Ace Personal Trainer: Ch. 2 Human Anatomy

Front 1

What is anatomy?

Back 1

Science of the body and the relationships of body parts to one another.

Front 2

Why is it important for personal trainers to understand human anatomy?

Back 2

Identify appropriate activities/ exercises to help clients achieve their personal goals.

Front 3

Name the five major human body systems pertinent to physical activity.

Back 3

1. Cardiovascular 2. Respiratory 3. Nervous 4.skeletal 5. muscular

Front 4

From which languages were anatomical terms derived?

Back 4

Latin/ Greek

Front 5

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

Back 5

Blood, Blood vessels, heart

Front 6

What are the main purposes of the cardiovascular system?

Back 6

eliminate CO2

Front 7

What is the only fluid tissue in the body and what is it made of?

Back 7

Blood- 1. formed elements: living blood cells; 2. plasma

Front 8

What important function happens at the capillary level?

Back 8

critical exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.

Front 9

Describe the size, location, and composition of the heart

Back 9

hollow, muscular organ at the center of the cardiovascular system. size of closed fist. left of center behind the sternum between the lungs.

Front 10

How much blood do average-sized healthy women and men have in their bodies?

Back 10

men- 5-6 L women 4-5 L

Front 11

Name two types of blood vessels and describe what they do.

Back 11

Arteries- carry blood away from heart
veins- carry blood towards heart

Front 12

Where are the largest arteries located?

Back 12

nearest to the heart

Front 13

What are capillaries?

Back 13

Branch off arteries- microscopic blood vessels that branch out to form an extensive network in distal tissues.

Front 14

How many chambers are in the heart?

Back 14

4

Front 15

Name the two pumps in the heart

Back 15

1. primer: atria receives blood 2. power- ventricle drains blood

Front 16

Blood is distributed to all but one body part once it leaves the aorta. What body part is that?

Back 16

Lungs

Front 17

What is the respiratory system composed of?

Back 17

Lungs, series of passage ways leading to/from lungs (mouth, throat, bronchi, trachea)

Front 18

What is respiration?

Back 18

overall exchange of gases (o2, co2, nitrogen) between atmosphere, blood, and cells

Front 19

What are three general phases of respiration?

Back 19

1. internal 2. external 3. cellular

Front 20

What is an easy landmark for locating the larynx

Back 20

Adams apple; thyroid cartilidge

Front 21

How long is the trachea

Back 21

4 1/2 inches (12 cm)

Front 22

where does the exchange of respiratory gases take place?

Back 22

Alvioli

Front 23

What is the final component of the respiratory system?

Back 23

lungs

Front 24

How many lobes do the right and left lung have?

Back 24

3 in right; 2 in left

Front 25

What is the main purpose of the nervous system?

Back 25

body's control center and network for internal communications

Front 26

name the two parts of the nervous system.

Back 26

central and peripheral

Front 27

What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of?

Back 27

brain and spinal cord

Front 28

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of?

Back 28

nerves

Front 29

Name the four main plexuses in the human body.

Back 29

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

Front 30

What do nerve cells do in the nervous system?

Back 30

carry messages; nerve impulses- that originate in CNS or in receptors

Front 31

What are different types of receptors?

Back 31

sensitive to pain, temp, pressure and changes in body position

Front 32

What do sensory nerve cells do?

Back 32

carry impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS

Front 33

What do motor nerve cells do?

Back 33

carry impulses away from CNS to respond to changes in body's internal or external environment.

Front 34

Why is it important for the CNS and PNS to communicate?

Back 34

They provide feedback to each other. Respond together as necessary. So we can complete simple and complex activities.

Front 35

How many bones does the human body consist of?

Back 35

206

Front 36

Name the two sections of the skeletal system and list how many bones are in each system.

Back 36

1. axial-80 2. Appendicular-126

Front 37

Name and explain the 5 basic functions of bones

Back 37

1. protect organs
2. support for soft tissue
3. framework of levers where muscles are attached
4. production of certain blood cells
5. storage for calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium and other minerals.

Front 38

How are bones classified?

Back 38

shape; long short/ flat or irregular

Front 39

What is bone composed of?

Back 39

organic component- collagen and inorganic component- calcium/ potassium

Front 40

What happens to bones whe a person has a sedentary lifestyle?

Back 40

bones become less dense- mineral salts withdrawn

Front 41

Define the following phrase: "form follows function"

Back 41

strong or weak form is in response to recent function of bone (activity)

Front 42

What is amenorrhea?

Back 42

2 or less periods/ year (menopause)

Front 43

What is the purpose of the axial skeleton?

Back 43

80 bones form skull, vertebral column, and chest. Main structure and support for body; protects CNS

Front 44

How many vertebrae are there and how are they divided into groups?

Back 44

33 vertebrae; 5 groups depending on region of body located

Front 45

What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?

Back 45

bones in upper and lower limbs; bones that attach the legs and arms to axial skeleton

Front 46

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

Back 46

2 lg hip bones; os coxae

Front 47

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Back 47

hip, ilium, ishium and pubis

Front 48

What is the trade off for the configuration of the pectoral girdle?

Back 48

wide range of movements at shoulder; most mobile joint in the body

Front 49

What is an articulation?

Back 49

joint

Front 50

What is a ligament?

Back 50

dense, fibrous strands of connective tissue that link together bony segments.

Front 51

How are joints classified in the body?

Back 51

1. Structure of joint
2. type of movement allowed by joint

Front 52

What are two main characteristics that differentiate the types of joints?

Back 52

1. types of connective tissue
2. presence/ absence of joint cavity

Front 53

What are three major structural categories of joints?

Back 53

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Front 54

What is the most predominant type of joint in the body?

Back 54

synovial- diarthroses

Front 55

What causes the movement limitations of the synovial joints?

Back 55

shapes of the bones of the joint and soft tissues surrounding the joint

Front 56

What are four distinguishing features that set synovial joints apart from other joints?

Back 56

1. Ends of bones covered with a thin layer of articular cartilage, which doesn't attach bones
2. surrounded by articular or joint capsule made of dense, fibrous connective tissue.
3. Inner surface of joint is lined with synovial membrane
4. secretion of fluid--> acts as lubricant for joint

Front 57

What is the primary function of synovial membrane?

Back 57

secretion of synovial fluid?

Front 58

What is the importance of the synovial fluid?

Back 58

acts as a lubricant for joint and provides nutrition to articular cartilage

Front 59

What are menisci and what purpose do they serve?

Back 59

Help to absorb shock, increase joint stability, aid in joint nutrition, increase joint contact area; fibrous cartilidge

Front 60

What is a torn meniscus?

Back 60

common knee injury; tearing of one of the articular disks in a joint

Front 61

What is the functional classification of joints based on?

Back 61

degree and type of movement they allow.

Front 62

How are fibrous joints classified?

Back 62

synarthroses; cartilaginous; diarthrodial

Front 63

Describe cartilaginous joints

Back 63

Cartilidge on both sides of joint; slightly moveable

Front 64

Which is the largest functional category of joints?

Back 64

Diarthrodial- freely moving joints

Front 65

What are primary factors limiting the movement of a joint?

Back 65

1. ligament/ capsular tension. 2. poor muscle/ tendon flexibility. 3. apposition- touching of soft tissue

Front 66

What is axis of rotation?

Back 66

imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of movement about which a joint rotates. many joints have several axes

Front 67

What is a uniplanar joint?

Back 67

joints that can only move in one plane. "hinge joint" (ankle and elbows)

Front 68

What is a biplanar joint?

Back 68

2 axes of rotation, permitting motion in 2 planes (knee joint)

Front 69

What are condyloid joints?

Back 69

Joints of the hand and fingers

Front 70

What are multi planar joints?

Back 70

3 axes of motion- permit movement in 3 planes. (hip and shoulder)

Front 71

Name a saddle joint

Back 71

Thumb

Front 72

What are two basic types of movements in the various synovial joints?

Back 72

-angular and circular

Front 73

Which four movements are angular?

Back 73

1. flexion 2. tension 3. abduction 4. adduction

Front 74

Flexion and extension occur in which plane?

Back 74

sagittal

Front 75

Adduction and abduction occur in which plane?

Back 75

frontal

Front 76

define and give an example of adduction and abduction

Back 76

adduction: return motion from abduction. movement toward midline
abduction: motion away from midline of body arm or leg moved away from midline of the body.

Front 77

Name the four circular movements possible at the synovial joints

Back 77

1. rotation
2. supination
3. pronation
4. circumduction

Front 78

Define supination and pronation

Back 78

supination: external rotation of forearm. Palm to face
pronation: internal rotation of forearm. radius to cross diagonally over ulna and palms face posteriorally.

Front 79

Which anatomical system is most directly affected by exercise?

Back 79

muscular

Front 80

What are three types of muscle tissue?

Back 80

skeletal: attach to bone by tendons- named by location.
Cardiac: forms walls of heart; involuntary by nature
visceral: walls of internal organs- involuntary

Front 81

What is aponeurosis?

Back 81

broad, flat tendon

Front 82

How many muscles are in the human body?

Back 82

+600

Front 83

Muscles are named according to 6 categories. What are they ?

Back 83

1. location 2. shape 3. action 4. # of divisions 5. bony attachments 6. size relationships

Front 84

What is an agonist and antagonist and how do they work together?

Back 84

Agonist: when one muscle contracts.
Antagonist: opposite muscle being stretched.

Front 85

What are synergists?

Back 85

combining muscles at a joint that help perform a function

Front 86

What are the major links of the lower body?

Back 86

1. ankle joint 2. knee joint 3. hip joint

Front 87

What is the largest tendon of the body and where is it located?

Back 87

Achilles- heel bone

Front 88

What is the major function of the quadriceps?

Back 88

extend the legs

Front 89

What is the longest muscle of the body?

Back 89

Sartorius

Front 90

Name the muscles that act at the hip

Back 90

psoas major, psoas minor, lliacus, rectus femoris, glutious maxiumus, biceps femoris, semitendinousus, semimembranousus

Front 91

Name the muscles that act at the elbow joint.

Back 91

radius and ulna

Front 92

Name the muscles that act at the scapulothoracic articulation

Back 92

trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, legator scapulae