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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the preferred terminology for someone over the age of 65 |
Older adult or older person |
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What is gerontology |
The scientific study of aging |
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What does gerontology include |
The biological, psychological and sociological changes people face as they age |
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What 5 areas does the institute of aging prioritize |
The biological mechanism of aging The maintenance of function autonomy Healthy and successful aging Cognitive impairment in aging Health services and policy related to older adults |
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What are the 4 key principles to the study of development across the lifespan |
History and context Plasticity Multiple causality Multi-directionality |
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What does history and context mean |
People develop within certain circumstances that come from the time in which they lived and their culture as well |
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What does plasticity mean |
It is possible to improve functioning at any age |
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What does multiple causality mean |
How we develop is shaped by biological, psychological and sociological factors |
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What does multi-directionality mean |
Development can include both increases and decreases. Like gaining expertise in something can reduce your cognitive processing speed |
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What 3 things influence lifespan development |
Normative age-graded influences Normative history-graded influences Non-normative life events |
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What are normative age-graded influences |
Very similar for people in a particular age group |
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What are normative history-graded influences |
Common to a particular cohort |
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What are non-normative life events |
Unusual events that have a major impact on your life |
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What does the selection optimization and compensation model focus on |
The methods older adults use to maximize gains and minimize losses |
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What are the 3 steps to the SOC model |
Select a goal Make a plan Make compensations |
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What is chronological age |
Most widely used. The number of years we are |
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What is social age |
What society says you should do at the age |
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What is psychological age |
Measure of your adaptive capacity |
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What is functional age |
Biological health and physical systems |
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What are the 3 distinct processes to aging |
Primary Secondary Tertiary |
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What is primary aging |
Disease free development Gradual and inevitable |
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What is secondary aging |
Developmental changes related to disease Not inevitable |
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What is tertiary aging |
Terminal drop Rapid loss Before death |
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What age group is young-old |
65-74 |
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What age group is old old |
75-84 |
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What age group is oldest old |
85 and older |
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What is the fertility replacement level |
The number of children born per woman necessary for the population itself |
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In eastern cultures what is age associated with |
Reverence and respect |
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In western cultures what is age associated with |
Negative attributes |
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What is age-ism |
Prejudice against older adults |
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What are some forums for ageism |
Social media Birthday cards Traditional media |
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What are some ageist examples |
Being ignored or invisible Incompetent Asexual |
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What are the 4 primary areas of stereotypes |
Physical limitations Cognitive limitations Emotional Sexuality |
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How does stereotyping effect older adults |
Anxiety of being judged Apply them to themselves Limit their potential |
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What are the 3 things adult dev research is built on |
Age, cohort and time of measurement effects |
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What are age effects |
Differences that occur as a result of getting older |
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What are cohort effects |
Differences that are unique to being born in a certain time period |
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What are time of measurement effects |
Significant cultural, historical or environmental effects at the same time of data collection |
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What is a cross sectional design |
Data examined at one point on time from a cross section of a population Separated into cohorts |
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What problem would a cross sectional design have |
Cohort effects |
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What problem does a longitudinal study have |
Practice effects |
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What is a cohort sequential design |
Multiple measures are taken over a period of time from two groups of different ages |
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What is a time sequential design |
Comparing the effect of age with the affect of time measurement |
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What is a cross sequential design |
Use multiple measures over a period of time from two groups of different ages |
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What are the big 3 of the apa ethical guidelines |
Informed consent Right to withdraw Confidentiality |
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Explain informed consent |
Free Ongoing Explain in plain language |
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Explain right to withdraw |
Any time All data No penalty |
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Explain confidentiality |
Anonymous Conditions where it may be broken |
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What 3 things does the tri-council policy state for ethical conduct |
Respect for persons Concern for welfare Justice |
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What are the 3 most common theories of aging |
Programmed theories Cellular theories Error theories |
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What are program theories |
Aging is genetically programmed to occur with passage of time |
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What are cellular theories |
Cells divide only a finite number of times before they die |
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What are error theories |
Environmental insults to system that lead to cell death |
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How does primary and secondary aging relate to each other |
Secondary aging effects primary aging |
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What are the 2 aging changes with skin |
Intrinsic and extrinsic |
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What is intrinsic aging |
Gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur after time |
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What is extrinsic aging |
Changes due to external factors such as exercise, diet, exposure to sunlight and smoking |
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What is presbyphonia |
Age related voice changes |
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Why does your voice change |
Changes in the larynx and vocal chords |
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What are some normal vision changes due to age |
Dark adaptation Presbyopia Pupil shrinkage |
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What are some vision changes due to disease |
Macular generation Cataracts Glaucoma |
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What is macular generation |
Black spots in the middle of vision |
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What are cataracts |
Clouded vision |
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What is glaucoma |
Fluid pressure in eye increases |
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What are some digestive changes with age |
Slowed metabolism Increased risk of problems moving matter through bowels Heartburn |
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What are the 2 components of the immune system that both change with age |
Innate and adaptive |
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What are some components of a healthy lifestyle |
Exercise Good diet Avoid smoking Good sleep Limit alcohol use |
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What is type 1 diabetes |
More severe Body’s impaired ability to make insulin |
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What is type 2 diabetes |
Less severe Body’s impaired ability to recognize and use insulin |
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What are some changes to the nervous system with age |
Brain gets smaller Less neurons Decline in the rate of neurotransmitter production |
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What are some reproductive changes for women |
menopause |
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What are some reproductive changes for men |
Reduction in sperm and testosterone |
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What are the 4 urinary incontinences |
Stress Urge Overflow Mixed |
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What is stress urinary incontinence |
Coughing, sneezing, straining |
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What is urge urinary incontinence |
Uncontrollable urge to pee |
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What is overflow urinary incontinence |
Constant leaking and overflow of bladder |
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What is mixed urinary incontinence |
Combo of stress and urge |
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How does aging effect sleep |
Decrease in sleep Less time in REM Insomnia |
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What are 2 neuroimaging techniques |
Structural and functional |
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What is structural neuroimaging |
Gives details about the structure of the brain |
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What is an example of structural neuroimaging |
X-rays and CT scans |
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What is functional neuroimaging |
Gives info about brain activity |
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What is the most widely used functional neuroimaging |
fMRI |
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What is the harold theory |
The level of activations in the prefrontal cortex of aging brains demonstrates compensatory processes for numerous cognitive tasks |
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What is the crunch theory |
More activation seen on easy tasks Equal or less activation of hard tasks |
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What is the stac theory |
Continuous functional reorganization |
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What are some changes to the brain with age |
White matter Declines in dopamine Size number and density of blood vessels |
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What are some things that act as buffers against cognitive decline |
Education Active lifestyle Bilingualism |
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What is cognitive reserve |
Two people with similar levels of brain pathology can show significantly different levels of function |
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What are the 3 main stores of the information processing model |
Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory |
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What is sensory memory |
Initial process of storing information Only lasts a few hundred milliseconds |
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What is divided attention |
Doing more than one thing at once Becomes difficult with age |
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What is selective attention |
Slowing of processing speed |
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What is sustained attention |
Visual task Change in age with complex tasks but not simple |
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What are the two primary forms of long term memory |
Episodic Semantic |
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What is episodic memory |
Storing personally experienced information about a specific event |
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What is semantic memory |
Storing information about the world |
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Episodic memory problems can occur as a result of deficiencies with what 3 things |
Encoding Storage Retrieval |
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What is encoding |
Initial process of getting info into the memory system for storage and later retrieval |
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What is storage |
The ability to retain info in the memory system over time |
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What is retrieval |
The ability to get info out of the memory system when needed |
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What are two ways to measure episodic memory |
Recall and recognition |
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What is recall |
Remembering from hints or clues |
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What is recognition |
Selecting from several items |
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What is elder speak |
A type of over accommodation Resembles how you talk to a child |
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What is over accommodation |
When someone an older person is talking to relies on negative stereotypes of the older adult to guide communication |
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What is under accommodation |
When someone an older person is talking to fails to consider how normal age related changes affect talking and listening |
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What are word finding difficulties |
Tip of tongue |
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What is crystallized intelligence |
Knowledge you have acquired through life experience |
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What is the classic aging pattern |
That fluid intelligence decreases with age and crystallized intelligence increases with age |
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What are lower IQ test scores associated with |
Cardiovascular disease, obesity, stroke, cancer |
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What are two main types of training programs for cognitive changes |
Cognitive training programs Cognitive stimulation programs |
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What are the 3 levels that the 7 stages of the process of knowing are summarized into |
Pre-reflective Quasi-reflective Reflective |
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What is pre reflective |
1-3 Black and white thinking |
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What is quasi-reflective |
4 and 5 Knowledge can be subjective Highly personal judgements |
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What is reflective |
6 and 7 Knowledge claims can’t be made with 100% certainty |
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What are the 3 things in the 3 dimensional model of wisdom |
Cognitive dimension Reflective dimension Affective dimension |
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What is cognitive dimension |
A thorough understanding of both interpersonal and intrapersonal aspects of life |
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What is reflective dimension |
Profound insight and self awareness Ability to self reflect or see things from different pov |
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What is affective dimension |
Empathy Social connectedness |
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What are supercentarians |
A special group of people who live past 110 years |
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What is the expansion of morbidity hypothesis |
You live longer with disease and or disability but you die later A portion of your life in poor health / expanded |
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What is the dynamic equilibriam hypothesis |
You get expanded time with good health and you die later But you live longer with disease |
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What did researchers find as the two biggest contributors to quality of life |
Dignity and sense of control |
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What is polypharmacy |
Use of five or more medications |
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What is polypharmacy associated with |
Adverse health outcomes |
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What does the three part model of successful aging include |
Minimize risk of disease/disability Maintain physical and cognitive function Continue engagement with life |
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What does the SOC model of successful aging include |
Preceding conditions Processes Outcome |
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What factors effect longevity |
Genetic Environmental Healthy immigrant advantage |
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What is the leading cause of death in older adults |
falling |
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What are the two components to disability |
ADLs - activities of daily living IADLs - instrumental activities of daily livings |
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What are some models for disability |
medical social WHO-ICF |
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What is the medical model for disability |
Views disability as being caused by a disease injury or health condition Intervention is needed to correct these |
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What is the social model for disability |
Views disability as a socially created problem and not an attribute of the individual |
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What is the WHO-ICF model for disability |
Provides a framework for health and disability Emphasizes health and normalizes disability |
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What 3 factors does venbrugge and jetts model of disablement include |
Sociocultural Personal Risk |
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What is the compression of morbidity hypothesis |
When you live healthy so you getting a disease is delayed You die at the same time but you have good quality of life for longer |
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What are supercentarians |
A special group of people who live past 110 years |
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What is the expansion of morbidity hypothesis |
You live longer with disease and or disability but you die later A portion of your life in poor health / expanded |
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What is the dynamic equilibriam hypothesis |
You get expanded time with good health and you die later But you live longer with disease |
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What did researchers find as the two biggest contributors to quality of life |
Dignity and sense of control |
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What is polypharmacy |
Use of five or more medications |
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What is polypharmacy associated with |
Adverse health outcomes |
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What does the three part model of successful aging include |
Minimize risk of disease/disability Maintain physical and cognitive function Continue engagement with life |
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What does the SOC model of successful aging include |
Preceding conditions Processes Outcome |
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What factors effect longevity |
Genetic Environmental Healthy immigrant advantage |
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What is the leading cause of death in older adults |
falling |
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What are the two components to disability |
ADLs - activities of daily living IADLs - instrumental activities of daily livings |
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What are some models for disability |
medical social WHO-ICF |
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What is the medical model for disability |
Views disability as being caused by a disease injury or health condition Intervention is needed to correct these |
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What is the social model for disability |
Views disability as a socially created problem and not an attribute of the individual |
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What is the WHO-ICF model for disability |
Provides a framework for health and disability Emphasizes health and normalizes disability |
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What 3 factors does venbrugge and jetts model of disablement include |
Sociocultural Personal Risk |
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What is the compression of morbidity hypothesis |
When you live healthy so you getting a disease is delayed You die at the same time but you have good quality of life for longer |
