxylation

Influenced neuronal system:

Back 74

GABA, serotonin, dopamine

Front 75

Niacin in functional form is NAD+ and NADP+ its reaction is oxidative reactions

Influenced neuronal system:

Back 75

Coupling to acetylcholine synthesis

Front 76

Vit E functional form is Tocopherol and it free radical quenching

Influenced neuronal system:

Back 76

Neurodegeneration

Front 77

Vit C functional form is ascorbate and it free radical quenching

Influenced neuronal system:

Back 77

neurodegenration

Front 78

Thiamine as cofactor (TPP) of enzymes in ____ and other metabolic reactions.

Back 78

TCA cycle

Front 79

Short-time thiamine deficiency leads to ____, lassitude etc... which can be ____ by adding Thiamine.

Back 79

irritability

reversed

Front 80

Prolonged deficiency of Thiamine can lead to damage of _____ (usually combined with other deficiencies).

Back 80

peripheral nerves

experimental: sever memory loss and loss of cholinergic function

cells can become vulnerable to other insults (BBB)

Front 81

Prolonged loss of working memory from thiamine deficiency can lead to ____ syndrome.

Back 81

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome (paralysis & gait)

Front 82

Niacin as a cofactor (NAD) in metabolic reactions. Niacin can be made from ____.

Back 82

Tryptophan

Front 83

Niacin deficiency can cause _____ where dementia is a symptom.

Back 83

Pellagra

Front 84

Another Niacin deficiency is _____ syndrome where trp transport is defective; niacin requirements increase)

Back 84

Hartnup's Syndrome

Front 85

PKU or phenylketonuria has increase niacin requirement due to ______ transporter activity.

Back 85

competing

Front 86

Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxal phosphate) is necessary for ______ of neurotransmitters. Concentration in the brain in 100 fold higher than in blood.

Back 86

biosynthesis

Front 87

Vit B6 is important for formation of ___,___, and ___.

Back 87

GABA, DOPA, 5-HT

Front 88

Vitamin B6 plays a role in Trp to ___.

Back 88

Niacin

Front 89

Deficiency of Vit B6 (biochemical and morphological changes) reduced ____ arborizations, reduced numbers of ______ axons and synapses which causes ____ seizures and movement disorders.

Back 89

reduced dendritic arborization, reduced numbers of myelinated axons and synapse which cause epileptic seizures and movement disorders.

Front 90

Vitamin B12 deficiency develops neurological symptoms. _____ demyelination of the long tracts of spinal cord. And may be important in neuronal repair mechanisms.

Back 90

Spongy demyelination of the long tracts of spinal cord.

Front 91

Folate deficiency linked to _____ in adults and during development, ______ defects

Back 91

depression in adults

neural tube defects

Front 92

Vit E deficiency produces ____ stress causing neurological symptoms. There is increased endogenous lipid _______. _____, ____, and ____ most affected. Substantia nigra region of high sensitivity pathophysiology of _____ dz.

Back 92

oxidative stress

increased endogenous lipid peroxidation

Cortex, striatum, and cerebellum most effected.

Parkinson's Dz

Front 93

Vit C and glutathione

Ascorbate is required as a cofactor for ___________ which converts dopamine to norepinephrine.

Back 93

dopamine beta hydroxylase

Front 94

Lipid peroxidation leads to ____ & _____ of PUFAS

Back 94

fragmentation & oxidation of PUFAS

Front 95

Iron circulates bound to ____.

Back 95

Transferrin

Front 96

Transferrin receptors on luminal membrane of capillary endothelial cells to endosmoes to release as ___ ions on the albuminal membrane and into ECF

Back 96

ferric ions

Front 97

Iron requiring enzymes in the brain are

Back 97

trp hydroxylase, phe hydroxylase, tyr hdroxylase, and monoamine oxidase

Front 98

Iron deficiency interferes w/ _____ of axons.

Back 98

myelinisation

Front 99

Iron Transport PROs

Overexpression of uptake PRO lead to excess iron in the brain. Ex: lactoferrin in ___ dz

Back 99

Lactoferrin in Parkinson's dz

Front 100

Iron Transport PROs

Decreased expression of released PRO lead to decreased irons released by cell which leads to increased iron in the neurons. Ex: caeruloplamin in ___ dz

Back 100

Caeruloplamin in Alzhemer's dz

Front 101

Iron Regulatory PRO

Increased overexpression of concentration of _____ which increases IRP-IRE stability and Increased Iron uptake (TIR) Decreased ability to store it (ferritin)

Back 101

aluminium

Front 102

Other iron metabolism PRO

Overexpression of haemoxygenase-1 leads increased iron depletion and ___ depletion.

SOR2 dysfunction leads to ____ of iron in the brain.

Back 102

mitochondria depletion

misregulation of iron in the brain

Front 103

Zinc is involved in many enzymatic reactions where ____ plays a role.

Back 103

pyridoxl phosphate

Front 104

Deficiency of Zinc during active growth period produces neurological symptoms such as deficits in ___, ___, and ___.

Back 104

learning, attention, and memory

Front 105

Copper is component of several enzymes (antioxidant) and deficiency can lead to low ____.

Back 105

dopamine

Front 106

Copper accumulation in the brain can lead to depression and psychiatric symptoms. ____ dz

Back 106

Wilson's dz

Front 107

___ dz causes neurological degeneration and mental retardation. It is a disorder where copper is transported into organelles and leads to death.

Back 107

Menke's dz