Advanced Nutrition: Vitamin A, Vitamin D; Bone

Front 1

Vit A & Carotenoids:

Retinoids are found in

Back 1

liver, dairy, fish, and fortified foods

Front 2

Vit A & Carotenoids:

Carotenoids are found in ____. B-carotene has the greatest provitamin A activity.

Back 2

brightly colored fruits & vegetables

Front 3

Vit A requires ____ before absorption. _____ plant foods will weaken some complexes but ______ digestion is still required.

Back 3

digestion before absorption

Heating plant food will weaken but enzymatic digestion is still required.

Front 4

70-90% of Vit A is absorbed from a meal as long as it contains some ____.

Back 4

fat

Front 5

Carotenoid absorption is less than 5% for _____ vegetables or _____ processed vegetable juices to 60% if present as pure oil

Back 5

non-heated vegetables or non-heated processed vegetable juices

Front 6

Conversion of carotenoids to vitamin depends on Vit ___ status and amount and type of carotenoid consumed.

Back 6

Vit A

Front 7

B-carotene is converted into two ____ molecules. Cellular retinol-binding protein II binds to both ____ and ____ in the intestinal cell. Retinal while attached to CRBPII is deduced to _____ by retinal/retinaldehyde reductase to for CRBPII-retinol.

Back 7

two retinal molecules

CRBPII binds to retinol and retinal

Retinal is deduced to retinol

Front 8

LRAT esterifies a fatty acid (palmitic acid) onto the CRBPII-bound retinol to form CRBPII-retinylpamitate. Retinyl esters are incorporated along with phospholipids, triacylglycerol, cholesterol esters, carotenoids, and apoproteins to form a ____________.

Back 8

chylomicron

Front 9

Chylomicrons leave the intestinal cell and enter the lymph system and ultimately the blood. Retonic acid can directly enter the blood, where it attaches to _____ for transport to the liver.

Back 9

albumin

Front 10

Carotenoids & retinoids metabolized in _____ to some extent.

Back 10

enterocytes

Front 11

Retinol esterified & incorporated into chylomicrons for transport. It uses the _______ protein II.

Back 11

Cellular retinol-binding protein II *CRBPII

Front 12

Retinoic acid can be transported in ____ blood.

Back 12

portal blood

Front 13

_____ carry to liver

Back 13

chylomicrons (where additional metabolism happen in the liver)

Front 14

Retinol that is esterified may be stored in the liver. _____ cells & _____ cells

Back 14

stellate cells (where retinyl esters are stored) & parenchymal cells

Front 15

Retinol can be transported in the blood by two PRO ____ & _____.

Back 15

retinol-binding pro (RBP) and transthyretin (TTR)

Front 16

Carotenoids are transported as part of _____.

Back 16

lipoproteins

Front 17

Carotenoids are store in ___ & ____

Back 17

liver & adipose

Front 18

Vitamin A: Vision

Back 18

Rhodopsin (opsin and cis-retinal converted to trans by light and then back)

Front 19

Vitamin A: Cellular defferentiaiton

Back 19

keratinocytes

Front 20

Vitamin A: ____ Expression, Growth, reproduction, and bone metabolism

Back 20

gene expression, growth, reproduction, and bone metabolism

Front 21

Carotenoids function as ____; phytochemicals.

Back 21

antioxidants

Front 22

Cell differentiation: differentiation of keratinocytes in mature ____ cells, ___ cells, and ____ cells

Back 22

epidermal cells, mucus producing cells, and myeloid dendritic cells (immune system)

Front 23

Carotenoids & eye health

Back 23

lutein, xeaxanthin, and beta carotene

Front 24

Carotenoids & heart dz

Back 24

oxidized LDL

Front 25

Carotenoids & cancer

Back 25

cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation

Front 26

Retinol is oxidized and conjugated to make ____, ____-soluble intermediates; ____ circulation

Back 26

polar, water-soluble intermediate; enterohepatic circulation

Front 27

Mostly excreted in ___ (60%), ____ and ____

Back 27

urine (60%), lungs, and feces

Front 28

Carotenoids metabolized to a variety of compounds and excreted in ___

Back 28

bile

Front 29

Sources of Vit D

Back 29

liver, beef, veal, eggs, dairy, some saltwater fish

synthesis in skin

Front 30

Dietary D absorbed in ___ and incorporated into ___ for transport.

Back 30

micelle and incorporated into chylomicron for transport.

Front 31

Cholecalciferol (D3) diffuses from skin into blood and picked up by _____ for transport.

Back 31

vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) (Transcalciferin)

Front 32

Metabolized to 25-OH D3 in ___

Back 32

liver

Front 33

25-OH D3 secreted into blood, transported by ____; blood has the largest pool of the is metabolite.

Back 33

DBP

Front 34

Kidney covert it to

Back 34

1,25-(OH)2 D3 (Calcitriol)

Front 35

Calcitriol is transported in the blood via DBP; released and binds to ____ receptor in the tissues

Back 35

Vitamin D receptors

intestines, bone, kidney, muscle, pancreas, brain, and immune cell

Front 36

Activity of 1-hydroxylase is influenced by ___ in PTH, ___ in Low Plasma Calcium. Feedback inhibition from product _____ and dietary phosphorus ___ it.

Back 36

increase in PTH

increase low plasma calcium

product Calcitriol

decreased when there is dietary phosphorus

Front 37

Calcium homeostasis action is to increase ____ in intestine, kidney, and bone.

Back 37

increase serum calcium

Front 38

Vit D does cell ___, ___, and ___

Back 38

cell differentiation, proliferation, and growth

Front 39

Blood Pressure, autoimmune disorders, and insulin secretion

Back 39

vitamin D

Front 40

low blood calcium signals the parathyroid gland to release _____ into the blood

Back 40

parathyroid hormone

Front 41

PTH binds to bone cell receptors and triggers the ____ of bone mineral for the release of calcium into the blood.

Back 41

reabsorption of bone mineral

Front 42

PTH acts on kidneys to synthesize ___

Back 42

the active form of Vit D= Cacitriol

Front 43

PTH and calcitriol promote the reabsorption of calcium form the ___ and into the ____

Back 43

kidney and into the blood

Front 44

Calcitriol travels to the intestines to promote _____, which facilitates Ca absorption across the brush border membrane and its transported into cell cytoplasm

Back 44

calbindin

Front 45

Vit D is mostly expected in ___ (70%) and ___

Back 45

feces and urine

Front 46

Trabecular bone

Back 46

is spongy with more physiological activity

Front 47

Bone is a specialized type of connective tissue made up of collagen fiber and solid particle made of _____

Back 47

hydroxyapatite

Front 48

Osteoblasts

Back 48

bone forming cells (fibroblast)

Front 49

osteoclasts

Back 49

bone resorbing cells (multinucleate cells of macrophage blood cell origin)

Front 50

Vit A deficiency results in excess deposition by ___

Back 50

osteoblasts