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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

development theories

organize and describe behavior

mechanistic

caused by antecedent forces and events that the person/organism is passive in controlling


all behavior is thought to be learned and there are no unviersals, each of us are unique because each of our lives are unique

organismic

emphasizes the whole rather than the parts and how the whole gives meaning to the parts, the person/organism is active in its development changing constantly through self initiated behavior

contextualism

historical act or a tapestry. proponents of this view believe that a behavior has meaning ir can be explained only in terms of its social-historical context

continuous development

development is a smooth, gradual, invariant process

discontinuity

development is not smooth, gradual, and continuous but happens abruptly, children change rapidly as they step up to a new level of development

nomothetic

all human beings are alike and should develop in the same manner, general universal principles

ethnographic

by virtue of group membership, people are more like those they share group membership with than those they do not share group membership with, group differences

idiographic

there are ways in which every person is historically unique, individual differences/variations

adult development

the branch of development that is concerned with change in the individual after adolescence; the period of life that begins around the end of adolescence and ends in death

life expectancy

the number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live given the societal conditions

identity

the transition in adulthood

what two demographic trends brought more attention to the study of adulthood

life expectancy and the baby boomers

what makes identity important in adolescence

it is the first time in life that people are emotionally as well as cognitively sophisticated enough to look back at the thoughts, feelings, and emotions that we have acquired in our past and make a sound decision on retaining those beliefs, values l and feelings or challenging them with new ideals

phenomenological

stresses the idea that reality as perceived by the individual is what is important

sociobiological perspective

social behavior that can be explained evolutionary


the development of attachment, attraction, the development of the family as an exclusive group

sociobiological perspective development of family

families emerged as a way for men and women to bargain for goods, females trade reproductive capacity for male protection

biological perspectives

focus on development at the anatomical level, studying biochemical and physiological changes across the the life span of the organism


development is viewed as an expression of a genetic program that interacts with the environment


biologists often focus on the effects of aging on body function

sociological persoective

study age related changes in social roles within the social institutions of a culture, but the focus shifts from the individual to the group

anthropological perspective

differences in developmental patterns across cultures; they show us the potential range of human behavior and why development may proceed differently from one culture to the next

Brofenbrenner microsystems

innermost level, includes immediate setting in which the developing person interacts


three main elements: activities, roles, and relationships


example: person and school; person and home

Brofenbrenner mesosystems

looks at the interaction between the settings the developing person participates and how the interaction of the two affects the person


example: interaction of school or church to see how they affect the person

Brofenbrenner exosystems

areas of the environment that the developing person does not directly participate in but affects the person indirectly


example: parent's workplace; parent's social groups

Brofenbrenner macrosystems

represents the widely shared beliefs and values of the society as a whole

with regards to Brofenbrenner theory on ecology, in Dr Garcia Coll opinion, what makes interaction in the ecological system different for people of color

microsystems level: people of color tend to be more communalistic living and interacting in groups the child will be more attached to more than the mother

who first introduced stage theory in development

Sigmund Freud

crisis

refers to the adolescent's period of engagement in choosing among meaningful alternatives

commitment

refers to the degree of personal investment the individual exhibits

identity achievement subjects

has experienced a crisis period and is committed to an occupation and ideology, made a decision on own terms. achieved a resolution that leaves them free to act

identity diffusion subjects

may or may not have experienced a crisis period; lack of commitment. has not decided on an occupation and is not concerned with it

moratorium subjects

currently in crisis period with commitments rather vague; distinguished from the identity diffusion by the appearance of an active struggle to make commitments.

foreclosure subjects

distinguished by not having a crisis, yet expressing commitment. he is becoming what others have prepared or intended for him to become as a child.

life expectancy and birth control have

provided new opportunities for generatively behavior

collectivistic societies

societies concerned about and live for the group; mostly eastern societies

individualistic societies

societies in which group members are not as group oriented but instead focus more on personal gain: mostly western societies, capitalistic societies, and industrialized societies

who was the first contributor to the study of the self

William James

i self

active observer; knower

me self

observer; what is known about me

self concept

knowledge you have about yourself

self esteem

global overall feel and assessment about your self worth

self efficacy

belief in your ability

looking glass self

the idea that our sense of self is largely derived from our evaluation of social feedback from others

generalized self

extension of the role of social input, we eventually take the perspective for society and its values and expectations in judging ourselves

anorexia

an eating disorder in which young people starve themselves because of a fear of getting fat

bulimia

young people eat and exercise then vomit deliberatively with purging of laxatives

voluntary minorities

immigrants who chose to come here for a better life

involuntary minorities

those brought to a place by slavery or colonization

are voluntary or involuntary minorities more likely to assimilate and why

voluntary because they are taking on the values of being American voluntarily

Jean Finney ethnically diffuse

think race is irrelevant or have not given the role of race and thought in there life

Jean Finney foreclosure

have committed to an ethnic identity but have not searched for themselves

Jean Finney moritorium

in an active search but have not committed yet

Jean Finney achieved

searched on there own and have come to a comfortable decision of who they are comfortable with owning there heritage

Robert Sellers salience

what does being black mean to me right now (tied to a person's experiences and the particular situation they are in)

Robert Sellers centrality

in general, how important is race (being black, brown, or asian) to me overall

salience feeds centrality

the experiences you have feed into how important being black, brown, white, ir asian mean to you

sexual orientation

a person's sexual identity in relation to the gender they are attracted to

sexual orientation falls along a continuum

someone does not have to be exclusively homosexual or heterosexual but can be both