Acoustics 2

Front 1

formant pattern in humans

Back 1

acoustic/cavity resonance

Front 2

logarithmic scales

Back 2

each unit is larger than the proceeding unit

Front 3

measurement of decibels

Back 3

logarithmic scale

Front 4

range of most audible sounds

Back 4

-10 to 150 dB

Front 5

one Bel

Back 5

10 decibels

Front 6

hearing level/hearing threshold level

Back 6

measurement scale used by audiologists that is an offshoot of the sound pressure level scale

Hint 6

___ scale used by ___ that is an offshoot of the ___ ___ ___ scale

Front 7

1000 Hz, 0 dB HL

Back 7

7.5 dB SPL

Front 8

resonance

Back 8

when there is an increase in overall amplitude of vibration due to the frequencies of the periodic energy source being similar to those of the elastic system being activated

Hint 8

where there is an ___ in overall ___ of vibration due to the ___ of the ___ energy source being similar to those of the ___ system being activated

Front 9

resonance occurs when...

Back 9

an elastic system is forced by an external periodic source of energy to vibrate at its own natural frequency of vibration

Hint 9

an ___ system is forced by an external ___ source of energy to ___ at its own natural ___ of vibration

Front 10

sympathetic vibration

Back 10

phenomenon in which one vibrating object is set into vibration by another vibrating object with the same or similar frequency

Front 11

sounding-board effect

Back 11

an example of the application of resonance
when a tuning fork or other vibrating object is placed on a resilient surface, its amplitude is increased

Front 12

reason for change in formant patterns

Back 12

reconfiguration of vocal tract (primarily the mandible, tongue and pharynges)

Hint 12

reconfiguration...

Front 13

acoustical model

Back 13

source-filter theory

Front 14

energy source in acoustical model

Back 14

pulmonary air

Front 15

sound source in acoustical model

Back 15

vocal folds and articulators

Front 16

resonance source in acoustical model

Back 16

vocal tract (pharynges, articulators)

Front 17

checking action

Back 17

- prolonging the exhalation for the production of long utterances
- uses muscles of inhalation

Hint 17

- prolonging the ___ for the ___ of long ___
- uses ___ of ___

Front 18

generative/modulatory system

Back 18

system in which :
- all components are independent of each other
- each succeeding component changes the characteristics of the one before it
(e.g. in the acoustical model, the energy source is modulated by the sound source, which is modulated by the resonance source, resulting in speech)

Hint 18

system in which:

e.g.:

Front 19

primary controlling mechanism in acoustical model

Back 19

central nervous system

Front 20

encoding

Back 20

formulating messages

Front 21

decoding

Back 21

understanding messages

Front 22

voice onset time (VOT)

Back 22

- associated with stop-plosives
- time in milliseconds from the release of the plosive to the onset of voicing
- voiceless plosives have greater VOTs than voiced plosives

Hint 22

- associated with...
- time in milliseconds from...
- VOT for voiceless vs. voiced plosives

Front 23

three types of possible modulation of direct current air supply

Back 23

- vibratory modulation (voiced)
- turbulent modulation (voiceless)
- step-wise modulation (voiceless sound preceded by silence)

Front 24

physiology of loudness

Back 24

greater sub-glottal air pressure ->
greater VF excursion ->
increase in loudness

Front 25

physiology of pitch

Back 25

vocal folds stiffen and become thinner, which facilitates more rapid vibrations

Front 26

gender differences in VF physiology

Back 26

females have thinner VFs than males
thus, female VFs vibrate more rapidly than those of males

Front 27

nasal resonance

Back 27

affects nasal consonants and following vowels

Front 28

intra-oral pressure

Back 28

produced during obstruction in the production of stop-plosives

Front 29

function of resonance source

Back 29

- filters sound passing through
- emphasizes some frequencies more than others, based on its own natural frequency

Hint 29

- filters...
- emphasizes:

Front 30

structures with most significant impact on F1 and F2

Back 30

F1: jaw
F2: tongue

Front 31

sounds associated with vibratory modulation

Back 31

vowels and voiced consonants

Front 32

sounds associated with turbulent modulation

Back 32

fricatives

Front 33

sounds associated with step-wise modulation

Back 33

stop-plosives

Front 34

vibratory modulation is the result of:

Back 34

voiced sound source

Front 35

turbulent modulation is the result of:

Back 35

voiceless sound source

Front 36

step-wise modulation is the result of:

Back 36

voiceless sound source

Front 37

vibratory modulation is produced by:

Back 37

forcing air through the vocal folds, producing vibrations

Front 38

turbulent modulation is produced by:

Back 38

forcing air through a constricted passageway in the vocal tract, resulting in air turbulence from the friction

Front 39

step-wise modulation is produced by:

Back 39

forming a momentary complete obstruction within the vocal tract

Front 40

quality of sounds produced by vibratory modulation

Back 40

periodic and tonal

Front 41

quality of sounds produced by turbulent modulation

Back 41

aperiodic and noise-like

Front 42

quality of sounds produced by step-wise modulation

Back 42

aperiodic and non-continuous

Front 43

location of voiced sound source

Back 43

vocal folds

Front 44

location of voiceless sound source

Back 44

articulatory system

Front 45

voiced sound source provides:

Back 45

periodic modulation of air supply, which is tonal in quality

Front 46

voiceless sound source provides:

Back 46

aperiodic modulation of air supply, which is noise-like in quality

Front 47

voiced sound source important for producing:

Back 47

vowels and voiced consonants

Front 48

voiceless sound source important for producing:

Back 48

fricatives when continuous, and stop-plosives when preceded by silence