Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is digestion?
|
The process of mechanically and chemically breaking down foods so they can be absorbed
|
|
|
What are the different parts of the alimentary canal?
|
The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal
|
|
|
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
|
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
|
|
|
How long is the alimentary canal?
|
9 meters
|
|
|
What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?
|
Mucosa
Submucosa Muscular layer Serosa |
|
|
What is the mucosa?
|
The layer that develops folds and tiny projections that extend into the lumen and contains glands that secrete mucous and digestive juices
|
|
|
What is the submucosa?
|
Layer that contains vessels that nourish surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed nutrients
|
|
|
What are the two muscle fibers and what do they do?
|
Circular fibers - decrease diameter when contracted
Longitudinal fibers - shorten when contracted |
|
|
What is the serosa?
|
Protects underlying tissues and secretes serous fluid that moistens and lubricates the tubes outer surface of the tube allowing organs to move freely
|
|
|
What is peristalsis?
|
The wavelike motion caused by muscular contraction
This is the force that pushes substances through the tube |
|
|
What is the oral cavity?
|
The chamber between the palate and tounge
|
|
|
What is the vestibule?
|
The narrow space between the teeth, cheeks, and lips
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the tongue?
|
It mixes food with saliva and moves food to throat
|
|
|
What is the frenulum?
|
It connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
|
|
|
What are papillae?
|
Small projections on the surface of the tongue that provide friction and hold taste buds
|
|
|
What are lingual tonsils
|
Masses of lymphatic tissue on the root of the tongue
|
|
|
What is the uvula?
|
The fleshy portion of the soft pa;ate that hangs down above the root of the tongue
|
|
|
What is the palatine tonsil?
|
Located either side of the tongue in the back of the mouth - protect body from infection
|
|
|
How many teeth are there
|
20 primary and 32 secondary
|
|
|
What are primary teeth?
|
They erupt from gums from .5 to 4 years
|
|
|
Secondary?
|
6 - 25
|
|
|
What are incisors?
|
Chisel shaped, used to bite off large pieces of food
|
|
|
What are cuspids?
|
Cone shaped, grasp and tear
|
|
|
Molar
|
Flat, grinding
|
|
|
What is the crown?
|
The bit above the gums
|
|
|
What is the root?
|
Anchored to the jaw
|
|
|
What is the enamel?
|
Hardest substance in the body, calcium salts
|
|
|
What is dentin?
|
Surround the central cavity
|
|
|
What is the pulp cavity?
|
Contains blood vessels, nerves, and pulp
|
|
|
What is cementum?
|
Bone like material that encloses the root
|
|
|
What is the periodontal ligament?
|
Surrounds the cementum and attaches tooth to jaw
|
|
|
What do salivary glands do?
|
Create saliva which moistens food, helps bind particles, begins digestion, makes taste possible, and cleanses mouth
|
|
|
What are the two types of salivary glands?
|
Serous cells and mucous cells
|
|
|
What are serous cells?
|
Produce fluid that contains amylase - splits starch and glycogen into disachrids
|
|
|
What are mucous cells?
|
Secrete mucous which binds particles and lubricates throat
|
|
|
What are the three major salivary glands?
|
The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
|
|
|
Describe the parotid.
|
secreatetes amalase rich saliva - largest - in front of each ear
|
|
|
Describe the submandibular.
|
Produces viscous saliva - floor of mouth inside jaw
|
|
|
Describe the sublingual
|
Secretes mucous - floor below tongue
|
|
|
What are the three main parts of the pharnyx?
|
Nasopharynx, oro, and laryngo
|
|
|
What is the naso?
|
provides path for air
|
|
|
What is oro
|
provides path for food and for air to and from nasal cavity
|
|
|
What is laryngo
|
provides path to esophagus
|
|
|
What are the three stages of swallowing?
|
Food is chewed and forced into the pharynx
Food is moved into the esophagus Peristalsis transports food to stomach - inhibiting breathing |
|
|
What is the cardiac sphincter?
|
Prevents food from escaping back into the esophagus
|
|
|
What is the capacity of the stomach?
|
About 1 liter
|
|
|
What are rugae?
|
Thick folds in the inner lining of the stomach
|
|
|
What are the four regions of the stomach
|
cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric
|
|
|
What is the pyloric sphincter?
|
Closes end of stomach
|
|
|
What are the three types of gastric gland cells?
|
Mucous, chief, and parietal
|
|
|
Mucous
|
Secrete mucous
|
|
|
Chief
|
secrete pepsin (digestive)
|
|
|
Parietal
|
HCL and intrinsic factor
|
|
|
What is pepsin
|
digests all dietary protein, activates in contact with HCl
|
|
|
What is intrinsic factor
|
need for b12 absorbtion
|
|
|
What is gastrin?
|
Increases gastric secretions
|
|
|
What is chyme
|
a semifluid paste of food and juices
|
|
|
What is pancreatic juice?
|
secreted into the pancreatic duct into the duadenum
|
|
|
What is pancreatic amylase?
|
carbs
|
|
|
pancreatic lipase?
|
fat
|
|
|
Nucleases
|
nucleic acid
|
|
|
trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
|
protein - all needed
|
|
|
What is secretin
|
stimulates pancreatic juice
|
|
|
Cholecystokinin
|
Released by intestinal wall stimulates pancreatic juices with digestive enzymes
|
|
|
Where is the liver located?
|
In the upper right section of the abdominal cavity
|
|
|
What are hepatic lobules?
|
The functional units of the liver - right and left lobes
|
|
|
What are kupffer cells?
|
Large fixed phagocytes in the liver that remove bacteria from the blood
|
|
|
What do bile canals do?
|
They carry bile from the hepatic lobules to to the hepatic ducts
|
|
|
What is the function of the liver?
|
It metabolizes carbs, fats, and proteins; stores some substances; filters blood - destroying toxins; maintains level blood-glucose level
|
|
|
What is bile made of?
|
Salts, bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), choelesterol, and electrolytes
|
|
|
What is the gallbladder?
|
Organ that stores bile between meals
|
|
|
What stimulates bile release?
|
Cholecystokinin
|
|
|
What is emulsification?
|
The breakdown of fat globules into smaller droplets. Bile salts also aid in the absorbtion of fatty acids, cholesterol, and vitimins
|
|
|
What is the function of the small intestine?
|
Receives secretions from the pancreas and liver, completes nutrient digestion, absorbs the products of digestion, and transports the residues to the large intestine
|
|
|
What are the three areas of the small intestine?
|
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
|
|
|
What is the mesentary?
|
A double layered fold of peritoneal membrane that suspends the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall.
|
|
|
Where are vili the densest?
|
The duodenum
|
|
|
What are lacteals?
|
lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine - carries away absrobed nutrients
|
|
|
Where are intestinal glands?
|
Between villi
|
|
|
What enzymes digest sugar?
|
Sucrase, Maltase, adn lactase
|
|
|
What enzymes digest proteins?
|
peptidases
|
|
|
What enzymes digest fats?
|
Intestinal Lipase
|
|
|
How does absroption work?
|
Small chains of carbon (fatty acids) enter into the blood cappillaries of villi.
Long (Fat) - enter into lacteals of villi |
|
|
How long does it take to get through the si
|
3-10 hours
|
|
|
What is a peristaltic rush?
|
A movement that sweeps through the small intestine, emptying its contents into the large and causing diarreah
|
|
|
What is the ileocecal sphincter?
|
Entrance to the large intestine
|
|
|
What is the function of the large intestine?
|
It absorbs excess water and electrolytes and forms fieces
|
|
|
What are the four parts of the large intestine?
|
Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
|
|
|
What are the four parts of the colon?
|
Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
|
|
|
What is the cecum?
|
A dilated pouchlike structure that hangs below the ileocecal opening
|
|
|
What is the veriform appendix?
|
Narrow tube with a closed end that has no purpose - lymphatic
|
|
|
How long is the anal canal?
|
2.5 to 4 cm
|
|
|
What are the two sphincters of the anal canal and how are they controlled?
|
Internal and external anal sphincter muscle
smooth skeletal |
|
|
How is the large intestine wall different?
|
No villi, and contains teniae coli - longitudinal muscle fibers
|
|
|
What does the mucous in the LI do?
|
Protects from abrasion, binds fecal matter, and controls the pH of fecal matter
|
|
|
What are mass movements?
|
When the wall of the LI constricts forcing contents to rectum - 2 - 3x/day
|
|
|
What is feces composed of?
|
Water, undigested material, electrolytes, mucous, and bacteria
|
|
|
Why is feces brown?
|
Bile salts altered by bacteria
|
