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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mesopotamia
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"between the rivers", region between the Tigris and Euphrates, home of Babylon, Assyria, and other civs
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Sumer
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south of Mesopotamia in 3rd and 2nd millenium BC
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Ubaid Period
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5 and 6 millenia BC, dark hatched pottery, precursors of ziggurats
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Uruk culture
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grey pottery on wheel, two temples, 50,000 people, plow, wheel, bevel-rimmed bowls, clay tablets
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Jemdet Nasr
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3100-2900 BC, cuneiform, cylinder seals, bronze, overseas trade
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en
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lord, high priest
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ensi
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governor
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lugal
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great man, king
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Sir Leonard Wolley
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discovered royal cemetery of 1st dynasty of Ur
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edduba
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Sumerian 'tablet house' (school)
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ummia
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Sumerian term for expert or professor
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Lugalzagesi
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(2371-2347) sacked Lugash, Uruk king
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Sargon
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Akkadian king, conquered from Med Sea to Persian Gulf
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Naram-Sin
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Sargon's grandson, seen by future generations as cause of fall of Akkadian Empire
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Gudea
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Lagash king, Neo-Sumerian Renaissance, literature
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Ur-Nammu
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founder of last dynasty of Sumer, enlightened king, built lots
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Shulgi
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law code and administrative reforms (Ur III) son of Ur-Nammu
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# of Egyptian dynasties and kings
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31 dynasties, 170 kings
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Herodotus
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first to make an attempt at a history of Egypt, Greek historian, visited in 5th century BC
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Manetho
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Greco-Egyptian priest, 1st to divide Egyptian history into dynasties
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Jean Francois Champollion
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cracked Rosetta Stone 1822
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Flinders Petrie
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archaeologist in 1800s established "sequence-date chronology" of prehistoric events
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hedjet
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white crown of Upper Egypt
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deshret
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red crown of Lower Egypt
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heb-sed
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celebration of royal renewel
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Menes
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legendary unifier of Egypt, founded (maybe) Memphis
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nomes
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traditional administrative districts in Egypt
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Aha
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founder of 1st Dynasty in Egypt
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Khasekhemwy
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last king of 2nd dynasty, tomb is first with stone
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Old Kingdom
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2686-2181 BC, 3rd through 6th dynasties
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Saqquara (step pyramid)
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built by Djoser, architect Imhotep, earliest pyramid complex, 1st building all of stone
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mastaba
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"bench" in Arabian, stone slab tomb
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Sir Arthur Evans
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divided Cretan periods--Early, Middle, and Late Minoan
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Knossos
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site of palace, over 100 rooms, frescoes
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Linear A
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script in Middle Minoan Period, replaced hieroglyphics
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Michael Ventris
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deciphered Linear B
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Minoan religion
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matriarchal, peaceful, king religious leader
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1st Intermediate Period
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(2181-2060 BC) breakdown, 70 kings in 70 days, for most time of development and complexity, more tombs and pottery, stress, creativity
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ma'at
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Egyptian concept of ntl stability and cosmic order
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Mentuhotep II
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fourth king of 11th dynasty, reunited Egypt, founder of middle kingdom
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Amenemhet I
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1st king of 12th dynasty, moved to Itj-towy and pyramid at Lisht, built "Walls-of-the-Ruler", return to centralization, co-regency
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Senusret I
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built lots, founded emple of Atum-Re at Karnak
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genut
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official records (Egypt)
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Sesostris
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composite hero credited with various successes of Egyptian Kings (12D)
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Coffin Texts
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group of over 1000 funerary spells, showed average Egyptian's process to afterlife
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Pyramid Texts
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over 800 spells, recorded only in pyramids
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wanax
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king of Mycenae
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tholos
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domed, beehive tomb (Mycenae)
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dromos
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unroofed corridor approaching a tomb (Mycenae)
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Linear B
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89 character syllabic script, early form of Greek
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megaron
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great room in palace (Mycenae)
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Ishbi-Erra
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2017-1985, Isin, peace to Mesopotamia, Elamites expelled
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Lipit-Ishtar
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Isin, 1934-1924, law code
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Rimsin
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Larsa, Isin incorporated into Larsa
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Hammurabi
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6th of 1st dynasty of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, waited and then conquered alliance, Larsa, ect. (except Syria and Elam), Law Code
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Hammurabi's Code
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on stele 7 ft high, 282 sections, punishments varied based on victims, royal propaganda, main in Temple of Marduk
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awilum
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nobles (Babylon)
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mushkenum
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commoners (Babylon)
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wardum
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slaves (Babylon)
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Assyria
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Semetic, traders, loose states
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Hurrians
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appeared in 3rd millenium BC, non-semetic, link between cultures, founded Mitanni
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Hittites
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Indo-European, lang related to Greek, migrated 2700 BC, king chosen by elders for military
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Labarnas I
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founded Hittite Kingdom 1680
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Hattusilis I
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expanded Hatti, extablished capital at Hattusas
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Mursilis I
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Hatti, military success
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Kassites
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unknown origin, agricultural and military servants, tribal families, own language, took control of Babylon for 500 yrs
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14th dynasty
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official Nehesy, at Xois, short
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15th and 16th dynasties
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Avaris, Hyksos took power, new weapons introduced
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17th dynasty
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concurrent with 15th and 16th, Thebes, tryed to restore, cut off from Memphis, Kamose
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18th dynasty
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reorganization and reconquest, expansion of Amun worship, literary and artistic works, Thebes
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Ahmose I
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secured Nile Delta, restored regnal power, tried to resume royal patronage of cult institutions
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Amenhotep I
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secured borders to s and pushed outward, temple monuments
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Thutmose I
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fathered Hatshepsut and Thutmose II, projects at Karnak, military in Nubia and Syria-Palestine, Egyptianization of Nubia
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Hatshepsut
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"King of Upper and Lower Egypt", tradign and building, advisor Senemut, neglected military
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Thutmose III
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regained military prowess, lots of military success
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Amenhotep II
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athletic, harsh subjugation, development and peace at home, trade increase
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Thutmose IV
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questioned legitimacy, Sphinx, improvements to temples, married Mitanni ruler's daughter, Aten worship began
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Amenhotep III
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peace, building projects, foreign princesses
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Agum II Katrime
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Kassite, unopressive policy, restored statue of Marduk
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Burnaburiash I
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fixed border with Assyria (Kassite)
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Kurigalzu I
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Kassite, allied with Egypt, founded Dur-Kurigalzu
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Kurigalzu II
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conquered Elam, storngest Kassite ruler, ziggurat
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kudurru
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Kassite invention, small carved stones 1 m high, recorded land grants
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Mitanni
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from Med Sea to Zagros, capital Washukanni, powerbroker
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Suppiluliumas
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Hittite king, rebuild, restore order, conquered things
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Hattusilis III
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Hittite, allied with Egypt against Assyria
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Middle Assyrian Empire
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fertile plain, good soldiers
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Ashur-uballit I
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founder of modern Assyria, consolidated power, military
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Tukulti-Ninurta I
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solidified power, built capital named after self, serious conflicts internally
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Tiglath-Pileser I
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Assyrian, smelting iron, extended kingdom, model king, but terror and brutal
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Armana Letters
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group of 350 interntl correspondences from 14th century BC, in Akkadian, 382 tablets, found 1887 , tone gets worse during Amenhotep IV
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Amenhotep IV
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stopped expansion, started monotheistic worship of sun disk, new capital Akhetaten, Queen Nefertiti, traditions banned, fall from imperial glory, economic and foreign fall
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Tutankhamen
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queen Ankhesenpaamen, abandoned Aten, changed stuff back as best he could
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Horemheb
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usurper and military man after Tut, restoration, stopped graft and corruption, military success
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biblos
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Greek word for papyrus, origin of the name for Phoenician city Byblos
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Dido
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founded Tyre, Carthagian princess
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Pindus Mountains
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mt range in Greece that divided the east and west coast
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Gulf of Corinth
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in Greece, divided the Peloponnese and mainland Greece
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Eastern Greek
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included Aeolic Greek, Ionic Greek, and ancient Arcadian/Achaen Greek speakers
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Aeolic
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Greek speakers from Boeotia and Thessaly, migrated to Lesbos and NW Asia Minor
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Ionic
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Greek speakers from Attica and Euboea, Cyclades, and SW Asia Minor, Miletus, Smyrna, and Ephesus
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Western Greek
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NW Greek speakers from Elis, Aetolia, and Central Greece; speakers of doric dialects in S and E Pelo., Magna Graecia, Crete, Corfu, Ambracia, and the Dodecanese
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Lefkandi
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structure on Euboe with colonnades, horse-shoe shaped, gives evidence of funeral traditions and trade in the Greek Dark Ages
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poleis
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citadels or walled states, organizations of Greece
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basileus
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Greek king
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boule
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Greek council
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phratriai
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citzens (Greece)
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demos
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free peasants (Greece)
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thetes
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landless laborers (Greece)
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agora
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marketplace and civic center, place for political debate
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demokratia
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"the power of the people" (Greece)
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oikistes
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founder of a Greek colony
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metropolis
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"mother city" to a Greek colony; though the colony was independent it often adopted the politics and religions of its metropolis
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Pithecusae
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first datable Greek colony (775 BC)
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Magna Graecia
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the Greek colonies in S. Italy "Greater Greece"
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Etruria
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region on Italian peninsula west of the Apennine Mts.
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Orientalization
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the effects of a cross-cultural interaction in which a western culture absorbs some aspects of an eastern one
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Etruscan League of 12 Peoples
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defensive league in ancient Etruria
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principes
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aristocracy of agrarian nobles (Etruria)
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Latium
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region containing Rome
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Nebuchadnezzar
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Assyrian king, sacked Jerusalem, unsuccessful in Egypt, built lots including Hanging Gardens
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Achaemenes
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semi-legendary founder of Persia
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Cyrus the Great
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rebelled against Astyages, defeated Lydians and Babylon, toleration
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archon
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chief leader in Thessaly
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boeotarchs
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chief magistrates of Boeotian Confederacy
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diolkos
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"drag-way", built by Periander across the isthmus of Crointh so ships could be hauled over land
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hoplites
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heavily armored infantry drawn from the citizenry
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