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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behaviour Management |
- Control behaviour (help motivate students to learn) - Promote skill acquisition - Teach prosocial behaviours |
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Applied Behaviour Analysis (APA) |
- The application of reinforcement theory derived from operant conditioning - Which is the control of behaviour by regulating the consequences that follow the behaviour, in order to alter a response |
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Reinforcement |
Positive: preferred strategy for the entire experience if possible. Negative- something that the student wants to avoid |
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Punishment |
Presentation of an averse consequence (type 1) or removal of a positive stimulus (part 2), the goal is to weaken or eliminate the behaviour |
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Extinction (or cessation of behaviour) |
- Withholding of reinforcement after a response previously reinforced - No consequences following the response - Stimulus neither presented nor taken away |
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Principles of Operant Conditioning |
Image on Slide 7 |
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Antecedent Stimuli or Events |
- Exists prior to behaviour of interest - Cues or prompts, signal that there is an opportunity for a consequence - Environmental modifications in ways that stimulate the behaviour that is desired to occur |
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Primary Reinforcers |
Stimuli necessary for survival |
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Secondary Reinforcers |
Must be learned, reinforcing properties through learning, like grades |
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Vicarious Reinforcers |
Observer will either engage in the behaviour to receive the same positive reinforcement or avoid the behaviour to avert punishment |
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Premack Principle |
Activities that an individual or group prefers can be used as positive consequences or reinforcers for activities that are not especially favoured |
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Schedules of Reinforcement (when to deliver a reinforcer) |
Fixed ratio: after a fixed number of defined responses occur Variable ratio: person cannot predict number Fixed interval: after a specific time Variable interval: person cannot predict time |
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Procedures to Increase Behaviour (7) |
Shaping: reinforcement of a skill (progression) Chaining: discrete links that tie together, not necessarily in progression Prompting: events that initiate a response Fading: slowly taking away of prompts Modeling: visual demonstrations Token Economy: prizes/rewards are earned Contingency Management |
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Procedures to Decrease Behaviour |
- Reinforcement of other behaviour - Reinforcement of incompatible behaviour - Reinforcement of low response rates - Punishment - Time out |
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Applied Behaviour Analysis Program |
- Identify the target behaviour - Establish a baseline - Set objective - Choosing the reinforcer - Schedule the reinforcer - Cue/prompt behaviour - Student response (or lack there of) - Reinforcement/consequence |
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Other Approaches (5) |
- Psychodynamic - Psychoeducational - Ecological - Biogenic - Humanistic |
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Psychodynamic |
- Etiology of psychological dysfunction - Understand why people behave as they do - Encourages teacher to accept students but not their undesirable behaviour |
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Psychoeducational Approach |
- Inappropriate behaviour = maladaptive attempt to cope - Education of self - Here and now - Self-instruction/reinforcement/reward - Life-space interview |
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Ecological Approach |
- Problems are caused by disturbance in the student's environment - Effect is reciprocal and negative - Environments accommodate individuals, not vice-versa - This approach has a strong relationship to positive behaviour support |
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Biogenic Approach |
- Neurophysiological dysfunction - Emphasis on etiological factors - Major strategy in drug therapy -- Stimulants -- Neuroleptics (tranquilizers) -- Antidepressants |
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Humanistic Approach |
- Maslow's self-actualization theory - Roger's concept of fully functioning self - Attitude theory and disability studies - Humanism and adapted physical education -- Claudine Sherrill -- Don Hellison |
