Adv Bio Chapter 13 Mrs Steen

Front 1

Gene expression

Back 1

Involves a series of steps in which the information in the sequence of bases in DNA specifies the makeup of the cells proteins. The first major step of gene expression is transcription the seconds is translation

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Alkaptonuria

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Genetic disease in which it has a simple recessive inheritance problem.

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Wild type

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Individual with the normal phenotype.

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RNA

Back 4

Links DNA and protein. RNA copy is made of the information that directs polypeptide synthesis

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Ribose

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Sugar in RNA has a hydroxyl group at the 2' position

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Uracil

Back 6

Substitutes for thymine and is a pyrimidine that can form two hydrogen bonds with adenine

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Template strand

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The process by which RNA is synthesized and resembles DNA replication

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Transcription

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When DNA copies it as another nucleic acid or RNA

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mRNA

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Is a single strand of RNA that carries information for making proteins

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tRNA

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Is a single strand of RNA that folds back on itself to form a specific shape

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rRNA

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rRNA is in a globular form is an important part of the structure of ribosomes and has catalytic functions needed during protein synthesis

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Translation

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Involves conversion of the nucleic acid language in the mRNA molecule into the amino acid language of protein

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Codon

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In translation of the genetic instructions to form a polypepride a sequence of three consecutive bases in mRNA Is called a codon

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Genetic code

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The assignment of codons for amino acids and for start and stop signals are collectively named genetic code

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Anticodon

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Is a particular tRNA that can recognize a particular codon because it has a sequence of three bases called the anticodon that hydrogen bonds with the mRNA codon by complementary base pairing

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Ribosome

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The site of translation are organelles composed of two different subunits each containing protein and rRNA

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Reading frame

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When a code is read one triplet at a time from a fixed starting point that established the reading message for that point

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Wobble hypothesis

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When the third nucleotide of a tRNA anticodon may sometimes fork a hydrogen bonds with more the one kind of third nucleotide of a codon

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RNA polymerase

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Enzymes presented in all cells in eukaryotic transcription most RNA synthesis requires one of 3

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Antiparallel

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Whenever nucleic acid molecules associate by complementary base pairing the two strands are known as antiparallel

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Promoter

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In both bacteria and eukaryotes the nucleotide sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerase and associated proteins initially bind is the promoter

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Leader sequence

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The leader sequence has recognition sites for ribosome binding which properly position the ribosomes to translate the message

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Start codon

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Follows the leader sequence and signals the beginning of the coding sequence that contains the actual message for the polypeptide

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Stop codon

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Signals the end of the protein

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Trailing sequence

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Follow stop codons

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Precursor mRNA

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Is modified in several ways while it is still in the nucleus

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Poly adenylation

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May occur at the 3' end of the molecule and is the second modification of eukaryotic mRNA

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Poly A tail

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Sequence of bases that serve as a signal for adding many adenine containing nucleotides

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Interrupted coding sequences

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Long sequences of bases within the protein coding Sequences of the gene do not code for amino acids in the final poly peptide product

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Introns as opposed to exons

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Introns are intervening sequences exons are expressed sequences which are part of the protien coding sequence

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Spliceosome

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Large ribonucleoprtion complex

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Aminoaxyl tRNA synthetases

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Uses ATP as energy source and are amino acids that are covalently linked to their respective tRNA molecules

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Aminoacyl

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tRNAs bind to the mRNA coding sequence to align the amino acids in the correct order to form the polypeptide chain

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P site

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Or peptidyl site is so named because the tRNA holding the growing polypeptide occupies the P site

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A site

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Named so because the aminoactyl tRNA delivered the next amino acid in the sequences binds at this location

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E site

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Where the growing polypeptide chain can leave the ribosome

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Initiation

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Translation used proteins called initiation factors which become attached to the small ribosomal subunit

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Initiator tRNA

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Bears the first amino acid of the polypeptide

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Initiation complex

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Is complete when the large ribosomal subunit binds to the smaller subunit and the remaining initiation factors are released

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Elongation

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The stages of translation in which amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain

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GTP

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Is an energy transfer molecule similar to ATP

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Peptidyl Transferase

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Peptide bond formation does require Peptidyl Transferase

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Translocation

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The ribosome moves down the mRNA by one codon

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Termination

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Is the final stage of translation

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Release factors

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A protein that recognizes the stop codon at the end of the coding sequence

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Molecular chaperones

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Assist in the folding of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain into its three dimensional active shape

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Polyribosome

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Is a MRNA molecule that is bound to clusters of ribosomal constitutes

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Protein domains

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Regions of protein tertiary structure that may have important functions

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snRNA

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Molecules bind to specific proteins to form a small nuclear ribonucleoprotien complex which in turn combines with other snRNP to form a spliceosome

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Signal recognition particle RNA

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in combination with proteins directs the ribosome mRNA polypeptide complex to the rough ER shortly after translation begins

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Small nuclear RNA

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Processes pre rRNA molecules in the nucleolus during ribosome subunit formation

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RNA interference

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Is found in many organisms and because it has great potential as a research and medical tool

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Small interfering RNA

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Are double stranded molecules that are 20 to 25 nucleotides long

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MicroRNA

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Are single stranded RNA molecules 29th 25 nucleotides long that inhibit the translation of mRNAs involved in many biological processes

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Gene

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Is a DNA nucleotide sequence that carries the information needed to produce a specific RNA or polypeptide product.

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DNA provirus

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Forms as an intermediary in the replication of RNA tumor viruses

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Reverse transcriptase

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Is found in all RNA TUMOR viruses

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Retroviruses

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Because they reverse the usual direction of information flow viruses that require reverse transcriptase are called retroviruses

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Mutations

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Changes in the nucleotide sequences of the DNA

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Base pair substitution

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Involves a change in only one pair of nucleotides this is a mutation the simplest type

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Silent mutations

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Are base pair substitutions that have no discernible effect

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Missense mutations

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Bae pair substitution that results in replacement of one amino acid by another

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Nonsense mutations

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Are Bae pair substitutions that convert an amino acid specifying a codon to stop

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Frameshift mutations

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One or two nucleotides pairs are inserted into or deleted from the molecule altering the reading frame

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Mobile genetic elements

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Movable sequences of DNA

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DNA transposon

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Moves genetic material from one site to another using the cut and paste method

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Retrotransposons

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Replicate by forming an RNA intermediate

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Mutagens

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Cause many types of mutations discussed previously include various types of radiation

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Carcinogens

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Agents that cause cancer