Adolescent Psychology 1

Front 1

Who formed the basis for psychoanalysis?

Back 1

Ericson and Freud

Front 2

When does Freud say personality stops developing?

Back 2

0-6 years

Front 3

What does "neo" mean?

Back 3

new

Front 4

What is the "looking glass self"?

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a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others

Front 5

What were young people previously referred to before "adolescents"?

Back 5

youth

Front 6

what is puberty?

Back 6

set of biological changes involved in reaching physical and sexual maturity. Also UNIVERSAL – the same biological changes take place in puberty for young people everywhere

Front 7

adolescence – the stage of life in which the capacity for_______ first developed.

Back 7

reason (Rational choices and exercising reason…aristotle)

Front 8

What's the difference between Plato and Aristotle?

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Aristotle was the student, Plato was the teacher

Front 9

between 1500 and 1890 young people took part in _________

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life-circle service i.e. in late teens and 20s engage in domestic service, etc.

Front 10

What is a progenitor?

Back 10

someone who starts something, initiates theory

Front 11

Who was G. Stanley Hall?

Back 11

founder and progenitor of the study of adolescence

Front 12

What is the Child Study Movement?

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research to better the lives of children and adolescents

Front 13

What is recapitulation?

Back 13

development of an individual re-enacts evolution of human species. Or the stage of adolescence reflected a stage in the human evolutionary past where there was a great deal of upheaval and disorder leading to… (storm and stress)

Front 14

What is storm and stress?

Back 14

UPHEAVAL and DISORDER is a normal part of adolescent development

Front 15

Who said, “to be normal during the adolescent period is by itself abnormal”?

Back 15

Anna Freud

Front 16

Who were Alfred Binet/Theodore Simon?

Back 16

developed first intelligence test intended to help public school children at risk of failing

Front 17

When do the first signs of puberty begin for girls?

Back 17

2 years before menarche

Front 18

Who was John Locke?

Back 18

– believed children came into the world “Tabula Rasa” or blank slate

Front 19

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

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believed children were inherently good and when allowed to express natural impulses generous morality would develop

Front 20

Who was Charles Darwin?

Back 20

first child observer who kept baby biography documenting infant son’s behaviour

Front 21

What is the learning theory?

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focus is on experience (nurture) shaping the individual (john b. Watson)

Front 22

What is maturation view?

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physical aspects of growth and development (nature) influence the individual’s experience (Arnold gessell)

Front 23

What is psychoanalytic perspective?

Back 23

conflict between external demands and internal desires of child results in hidden battles

Front 24

What is Freud's Psychosexual Development?

Back 24

- focus on emotional and social development
- psychological traits of importance are dependence, obsessive neatness and vanity

Front 25

What are the three parts of the personality according to Freud?

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- id represents biological demand and instant gratification present at birth
- ego is conscious and seeks gratification but avoids social disapproval
- superego is conscious and monitors the intentions and behaviour of ego by allowing guilt and shame for behaviour

Front 26

What is Freud's fifth stage?

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genital stage – begins with biological changes in adolescence resulting in desire for intercourse

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Stage 1

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trust vs mistrust (age 1)

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Stage 2

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autonomy vs shame/doubt (age 1-3)

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Stage 3

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initiative vs guilt (age 3-5)

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Stage 4

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industry vs inferiority (age 6-12)

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Stage 5

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identity vs confusion (12-18)

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Stage 6

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intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood)

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Stage 7

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generativity vs self-absorption (middle adulthood)

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Stage 8

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integrity vs despair (late adulthood)

Front 35

What is individualism?

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- Accepting responsibility for oneself

Front 36

what is early adolescence?

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period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about 14

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what is late adolescence?

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period of human development from about age 15 to 18

Front 38

what is emerging adulthood?

Back 38

from age 18 to about 25

Front 39

In traditional cultures, _____________ marks the transition to adulthood

Back 39

marriage

Front 40

what are values of collectivism?

Back 40

duties and obligation to others. In some asian countries, emerging adults viewed being able to support their parents financially as necessary for adulthood, reflecting the collectivistic of obligation

Front 41

what are values of interdependence?

Back 41

commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist among groups

Front 42

Hypotheses

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finding an answer to an important question that emerges from theory or previous research

Front 43

Sampling

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choosing participants to represent the population of interest

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Procedure

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the way the study is conducted and data is collected

Front 45

Methods

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strategies for collecting data

Front 46

what is ethnography?

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Participant observation

Front 47

what is biological measurement?

Back 47

Measurement of biological factors (e.g., timing of puberty)

Front 48

What 3 ways does the AIDS epidemic affect Africans?

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1. Many are forced into deeper poverty by their parents’ death
2. Young Africans will become AIDS victims themselves
3. They will be required to assume leadership of their families

Front 49

what are three key issues face young Muslim people in the 21st century?

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1. Strength of Islam
- This strength varies from countries with strict adherence (Kuwait) to countries with a semblance of democracy (Morocco)
2.Patriarchal family relationships
- The father’s authority in the family is to be obeyed unquestioningly
3.Position of women
- Have a long tradition of keeping tight control over women’s appearance and behaviour (girls and women are required to wear a chador or burka)

Front 50

The main issues facing young people in India will be:

Back 50

1.School versus work
•One of the few countries that does not have compulsory education and therefore many young people are illiterate (especially girls in rural areas)

2.The tradition of early arranged marriages
•In the past, children were often married before reaching puberty, and even now about half of India’s young people marry in their teens

3.Caste system
•People are believed to be born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life – this system determines a person’s status in Indian society

4.Rights of women
•Has a long tradition of holding women to be of inferior status from birth onward

Front 51

The main issues facing young people in Asia will be:

Back 51

1.The tradition of filial piety
•This means that children are expected to respect, obey, and revere their parents (especially the father)

2.Arranged marriages and dating
•Parents choose a mate for their children
•This remains a strong tradition even in cultures that have become highly industrialized

3.Intense pressure at the secondary school level
•The Confucian tradition places strong emphasis on education – this leads to high pressure in school

4.Rights of women
•Females have fewer rights and opportunities than males

* asia has collectivism and interdependence

Front 52

Two key issues for young people in Latin America are:

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1.Political stability
•Sources of instability include military coups followed by military dictatorships, communist revolutions, and civil wars between communist and anticommunist forces

2.Economic growth
•Despite having great natural resources, the countries of Latin America have not prospered economically
•Unemployment among adults is high and unemployment among young people is even higher

Front 53

the principle issues for young people in the west are:

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1.Education
•Educational opportunities are not evenly distributed in most Western Countries
•Some argue that Western countries produce far more college graduates than the economy really needs

2.Unemployment
•Unemployment among the young is a serious problem in the U.S. and most European countries

3.Immigrants
•Most countries have been tolerant and accepting of immigration – however when anti-immigrant acts do occur they tend to be committed by groups of young working-class men in their late teens and early twenties

4.Risk behavior
•Young people in the West are more likely to engage in behavior that holds risks for their health (e.g. automobile fatalities, homicide, and suicide)

Front 54

What is puberty?

Back 54

derived from the Latin word “pubescere” which means to “grow hairy”

Front 55

During the puberty, the body undergoes a biological revolution that dramatically changes the adolescent's ________, _________, and ________

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anatomy, physiology and physical appearance

Front 56

what does GnRH stand for?

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gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Front 57

____________ regulates all sex hormones

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hypothalamus

Front 58

what are gametes?

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egg cells in the ovaries of females

sperm in the testes of males

Front 59

gonadotrophins

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influence production of sex hormones

Front 60

ovaries and testes

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gonads or sex glands which increase production of sex hormones. Two classes – estrogens (estradiol) and androgens (testosterone)

Front 61

what is "set point"?

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when sex hormones reach an <u>optimal level</u> and the hypothalamus reduces GnRH to begin this process

Front 62

one of the earliest signs of puberty for both boys and girls is the ________ _________ ____________

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adolescent growth spurt

Front 63

peak height velocity

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when the adolescent growth spurts is at its maximum

Front 64

asynchronicity

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in growth explains the “gangly look” in early adolescence
- uneven growth in different parts of the body during puberty
- extremities – feet, hands, and head are the first to hit the growth spurt

Front 65

senescence

Back 65

The condition or process of deterioration with age

Front 66

True or False Emerging adulthood is the period of the life span with the least susceptibility to physical illness

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True

Front 67

What is the leading cause of death in emerging adults?

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Car accidents

Front 68

When are rates of contracting sexually transmitted diseases at their highest?

Back 68

early twenties

Front 69

spermarche

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first production of sperm

Front 70

secular trend

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change in characteristics of a population over time

Front 71

The effects of early maturation are especially ________ for girls

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negative

Front 72

semenarche

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first ejaculation by boys (not the same as spermarche)

Front 73

The effects of early maturation tend to be __________ for boys

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positive

Front 74

Genotype

Back 74

A person’s inherited genes

Front 75

Genotype-environment interactions take three forms:

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- PASSIVE – parents provide both genes and environment
- EVOCATIVE – occur when a persons inherited characteristics evoke responses from others
- ACTIVE – occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics

Front 76

Piaget's Theory - children of different ________ think differently

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ages

Front 77

Piaget's Theory - changes in cognitive development proceed in __________

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distinct stages

Front 78

Piaget's Theory - each person’s cognitive abilities are organized into one coherent _______ __________

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mental structure

Front 79

Piaget's approach is known as the ___________________

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cognitive-developmental approach

Front 80

the driving forces behind development from one stage to the next is ____________

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maturation

Front 81

Piaget portrayed maturation as an ___________ process

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- active
- children seek out information and stimulation in the environment that matches the maturity of their thinking

Front 82

according to Piaget, ___________ is the driving force behind development from one stage to the next

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maturation

Front 83

what is the Sensorimotor stage?

Back 83

0-2 years. Cognitive development involves learning how to COORDINATE ACTIVITIES of the senses with motor activities – watching an object as it moves across your field of vision; or reaching to grab the object

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other aspects of formal operation focus less on scientific thinking and more on logical or applied reasoning: abstract thinking, complex thinking, and metacognition (thinking about thinking – thinking about what your friends think about you, thinking about what could be on the test)

Back 84

-

Front 85

abstract thinking

Back 85

something that is strictly a mental concept or process…cannot be experienced directly through the senses. This can include time, friendship, faith, etc.

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complex thinking

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formal operation is more complex than the kind of thinking in concrete operations. Formal operation thinkers are more likely to see things in greater complexity and perceive multiple aspects of a situation or an idea

Front 87

metaphor

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adolescents become capable of understanding metaphors that are subtle. Metaphors are complex because they have more than one meaning. E.g. “one bad apple spoils the whole barrel.”

Front 88

adolescents are aware of their thinking processes. The capacity for “thinking about thinking” enables adolescents to learn and solve problems more efficiently. This is called ____________.

Back 88

metacognition

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metacognition

Back 89

children’s knowledge and control of their cognitive abilities;

demonstrated by ability to <b>formulate problems</b>,

<b>awareness</b> of the processes required to solve a problem, activation of cognitive strategies, maintaining focus on the problem, and checking answers e.g. studying for an exam, etc.

Front 90

metamemory

Back 90

aspect of metacognition that refers to children’s <u> awareness of the functioning of their memory;</u> older children show greater insigts into how their memory works; older students more likely to accurately assess their knowledge as well as use suggestions

Front 91

What age does cognitive development stop at?

Back 91

21

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pragmatism

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adapting <u>logical thinking</u> to the practical constraints of <u>real life situations </u>e.g. looking at many possible dimensions of a situation

Front 93

reflective judgement-dialectical thought

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problems often have no clear solution=uncertainty. another cognitive ability that develops in adulthood. The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of EVIDENCE and ARGUMENTS.

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Dualistic thinking (Perry)

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see issues in polarized terms – right or wrong

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Multiple thinking (Perry)

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there are two or more sides to every story

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Relativism (Perry)

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ability to compare the <b>merits</b> of competing views

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Commitment (Perry)

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by the end of the college years, many emerging adults reach a stage of commitment i.e. commit to certain points of view they believe to be most valid

Front 98

Information-Processing Approach

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• views cognitive change as continuous – gradual and steady¨
• focus is on the thinking processes that exist at all ages
• the original model for this approach was the computer
• the computer analogy was to try to break down human thinking into separate capacities of attention, processing and memory.

Front 99

What is short-term memory?

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• memory stored in which information first has meaning
• may hold approximately 7 (plus or minus 2) CHUNKS of information
- a chunk is a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory
o a telephone number
• holds information for approximately 15 to 20 seconds

Front 100

what are mnemonics?

Back 100

memory strategies
- formal techniques for organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered

Front 101

Computer Analogy

Back 101

Computers have no capacity for self-reflection, no awareness of how their cognitive processes are integrated, organized, and monitored – which leaves the analogy insufficient and inadequate

Front 102

social cognition

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the term used to describe the way we thinking about other people, social relationships and social institutions

Front 103

What are the two aspects of social cognition?

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1. <b>Perspective Taking</b> – Selman’s research – the ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others
2. <b>Adolescent Egocentrism</b> – Elkind’s research – having difficult distinguishing your own thinking about yourself from the thoughts of others

Front 104

what is perspective taking?

Back 104

•Is the ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others
•Selman’s theory of perspective taking is based on a stage approach that children and adolescents go through
•The egocentrism of childhood gradually develops into the mature perspective-taking ability of adolescence

Front 105

what is perspective taking in adolescence?

Back 105

In early adolescence (ages 10–12) children become capable for the first time of mutual perspective taking
•In late adolescence children become capable of social and conventional perspective taking

Front 106

what is theory of mind?

Back 106

In early adolescence (ages 10–12) children become capable for the first time of <b>mutual perspective taking</b>
•In late adolescence children become capable of social and conventional perspective taking

Front 107

what is optimistic bias?

Back 107

•A concept related to the personal fable
•Comes from health psychology research
•The tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than ourselves
•Both adolescents and adults have an optimistic bias with regard to health risk behaviour
•Adolescents tend to have a stronger optimistic bias than adults

Front 108

Attempting to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive ability with intelligence tests is known as the ________________

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psychometric approach

Front 109

The first intelligence test was developed in 1905 by a French psychologist named _____________

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Alfred Binet

Front 110

Other widely used tests include:

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1) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV); and 2) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

Front 111

Relative performance on IQ tests

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is very stable. For example, people who score higher than average in childhood tend to score higher than average as adolescents and adults

Front 112

Absolute performance on IQ tests

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is not as stable. For example, absolute scores on Verbal subtests generally improve from age 16 to 38

Front 113

What are the 8 multiple intelligences according to Gardner?

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1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematical
3. spatial
4. musical
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. naturalist
7. interpersonal – understanding others
8. intrapersonal – understanding yourself

Front 114

By age 6, the brain is __% of adult size

Back 114

95

Front 115

The thickening of synaptic connections occurs during two timeframes

Back 115

Prenatal through 18 months of age and When puberty begins (ages 10–12)

Front 116

This thickening is known as ___________ or __________

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overproduction or exuberance. a rapid increase in the production of synaptic connections in the brain usually concentrated in the frontal lobe

Front 117

synapses

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are the <u>connections between neurones</u> (brain cells) or the point of transmission between two nerve cells

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Myelination

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The process of creating a myelin sheath (blanket of fat) over the main part of the neuron. Functions to increase the speed of electrical signals on one path

Front 119

myelin sheaths

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high, fatty substance in sulating the neuron from electrically charged atoms in the fluids that encase the nervous system

Front 120

myelination

Back 120

process by which axons are coated with myelin; no completed at birth; myelination of brains prefrontal matter continues into the 2nd year of life

Front 121

multiple sclerosis

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myelin is replaced by hard, fibrous tissue that disrupts the timing of neural transmission, interfering with muscle control

Front 122

What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?

Back 122

<B>cognitive development</b> is inherently both a social and cultural process. It is SOCIAL because children learn through interactions with others and require assistance from others in order to learn what they need to know. It is CULTURAL because what children need to know is determined by the culture they live in

Front 123

Zone of Proximal Development

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Is the gap between what adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. gap between what children are capable of doing now and what they could do with help from others; adults or older children help in guiding by gearing assistance to children

Front 124

Scaffolding

Back 124

Refers to the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent in the zone of proximal development. Scaffolding should gradually decrease as children become more competent at a task. Temporary support provided by a perent or teacher to learning children; guidance by adult decreases as child is capable of carrying out task on their own

Front 125

What is fluid intelligence?

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speed of analyzing, processing and reacting to information

ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution

what IQ tests test

this kind of intelligence peaks during emerging adulthood

Front 126

what is crystallized intelligence?

Back 126

refers to accumulated knowledge and enhance judgement based on experience

ability to apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems

subtests like Information Comprehension and Vocabulary assess this kind of intelligence

improves through the thirties and twenties

Front 127

pituitary glands release _______

Back 127

gonadotropins

Front 128

gonadotropins stimulate development of _______

Back 128

gametes

Front 129

what is an imaginary audience?

Back 129

results from adolescents limited capacity to distinguish between their thinking about themselves and their thinking about the thoughts of others

Front 130

what is personal fable?

Back 130

the belief in an imaginary audience that is highly consicous of how you look and act leads to the belief that there must be something special, something unique about you

Front 131

What is automacity?

Back 131

how much<b> cognitive effort</B> the person needs to devote to processing the information

depends more on experience than on age alone