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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is hydrostatic pressure?
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Mechanical pressure of water on the cellular membrane
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What is net filtration?
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Movement of fluid across the capillary wall from high to low pressure.
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What is the net filtration equation?
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Net filtration= (forces favoring filtration)-(forces opposing filtration)
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What is tonicity?
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Change in concentration of electrolytes in relation to water
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To evaluate and treat dehydration you should:
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draw labs, check urine, check ABG(arterial blood gas), and treat the cause
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Water deficit is usually caused by:
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water or sodium loss
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When a person is dehydrated the____ is more concentrated.
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urine
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When a person is dehydrated they____ less.
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urinate
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When a person is dehydrated they cannot:
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cry or sweat
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When a person is dehydrated they become____ because there is no fluid in the GI tract.
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constipated
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When a person is dehydrated their____ appear sunken.
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eyes
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The 6 clinical manifestations of dehydration are:
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tachycardia, weaker pulse, dizziness, less prominent neck veins, confusion, coma
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Normal pH is:
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7.35-7.45
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The____ the H+ the more acidic.
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higher
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The____ the H+ the lower the pH.
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higher
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A pH of less than 7.35 is considered:
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acidic
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A pH of greater than 7.45 is considered:
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basic
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___,___, and___ are the major organs involved in regulation of acid-base balance.
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lungs, kidneys and bone
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The___ system does not act as rapidly as the___ system. But the two together are very effective b/c acid concentration can be adjusted rapidly by the___, and bicarbonate is easily reabsorbed or regenerated by the___.
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renal
lungs lungs kidneys |
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Buffering systems, lungs and kidneys all try to:
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compensate by working together to change pH back to 7.
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Buffering systems absorb, bind, or release___ in accordance with the pH.
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H+/OH-
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___ hemoglobin is a better protein buffer than___ hemoglobin because it is saturated with oxygen.
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unsaturated/venous blood
arterial blood |
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___ is an excellent protein buffer because of its ability to bind with H+.
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hemoglobin
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What is renal buffering?
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the distal tubule regulates acid-base balance by secreting H+ into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate
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ABG's (arterial blood gas) tell you:
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whether the regulatory mechanisms of the lungs and kidneys are successfully maintaining proper pH.
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Respirations effect on pH is indicated by the:
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PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) level
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Filtration
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pushing water into interstitial space from higher pressure to lower pressure
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The forces opposing filtration:
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capillary oncotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure
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The normal concentration of chloride
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98-106 mEq/L
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The normal concentration of sodium
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136-145 mEq/L
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The ICF has twice as much volume as the ECF because:
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The ICF has twice as much solute
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Interstitial fluid compartments(12)are located in:
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lymph, synovial joints, intestines, biliary, pancreatic, cerebralspinal, sweat, urine, plural, pericardial, peritoneal, and interocular
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The main ECF anion:
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chloride
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The normal concentration of potassium
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3.5-5 mEq/L
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Normal systolic blood pressure
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90-140
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In the capillary beds to systolic blood pressure reduces to:
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25-30 mmHg
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Filtration
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pushing fluid into interstitial space from higher pressure to lower pressure
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Intravascular fluid compartments:
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fluid in the blood compartment (atrery, vein)
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Osmolality controls:
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distribution and movement of water between body compartments
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Osmolality is the measure of the number of milliosmoles per___ or the concentration of molecules per___ of water.
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kilogram of water
weight |
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Osmolarity is the measure of the number of milliosmoles per___ or the concentration of molecules per___ of solution.
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liter of solution
volume |
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Osmosis
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the movement of water down a concentration gradient, across a semipermeable membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.
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Osmolarity is the measurement that takes into account:
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water and its displacment when molecules are added.
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Oncotic pressure
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pressure created by large molecules such as plasma proteins that cannot penetrate the membrane and pulls water towards the particles
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Hypotonic pulls water___ cell. If too much then the cell may___.
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into
burst |
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Hypotonic solutions are given for___.
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dehydration
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Examples of a hypotonic soulution given for dehydration:
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water
half normal saline (0.45% NaCl) |
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Hypertonic pulls water___ cell. If too much then the cell may___.
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out of
shrink |
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Hypertonic solutions are given for___.
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dyalisis
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The symptoms of dehydration show up when ___% of water is lost.
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2
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Protein buffering
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Hemoglobin can bind with either H+ or OH-, espically venous hemoglobin that has given up an oxygen
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Normal PaCO2 level
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35-45 mmHg
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PaCO2 above 45 mmHg results in:
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acidosis
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PaCO2 below 35 mmHg results in:
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alkalosis
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Normal HCO3 level
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22-26 mEq/L
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HCO3 below 22 mEq/L results in:
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acidosis
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HCO3 above 26 mEq/L results in:
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alkalosis
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The body's acid-base balance/ the hydrogen ion concentration of ECF is indicated by:
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pH
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Carbon dioxide reacts with water to become___.
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acidic
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Cabon dioxide___ when respiration is impaired.
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accumulates
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Carbon dioxide is___ in hyperventelation.
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depleted
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A___ value of PaCO2 denotes respiratory alkalosis.
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lower
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A___ value of PaCO2 denotes respiratory acidosis.
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higher
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Metabolic influences on pH are reflected in the level of:
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alkali bicarbonate (HCO3)
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A___ value of HCO3 denotes metabolic acidosis.
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lower
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A___ value of HCO3 denotes metabolic alkalosis.
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higher
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Normal PaCO2 level
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35-45 mmHg
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Normal HCO3 level
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22-26 mEq/L
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