Adv Bio Chapter 9 & 12 Test1

Front 1

Difference between characteristic and trait.

Back 1

Characteristic - Category (Ex: Height) - a gene
Trait - Options (tall or short) - the alleles (T or t)

Front 2

Self-Pollination

Back 2

Pollen is transferred from the anther of a flower to the stigma of either the same flower or a flower of the same plant.

Front 3

Gene

Back 3

Short segment of DNA that codes for a particle characteristics, that can have different traits

Front 4

p1 Generation

Back 4

Parental generation
P1 x P1 : cross pollinated
Height: (tall) (short)

Front 5

F1

Back 5

Offspring of the P1 generation, he first filial generation.
all were tall
F1 x F1 : self pollinated

Front 6

f2

Back 6

Self pollinated f1, second filial generation.
Ratio: 3:1 Tall:Short

Front 7

Law of segregation

Back 7

Pairs of alleles separate- Happens in anaphase 2.

Front 8

Law of Independent Assortment

Back 8

Alleles for different characteristics align on their own if found on separate chromosomes. Otherwise, they line up together. Happens during metaphase I.

Front 9

Genotype

Back 9

Genotype - The genetic makeup of an organism.

Front 10

Phenotype

Back 10

Phenotype - The appearance of an organism

Front 11

Homozygous

Back 11

Homozygous - When both alleles of pairs are alike.

Front 12

Heterozygous

Back 12

Heterozygous - When the two alleles in the pair are different.

Front 13

Test-cross

Back 13

Test-cross - Taking an individual unknown genotypical and cross it with homozygous recessive.

Front 14

Incomplete

Back 14

Incomplete - When there is a third phenotype in between the extremes.

Front 15

Codominance

Back 15

Codominance - Two dominate alleles, an ‘ to mark the second allele.RR -> RED RR’ -> Both

Front 16

Probability

Back 16

Number of times an event is expected to happen
Number of opportunities for an event to happen.

Front 17

Greater map unit =

Back 17

great chance of crossing over or separated.

Front 18

Germ cell mutation doesn't affect

Back 18

the organism but is passed on to offspring.

Front 19

Somatic cell mutation would affect

Back 19

organism not offspring.

Front 20

Deletion

Back 20

whole hunch of chromosome is lost.

Front 21

Inversion

Back 21

Piece of chromosome comes off flips and goes back in. Reverse order.

Front 22

Translocation

Back 22

One side broke off and other side does not.

Front 23

Nondisjunction

Back 23

Meiosis messes up either the homologous chromosome doesn't separate or sisters does not separate.

Front 24

Gene mutation

Back 24

Segments of DNA messing with the order of nucleotide

Front 25

Point mutation

Back 25

Messing with one nucleotide in the stand. Take it out, put in another, substitute it.

Front 26

Frame shift mutation

Back 26

Include addition, deletion

Front 27

Sickle cell anemia

Back 27

Substitutes adenine for thymine for single DNA codon.

Front 28

Pedigree

Back 28

Shows how a trait is inherited over several generations.

Front 29

Individuals who have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele are called?

Back 29

Carriers

Front 30

Diseases or debilitating conditions that have a genetic basis

Back 30

Genetic dissorders

Front 31

Controlled by a single allele of a gene. Ex:

Back 31

Single-Allele traits
Hungtingtons

Front 32

Short section of DNA that is known o have a close association with a particular gene located nearby.

Back 32

Genetic Marker

Front 33

Controlled by three or more alleles of the same gene that code for a single trait. Ex:

Back 33

Multiple-Allele Traits
Blood type

Front 34

A trait that is controlled by two or more genes. Ex:

Back 34

Polygenic trait
Skin color

Front 35

Examination of a persons genetic makeup.

Back 35

Genetic Screening

Front 36

Medical guidance that inform them about problems that could affect their offspring

Back 36

Genetic counseling.

Front 37

Physician removes a small amount of amniotic fluid.

Back 37

Amniocentesis

Front 38

Physician obtains a sample of the chorionic villi.

Back 38

Chorionic villi sampling

Front 39

Genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.

Back 39

Phenylketonuria

Front 40

Disorders due to nondisjuntion

Back 40

Klinefelters, Turner's Syndrome, Trisomy 21(Down Syndrome)

Front 41

what does a single Y chrom lead to

Back 41

Death

Front 42

Single trait Disease

Back 42

Huntington disease

Front 43

X linked trait diseases

Back 43

Colorblindness, Hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Front 44

Sex influenced diseases

Back 44

Pattern Baldness