Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the four types of data? Describe them. |
Nominal: categories, names. Ordinal: rankings, but intervals between may not be equal Interval: equal intervals but no true 0 point Ratio: true zero. |
|
|
Describe the two types of hypotheses. |
Null: no effect seen Alternate: effect seen |
|
|
Describe the 3 door Monty Hall problem. |
You have 3 doors, behind one is a prize. You pick a door. Host opens a door that is not the prize. asks you to stay or switch your door. The odds are not 50/50, they are now 2/3, so you should switch the door for better odds of winning. |
|
|
What is the science behind methodology (4 things). |
- Repeatable - Testible/falsiable - strives to be objective - is self-correcting |
|
|
What is the goal of science in methodology, and how do we improve upon it? |
1. reduce uncertainty, get less wrong over time. correct previous answers. 2. as humans, we are prone to certain errors (bias) which is why we must change methodology. 3. peer review, critique, replication. - failures can still be valuble. |
|
|
Name the four basic terminologies in methodology? |
1. Hypothesis: educated prediction of what will happen. 2. theory: explanation of why something may occur. 3. construct: hypothetical something we create, not directly observed, but helpful (intelligence, personality) 4. Operational definition: how each variable will be defined and measured. |
|
|
What is a population? What is a sample? What is important in this process? |
Population: Everyone in a target group you wish to describe. Sample: a small number of people from the population that take place in the study. It is important to get a representative/proportionate sample, as many times volunteers are convienent. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT |
|
|
What are the four types of data collection? Describe them. |
Self-report/survey: answers to questions written or verbal. Behavioural/observational: watching someone take part in a behaviour. direct or indirect. Physiological: observe body and brain reactions. Archival: pre existing data. |
|
|
Describe the four aspects to a true experiment. |
1. Manipulate independent variables.(2 or more levels/conditions) Controls, placebos. 2. measured dependent variables. What is being influenced. 3. random assignment or participants are in all conditions. 4. explore group differences, cause and effect. |
|
|
Describe the 3 aspects of non-experiments. |
1. No random assignment 2. measures variables 3. explores differences or correlations between variables. - cannot test for cause and effect. (correlation does not equal causation. quasi experiments control threats to internal validity but not random assignment. |
|
|
What is the difference in between-subjects and within-subjects designs? Mixed? |
Between: different people are in each condition of the IV Within: Same people in each condition of the IV. (controls for individual differences) |
|
|
What is Validity? what are the two types? |
Validity means you measure what you intended to measure. Internal validity relates to what can explain you results. External validity relates to how the findings can be generalized to other populations, measures, the world, etc. |
|
|
What is reliability? |
the consistency of the measurement. |
|
|
What are extraneous variables? what are confounds? |
Extraneous: other variables than those being studied that may affect the results. Keep these constant, include, or randomize. Confounds: vary systematically with the IV. Can be avoided with good planning. |
|
|
What are some other threats to internal validity in terms of a within subject design? |
History: something external to the study occurs between sessions. Maturation: Person changes or grows naturally. Order affects: practice, fatigue, carry over. Regression towards the mean: extreme scores become less extreme. |
|
|
What are Artifacts? What are 4 kinds? |
Artifacts unintentionally influence your results. This includes, Experimenter bias, participant reactivity, demand characteristics (being suggestive), and observer bias. |
|
|
What are some other problems that could happen in experiments? |
Ceiling/floor effects: scores are clustered Instrumentation: the way teh DV is measured changes over time. something to do with measurement. |
|
|
General guidelines for SPSS. |
each response should be entered as a separate variable. Always double check data. |
|
|
For a fully between-subject design, how should the data file be set up? |
each line/row is a participant. each IV gets a column with a code indicating which level of that IV the Participant received. scores on DV follow, each with own column. |
|
|
For a fully within-subjects design (repeated measures), how should the data file be set up? |
Each row is a participant. Havea column (or set of columns) that records the DV(s) for one condition, then thesecond condition, and so forth |
|
|
For a mixed design, how should the data set be set up? (contain between and within subject design/variables) |
Eachbetween-subjects IV gets a column with identifying codes for each condition
Eachwithin-subjects IV gets a column (or set of columns) for each condition One line = one participant. |
|
|
What are matched group designs? |
These are used when participants are grouped or linked together in some way (naturally occuring groups). One line per group (data set) |
